Lipid, blood pressure and kidney update 2013

International Urology and Nephrology

Volumn 46, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 947-961

  Banach, Maciej ^a   Serban, Corina ^b   Aronow, Wilbert S ^c   Rysz, Jacek ^a   Dragan, Simona ^b   Lerma, Edgar V ^d   Apetrii, Mugurel ^e,f   Covic, Adrian ^e,f  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF LODZ   (Poland)

^b VICTOR BABES UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY   (Romania)

^c NEW YORK MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

^e C I PARHON NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY   (Romania)

^f GRIGORE T POPA UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY   (Romania)

Author keywords

Anemia; Blood pressure; Cholesterol; Dyslipidemia; Hypertension; Lipids; Renal disease; Transplantation

Indexed keywords

ANTIANEMIC AGENT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; HETASTARCH; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LIPID; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; TOLVAPTAN; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; ANEMIA; BLOOD PRESSURE; BONE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CORONARY RISK; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIALYSIS; DYSLIPIDEMIA; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPERTENSION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; KIDNEY; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; LIVER INJURY; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MONITORING; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PHYSICIAN; POLYOMA VIRUS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; SCREENING; BLOOD; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COMPLICATION; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; KIDNEY DISEASES;

ANEMIA; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY DISEASES; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC;

EID: 84903717113     PISSN: 03011623     EISSN: 15732584     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11255-014-0657-6     Document Type: Review

References (153)

1. Banach M, Rysz J (2010) Current problems in hypertension and nephrology. Expert Opin Pharmacother 11(16):2575-2578
2. Catapano AL, Reiner Z, De Backer G, Graham I, Taskinen MR, Wiklund O, Agewall S, Alegria E, Chapman M, Durrington P, Erdine S, Halcox J, Hobbs R, Kjekshus J, Filardi PP, Riccardi G, Storey RF, Wood D (2011) European Society of Cardiology (ESC); European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Atherosclerosis 217(1):3-46
3. Tonelli M, Wanner C; for the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Lipid Guideline Development Work Group Members (2014) Lipid management in chronic kidney disease: synopsis of the kidney disease: improving global outcomes 2013 clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. doi:10.7326/M13-2453
4. KDIGO (2013) clinical practice guideline for lipid management in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 3:259-305
5. Stone NJ, Robinson J, Lichtenstein AH et al (2014) 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. doi:10.1161/01.cir. 0000437738.63853.7a
6. https://www.lipid.org/nla/2013-accaha-guideline-treatment- bloodcholesterol-reduce-atherosclerotic-cardiovascular-risk
7. EAS Guidelines Committee: New guidelines in USA: 2013 ACC/AHA Guidelines on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk. How do they compare with the EAS/ESC guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemia? http://us5.campaign-archive2.com/?u= 5722525cab46445583feb00fd&id=4c6ab389e6&e=384788f943
8. Mark L, Paragh G, Karadi I, Reiber I, Pados G, Kiss Z (2012) How can we further improve the LDL-cholesterol target level achievement rate based on the Hungarian MULTI GAP 2011 study results and considering the new European dyslipidemia guidelines? Arch Med Sci 8(4):608-613
9. Mitka M (2013) Groups release new, updated guidelines to reduce heart disease risk factors. JAMA 310(24):2602-2604
10. Rizzo M, Banach M, Montalto G, Mikhailidis DP (2012) Lipid-lowering therapies and achievement of LDL-cholesterol targets. Arch Med Sci 8(4):598-600
11. Rizzo M, Nikolic D, Banach M, Montalto G (2013) Statin treatment in the elderly: how much do we know? Arch Med Sci 9(4):585-588
12. Emerging Risk Factors C, Di Angelantonio E, Gao P, Pennells L, Kaptoge S, Caslake M et al (2012) Lipid-related markers and cardiovascular disease prediction. JAMA 307(23):2499-2506
13. Lai HM, Aronow WS, Mercando AD, Kalen P, Desai HV, Gandhi K, Sharma M, Amin H, Lai TM (2012) The impact of statin therapy on long-term cardiovascular outcomes in an outpatient cardiology practice. Arch Med Sci 8(1):53-56
14. Mark L, Paragh G, Karadi I, Reiber I, Pados G, Kiss Z (2011) An attempt to make lipid-lowering therapy more effective in Hungary. The results of MULTI GAP 2010 and the PLUS Program. Arch Med Sci 2011(7):760-766
15. Wiklund O, Pirazzi C, Romeo S (2013) Monitoring of lipids, enzymes, and creatine kinase in patients on lipid-lowering drug therapy. Curr Cardiol Rep 15(9):397
16. Smith JD (2010) Dysfunctional HDL as a diagnostic and therapeutic target. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30(2):151-155
17. Rothblat GH, Phillips MC (2010) High-density lipoprotein heterogeneity and function in reverse cholesterol transport. Curr Opin Lipidol 21(3):229-238
18. Rosenson RS, Brewer HB Jr, Chapman MJ, Fazio S, Hussain MM, Kontush A et al (2011) HDL measures, particle heterogeneity, proposed nomenclature, and relation to atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. Clin Chem 57(3):392-410
19. Otocka-Kmiecik A, Mikhailidis DP, Nicholls SJ, Davidson M, Rysz J, Banach M (2012) Dysfunctional HDL: a novel important diagnostic and therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease? Prog Lipid Res 51(4):314-324
20. Banach M, Hering D, Narkiewicz K, Mysliwiec M, Rysz J, Malyszko J (2012) Lipids, blood pressure, kidney-what was new in 2012? Int J Pharmacol 8:659-678
21. Oravec S, Dukat A, Gavornik P, Lovasova Z, Gruber K (2011) Atherogenic normolipidemia - a new phenomenon in the lipoprotein profile of clinically healthy subjects. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 32(3):317-321
22. Kucera M, Oravec S, Hirnerova E, Huckova N, Celecova Z, Gaspar L, Banach M (2014) Effect of atorvastatin on low density lipoprotein subpopulations and comparison between indicators of plasma atherogenicity-A pilot study. Angiology. doi:10.1177/0003319713507476
23. Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf M, Rizzo M, Berneis K, Griffin B, Zambon A et al (2011) "European panel on low density lipoprotein (LDL) subclasses": a statement on the pathophysiology, atherogenicity and clinical significance of LDL subclasses: executive summary. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 9(5):531-532
24. Paraskevas KI, Koupidis S, Gentimi F, Tzovaras AA (2011) Statin discontinuation: counterbalancing the benefits with the potential risks. Arch Med Sci 7(6):1076-1077
25. Swenne CA (2013) Beyond lipid lowering: pleiotropic effects of statins in heart failure. Neth Heart J 21(9):406-407
26. Olechnowicz-Tietz S, Gluba A, Paradowska A, Banach M, Rysz J (2013) The risk of atherosclerosis in patients with chronic kidney disease. Int Urol Nephrol 45(6):1605-1612
27. Kowalski J, Barylski M, Banach M, Grycewicz J, Irzmański R, Pawlicki L (2006) Neutrophil superoxide anion generation during atorvastatin and fluvastatin therapy used in coronary heart disease primary prevention. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 48(4):143-147 (Pubitemid 44691215)
28. Bielecka-Dabrowa A, Mikhailidis DP, Rizzo M, von Haehling S, Rysz J, Banach M (2013) The influence of atorvastatin on parameters of inflammation left ventricular function, hospitalizations and mortality in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy - 5-year follow-up. Lipids Health Dis 12(1):47
29. Lochhead P, Chan AT (2013) Statins and colorectal cancer. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 11(2):109-118
30. Sattar N, Preiss D, Murray HM, Welsh P, Buckley BM, de Craen AJ et al (2010) Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials. Lancet 375(9716):735-742
31. Rajpathak SN, Kumbhani DJ, Crandall J, Barzilai N, Alderman M, Ridker PM (2009) Statin therapy and risk of developing type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 32(10): 1924-1929
32. Shah RV, Goldfine AB (2012) Statins and risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus. Circulation 126(18):e282-e284
33. Axsom K, Berger JS, Schwartzbard AZ (2013) Statins and diabetes: the good, the bad, and the unknown. Curr Atheroscler Rep 15(2):299
34. Banach M, Mikhailidis DP (2013) Statin therapy and new-onset diabetes: an attempt at recommendations. Exp Rev Endocrinol Metab 8(3):213-216
35. Banach M, Malodobra-Mazur M, Gluba A, Katsiki N, Rysz J, Dobrzyn A (2013) Statin therapy and new-onset diabetes: molecular mechanisms and clinical relevance. Curr Pharm Des 19(27):4904-4912
36. Barylski M, Nikolic D, Banach M, Toth PP, Montalto G, Rizzo M (2013) Statins and new-onset diabetes. Curr Pharm Des. doi:10.2174/13816128113196660678
37. Zaharan NL, Williams D, Bennett K (2013) Statins and risk of treated incident diabetes in a primary care population. Brit J Clin Pharmacol 75(4):1118-1124
38. Chen CW, Chen TC, Huang KY, Chou P, Chen PF, Lee CC (2013) Differential impact of statin on new-onset diabetes in different age groups: a population-based case-control study in women from an Asian country. PLoS One 8(8):e71817
39. Carter AA, Gomes T, Camacho X, Juurlink DN, Shah BR, Mamdani MM (2013) Risk of incident diabetes among patients treated with statins: population based study. BMJ 346:f2610
40. Izzo R, de Simone G, Trimarco V, Giudice R, De Marco M, Di Renzo G et al (2013) Primary prevention with statins and incident diabetes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2012.11.002
41. Sampson UK, Linton MF, Fazio S (2011) Are statins diabetogenic? Curr Opin Cardiol 26(4):342-347
42. Katsiki N, Banach M (2012) Statins and the risk of diabetes: the debate. Arch Intern Med 172(11):895-896
43. Athyros VG, Hatzitolios AI, Karagiannis A, Savopoulos C, Katsiki N, Tziomalos K, Papagianni A, Kakafika A, Gossios TD, Mikhailidis DP, IMPERATIVE Collaborative Group (2011) IMproving the imPlemEntation of cuRrent guidelines for the mAnagement of major coronary hearT disease rIsk factors by multifactorial interVEntion. The IMPERATIVE renal analysis. Arch Med Sci 7(6):984-992
44. Kostapanos MS, Milionis HJ, Elisaf MS (2010) Current role of statins in the treatment of essential hypertension. Expert Opin Pharmacother 11(16):2635-2650
45. Kalinowski L, Dobrucki IT, Malinski T (2002) Cerivastatin potentiates nitric oxide release and enos expression through inhibition of isoprenoids synthesis. J Physiol Pharmacol 53(4 Pt 1):585-595 (Pubitemid 36014804)
46. John S, Schneider MP, Delles C, Jacobi J, Schmieder RE (2005) Lipid-independent effects of statins on endothelial function and bioavailability of nitric oxide in hypercholesterolemic patients. Am Heart J 149(3):473
47. Stepien M, Banach M, Mikhailidis DP, Gluba A, Kjeldsen SE, Rysz J (2009) Role and significance of statins in the treatment of hypertensive patients. Curr Med Res Opin 25(8):1995-2005
48. Banach M, Mikhailidis DP, Kjeldsen SE, Rysz J (2009) Time for new indications for statins? Med Sci Monit 15(12):MS1-5
49. Rikitake Y, Kawashima S, Takeshita S, Yamashita T, Azumi H, Yasuhara M et al (2001) Anti-oxidative properties of fluvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, contribute to prevention of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Atherosclerosis 154(1):87-96 (Pubitemid 32008567)
50. Aydin U, Ugurlucan M, Gungor F, Ziyade S, Inan B, Banach M et al (2009) Effects of atorvastatin on vascular intimal hyperplasia: an experimental rodent model. Angiology 60(3):370-377
51. Tycinska AM, Janica J, Mroczko B, Musial WJ, Sawicki R, Sobkowicz B, Kaminski K, Lebkowska U, Szmitkowski M (2011) Hypotensive effect of atorvastatin in hypertensive patients: the association among flow-mediated dilation, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Arch Med Sci 7(6):955-962
52. Feldstein CA (2010) Statins in hypertension: are they a new class of antihypertensive agents? Am J Ther 17(3):255-262
53. Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Banach M (2011) Effects of statin treatment on endothelial function, oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with arterial hypertension and normal cholesterol levels. J Hypertens 29(12):2493-2494
54. Banach M, Nikfar S, Rahimi R, Bielecka-Dabrowa A, Pencina MJ, Mikhailidis DP, Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-Analysis Collaboration-Group et al (2013) The effects of statins on blood pressure in normotensive or hypertensive subjects - a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Cardiol 168(3):2816-2824
55. Gluba A, Mikhailidis DP, Lip GY, Hannam S, Rysz J, Banach M (2013) Metabolic syndrome and renal disease. Int J Cardiol 164(2):141-150
56. Franczyk-Skora B, Gluba A, Banach M, Rozentryt P, Polonski L, Rysz J (2013) Acute coronary syndromes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 11(5):758-767
57. Stȩpien M, Stȩpien A, Wlazel RN, Paradowski M, Banach M, Rysz M, Rysz J (2013) Obesity indices and adipokines in nondiabetic obese patients with early stages of chronic kidney disease. Med Sci Monit 19:1063-1072
58. Franczyk-Skora B, Gluba A, Banach M, Rysz J (2013) Treatment of non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction and ST-elevation myocardial infarction in patients with chronic kidney disease. Arch Med Sci 9(6):1019-1027
59. Rysz J, Aronow WS, Stolarek RS, Hannam S, Mikhailidis DP, BanachM(2009)Nephroprotective and clinical potential of statins in dialyzed patients. Expert Opin Ther Targets 13(5):541-550
60. Athyros VG, Katsiki N, Tziomalos K, Gossios TD, Theocharidou E, Gkaliagkousi E, Anagnostis P, Pagourelias ED, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP, GREACE Study Collaborative Group (2013) Statins and cardiovascular outcomes in elderly and younger patients with coronary artery disease: a post hoc analysis of the GREACE study. Arch Med Sci 9(3):418-426
61. Gluba A, Rysz J, Banach M (2010) Statins in patients with chronic kidney disease: why, who and when? Expert Opin Pharmacother 11(16):2665-2674
62. Nikolic D, Nikfar S, Salari P, Rizzo M, Ray KK, Pencina MJ, Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-Analysis Collaboration Group et al (2013) Effects of statins on lipid profile in chronic kidney disease patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Curr Med Res Opin 29(5):435-451
63. Nikolic D, Banach M, Nikfar S, Salari P, Mikhailidis DP, Toth PP, Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-Analysis Collaboration Group et al (2013) A meta-analysis of the role of statins on renal outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Is the duration of therapy important? Int J Cardiol 168(6):5437-5447
64. Barylski M, Nikfar S, Mikhailidis DP, Toth PP, Salari P, Ray KK, Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-Analysis Collaboration Group et al (2013) Statins decrease all-cause mortality only in CKD patients not requiring dialysis therapy - a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials involving 21,295 participants. Pharmacol Res 72:35-44
65. An International Atherosclerosis Society Position Paper: Global Recommendations for the Management of Dyslipidemia - Full Report. http://www.athero.org/download/IASPPGuidelines-FullReport-2.pdf
66. Banach M, Lipid, Blood Pressure Meta-Analysis Collaboration Group (2013) Statins in patients with chronic kidney disease - an attempt at recommendations. Curr Med Res Opin 29(11):1419-1422
67. Shekhar Pandey A, Bissonnette S, Boukas S, Rampakakis E, Sampalis JS (2011) Effectiveness and tolerability of ezetimibe co-administered with statins versus statin dose-doubling in high-risk patients with persistent hyperlipidemia: the EZE(STAT)2 trial. Arch Med Sci 7(5):767-775
68. Huijgen R, Boekholdt SM, Arsenault BJ, Bao W, Davaine JM, Tabet F et al (2012) Plasma PCSK9 levels and clinical outcomes in the TNT (Treating to New Targets) trial: a nested case-control study. J Am Coll Cardiol 59(20):1778-1784
69. Stein EA, Raal FJ (2013) Insights into PCSK9, low-density lipoprotein receptor, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism: of mice and man. Circulation 127(24):2372-2374
70. Luna Saavedra YG, Zhang J, Seidah NG (2013) PCSK9 prosegment chimera as novel inhibitors of LDLR degradation. PloS One 8(8):e72113
71. Poirier S, Mayer G (2013) The biology of PCSK9 from the endoplasmic reticulum to lysosomes: new and emerging therapeutics to control low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Drug Des Devel Ther 7:1135-1148
72. Banach M, Rizzo M, Obradovic M, Montalto G, Rysz J, Mikhailidis DP et al (2013) PCSK9 inhibition - a novel mechanism to treat lipid disorders? Curr Pharm Des 19(21):3869-3877
73. Mayne J, Ooi TC, Raymond A, Cousins M, Bernier L, Dewpura T et al (2013) Differential effects of PCSK9 loss of function variants on serum lipid and PCSK9 levels in Caucasian and African Canadian populations. Lipids Health Dis 12:70
74. Canuel M, Sun X, Asselin MC, Paramithiotis E, Prat A, Seidah NG (2013) Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) can mediate degradation of the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1). PLoS One 8(5):e64145
75. Catapano AL, Papadopoulos N (2013) The safety of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies: implications for cardiovascular disease and targeting the PCSK9 pathway. Atherosclerosis 228(1):18-28
76. Desai NR, Kohli P, Giugliano RP, O'Donoghue ML, Somaratne R, Zhou J, Hoffman EB, Huang F, Rogers WJ, Wasserman SM, Scott R, Sabatine MS (2013) AMG145, a monoclonal antibody against proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9, significantly reduces lipoprotein(a) in hypercholesterolemic patients receiving statin therapy: an analysis from the LDL-C Assessment with Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin Type 9 Monoclonal Antibody Inhibition Combined with Statin Therapy (LAPLACE)-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 57 trial. Circulation 128(9):962-969
77. Koren MJ, Scott R, Kim JB, Knusel B, Liu T, Lei L, Bolognese M, Wasserman SM (2012) Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a monoclonal antibody to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 as monotherapy in patients with hypercholesterolaemia (MENDEL): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study. Lancet 380(9858):1995-2006
78. Sullivan D, Olsson AG, Scott R, Kim JB, Xue A, Gebski V, Wasserman SM, Stein EA (2012) Effect of a monoclonal antibody to PCSK9 on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in statin-intolerant patients: the GAUSS randomized trial. JAMA 308(23):2497-2506
79. Aronow WS, Fleg JL, Pepine CJ et al (2011) ACCF/AHA 2011 expert consensus document on hypertension in the elderly: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. Developed in collaboration with the American Academy of Neurology, American Geriatrics Society, American Society for Preventive Cardiology, American Society of Hypertension, American Society of Nephrology, Association of Black Cardiologists, and European Society of Hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 57:2037-2114
80. Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE et al (2008) Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Eng J Med 358:1887-1898 (Pubitemid 351620109)
81. Aronow WS (2011) Hypertension guidelines. Hypertension 58:347-348
82. Aronow WS, Banach M (2012) Ten most important things to learn from the ACCF/AHA 2011 expert consensus document on hypertension in the elderly. Blood Press 21:3-5
83. Banach M, Michalska M, Kjeldsen SE et al (2011) What should be the optimal levels of blood pressure: does the J-curve phenomenon really exist? Expert Opin Pharmacother 12:1835-1844
84. Aronow WS (2012) What should the optimal blood pressure goal be in patients with diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease? Arch Med Sci 8:399-402
85. Banach M, Aronow WS (2011) Should we have any doubts about hypertension therapy in elderly patients. ACCF/AHA 2011 expert consensus document on hypertension in the elderly. Pol Arch Med Wewn 2011(121):253-258
86. Aronow WS (2014) Ten key points from the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association 2011 expert consensus document on hypertension in the elderly. Am J Therap. doi:10.1097/MJT.Ob013e3182217894
87. Aronow WS (2012) Peripheral arterial disease of the lower extremities. Arch Med Sci 8:375-388
88. Banach M, Aronow WS (2012) Hypertension therapy in the elderly-do we know the answers to all the questions? The status after publication of the ACCF/AHA 2011 Expert Consensus Document on Hypertension in the Elderly. J Hum Hypertens 26:641-643
89. Barylski M, Malyszko J, Rysz J et al (2011) Lipids, blood pressure, kidney-what was new in 2011? Arch Med Sci 7:1055-1066
90. Egan BM, Li J, Qanungo S, Wolfman TE (2013) Blood pressure and cholesterol control in hypertensive hypercholesterolemic patients: national health and nutrition examination surveys 1988-2010. Circulation 128(1):29-41
91. Rizzo M, Montalto G, Banach M (2012) The effects of statins on blood pressure: current knowledge and future perspectives. Arch Med Sci 8:1-3
92. Gharipour M, Kelishadi R, Khosravi A et al (2012) The impact of a community trial on the pharmacological treatment in the individuals with the metabolic syndrome: findings from the Isfahan Healthy Heart Program, 2001-2007. Arch Med Sci 8:1009-1017
93. Malyszko J, Bachorzewska-Gajewska H, Malyszko J et al (2011) Markers of kidney function in the elderly in relation to the new CKD-EPI formula for estimation of glomerular filtration rate. Arch Med Sci 7:658-664
94. Gluba A, Bielecka-Dabrowa A, Mikhailidis DP, Wong ND, Franklin SS, Rysz J, Banach M (2012) An update on biomarkers of heart failure in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 30(9):1681-1689
95. Mozdzan M, Wierzbowska-Drabik K, Kurpesa M et al (2013) Echocardiographic indices of left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic function in hypertensive patients with preserved LVEF classified as dippers and non-dippers. Arch Med Sci 9:268-275
96. Bielecka-Dabrowa A, Aronow WS, Rysz J, Banach M (2011) The Rise and Fall of Hypertension: lessons Learned from Eastern Europe. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep 5(2):174-179
97. Dorobanţu M, Darabont R, Ghiorghe S, Arsenescu-Georgescu C, Macarie C, Mitu F, Lighezan D, Musetescu R, Pop C, Ardeleanu E, Craiu E (2014) T Latin Small Letter A With Caron Utu OF. Hypertension prevalence and control in Romania at a seven-year interval. Comparison of SEPHAR I and II surveys. J Hypertens 32(1):39-47
98. Stȩpień M, Wlazeł RN, Paradowski M, Banach M, Rysz M, Misztal M, Rysz J (2012) Serum concentrations of adiponectin, leptin, resistin, ghrelin and insulin and their association with obesity indices in obese normo- and hypertensive patients - pilot study. Arch Med Sci 8(3):431-436
99. Jaffe MG, Lee GA, Young JD et al (2013) Improved blood pressure control associated with a large-scale hypertension program. JAMA 310:699-705
100. Liu L, An Y, Chen M et al (2013) Trends in the prevalence of hospitalization attributable to hypertensive diseases among United States adults aged 35 and older from 1980 to 2007. Am J Cardiol 112:694-699
101. Juhola J, Magnussen CG, Berenson GS et al (2013) Combined effects of child and adult elevated blood pressure on subclinical atherosclerosis. The International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort Consortium. Circulation 128:217-224
102. The SPS3 Study Group (2013) Blood-pressure targets in patients with recent lacunar stroke: the SPS3 randomised trial. Lancet 382:507-515
103. Zanchetti A, Liu L, Mancia G, Parati G, Grassi G, Stramba-Badiale M et al (2013) Stroke in hypertension optimal treatment (SHOT) trial: protocol and organization. J Hypertens 31(e-Suppl A):e255
104. Malyszko J, Muntner P, Rysz J, Banach M (2013) Blood pressure levels and stroke-J-curve phenomenon? Curr Hypertens Rep 15(6):575-581
105. Siebert J, Gutknecht P, Molisz A, Trzeciak B, Nyka W (2012) Hemodynamic findings in patients with brain stroke. Arch Med Sci 8(2):371-374
106. American Diabetes Association. Position statement. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2013. Diabetes Care 2013; 36(Suppl 1):S11-S66
107. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Blood Pressure in Chronic Kidney Disease. Chapter 3. Blood pressure management in CKD ND patients without diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int Suppl 2:357-362 (2012)
108. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Blood Pressure in Chronic Kidney Disease. Chapter 4. Blood pressure management in CKD ND patients with diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int Suppl 2:363-369 (2012)
109. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K et al (2013) 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 31:1281-1357
110. Gowin E, Avonts D, Horst-Sikorska W, Dytfeld J, Michalak M (2012) Stimulating preventive procedures in primary care. Effect of PIUPOZ program on the delivery of preventive procedures. Arch Med Sci 8(4):704-710
111. Alagiakrishnan K, Banach M, Jones LG, Ahmed A, Aronow WS (2013) Medication management of chronic heart failure in older adults. Drugs Aging 30(10):765-782
112. Rogowicz-Frontczak A, Araszkiewicz A, Pilacinski S, Zozulinska- Ziolkiewicz D, Wykretowicz A, Wierusz-Wysocka B (2012) Carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness in type 1 diabetic patients with and without microangiopathy. Arch Med Sci 8:484-490
113. Chandy D, Aronow WS, Banach M (2013) Current perspectives on treatment of hypertensive patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Integr Blood Press Control 6:101-109
114. Banach M, Bromfield S, Howard G et al (2013) Optimal blood pressure levels in elderly persons in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort study. Presented at 2013 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Meeting, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
115. James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL et al (2013) 2014 Evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report fromthe panelmembers appointed to the eighth joint national committee (JNC 8). JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.284427
116. Mann JF, Schmieder RE, McQueen M, ONTARGET Investigators et al (2008) Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet 372(9638):547-553
117. Parving HH, Brenner BM, McMurray JJ, ALTITUDE Investigators et al (2012) Cardiorenal end points in a trial of aliskiren for type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 367(23):2204-2213
118. Fried LF, Emanuele N, Zhang JH, VA NEPHRON-D Investigators et al (2013) Combined angiotensin inhibition for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 369(20):1892-1903
119. Weber MA, Schiffrin EL, White WB et al (2014) Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the community: a statement by the American society of hypertension and the international society of hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 16(1):14-26
120. ASTRAL Investigators, Wheatley K, Ives N, Gray R et al (2009) Revascularization versus medical therapy for renal-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 361(20):1953-1962
121. Bax L, Woittiez AJ, Kouwenberg HJ et al (2009) Stent placement in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis and impaired renal function: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 150(12):840-848 (W150-1)
122. Cooper CJ, Murphy TP, Cutlip DE, CORAL Investigators et al (2014) Stenting and medical therapy for atherosclerotic renalartery stenosis. N Engl J Med 370(1):13-22
123. Krum H, Schlaich M, Whitbourn R et al (2009) Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hypertension: a multicentre safety and proof-of-principle cohort study. Lancet 373(9671):1275-1281
124. Esler MD, Krum H, Schlaich M, Symplicity HTN-2 Investigators et al (2012) Renal sympathetic denervation for treatment of drug-resistant hypertension: one-year results from the Symplicity HTN-2 randomized, controlled trial. Circulation 126(25):2976-2982
125. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01418261?term=SYMPLICITY? HTN3&rank=1
126. http://newsroom.medtronic.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=251324&p= irol-newsArticle&ID=1889335&highlight=&utm-source= MDT-com-Symplifybptrial-Home-Page&utm-medium=Impt-IInf-ReadPR-Link&utm- campaign=Renal-Denervation-RDN-Press-Release-010914
127. Qaseem A, Hopkins RH, Sweet DE, Starkey M, Shekelle P (2013) Screening, monitoring, and treatment of stage 1 to 3 chronic kidney disease: a clinical practice guideline from the clinical guidelines committee of the American college of physicians. Ann Intern Med. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-201312170- 00726
128. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/813082
129. Delmez JA, Slatopolsky E et al (1992) Hyperphosphatemia: its consequences and treatment in patients with chronic renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 19(4):303
130. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKDMBD Work Group (2009) KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl S1
131. Jamal SA, Vandermeer B, Raggi P, Mendelssohn DC, Chatterley T, Dorgan M, Lok CE, Fitchett D, Tsuyuki RT (2013) Effect of calcium-based versus non-calcium-based phosphate binders on mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 382(9900):1268
132. Locatelli F, Dimkovic N, Pontoriero G et al (2010) Effect of MCI-196 on serum phosphate and cholesterol levels in haemodialysis patients with hyperphosphataemia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Nephrol Dial Transpl 25:574-581
133. Wüthrich RP, Chonchol M, Covic A et al (2013) Randomized clinical trial of the iron-based phosphate binder PA21 in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 8:280-289
134. Dwyer JP, Sika M, Schulman G et al (2013) Collaborative Study GroupDose-response and efficacy of ferric citrate to treat hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients: a short-term randomized trial. Am J Kidney Dis 61:759-766
135. Asif A, Epstein M et al (2004) Prevention of radiocontrastinduced nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 44(1):12
136. Garlid KD, Costa ADT, Quinlan CL, Pierre SV, Dos Santos P (2009) Cardioprotective signaling to mitochondria. J Mol Cell Cardiol 46:858-866
137. Er F, Nia AM, Dopp H, Hellmich M, Dahlem KM, Caglayan E, Kubacki T, Benzing T, Erdmann E, Burst V, Gassanov N (2012) Ischemic preconditioning for prevention of contrast medium-induced nephropathy: randomized pilot RenPro Trial (Renal Protection Trial). Circulation 126(3):296
138. Deftereos S, Giannopoulos G, Tzalamouras V, Raisakis K et al (2013) Renoprotective effect of remote ischemic post-conditioning by intermittent balloon inflations in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 61(19):1949-1955 (Epub 2013 Mar 14)
139. http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/ SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm358349.htm
140. Sterns RH, Rojas M, Bernstein P, Chennupati S (2010) Ionexchange resins for the treatment of hyperkalemia: are they safe and effective? J Am Soc Nephrol 21(5):733-735
141. http://www.zspharma.com/ZS-9.html
142. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01493024?term=zs? pharma&rank=1
143. Stead RB, Lambert J, Wessels D, Iwashita JS, Leuther KK, Woodburn KW, Schatz PJ, Okamoto DM, Naso R, Duliege AM (2006) Evaluation of the safety and pharmacodynamics of Hematide, a novel erythropoietic agent, in a phase 1, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study in healthy volunteers. Blood 108(6):1830-1834
144. Yao S (2012) FDA approves Omontys to treat anemia in adult patients on dialysis (press release). US FDA. Retrieved April 29, 2012
145. Fishbane S, Schiller B, Locatelli F, Covic AC, Provenzano R, Wiecek A, Levin NW, Kaplan M, Macdougall IC, Francisco C, Mayo MR, Polu KR, Duliege AM, Besarab A (2013) Peginesatide in patients with anemia undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 368(4):307-319
146. Macdougall IC, Provenzano R, Sharma A, Spinowitz BS, Schmidt RJ, Pergola PE, Zabaneh RI, Tong-Starksen S, Mayo MR, Tang H, Polu KR, Duliege AM, Fishbane S (2013) Peginesatide for anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease not receiving dialysis. N Engl J Med 368(4):320-332
147. Torres VE, Chapman AB, Devuyst O et al (2012) Tolvaptan in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 367:2407
148. Hussain JA, Mooney A, Russon L et al (2013) Comparison of survival analysis and palliative care involvement in patients aged over 70 years choosing conservative management or renal replacement therapy in advanced chronic kidney disease. Palliat Med 27(9):829-839
149. Hirsch HH, Knowles W, Dickenmann M, Passweg J, Klimkait T, Mihatsch MJ, Steiger J (2002) Prospective study of polyomavirus type BK replication and nephropathy in renal-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 347(7):488
150. Hirsch HH, Vincenti F, Friman S et al (2013) Polyomavirus BK replication in de novo kidney transplant patients receiving tacrolimus or cysclosporine: a prospective, randomized, multicenter study. Am J Transpl 13(1):136-145
151. Acott PD, O'Regan PA, Lee HS, Crocke JF (2008) In vitro effect of cyclosporine A on primary and chronic BK polyoma virus infection in Vero E6 cells. Transpl Infect Dis 10:385-390
152. Pereyra F, Rubin RH (2004) Prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients. Curr Opin Infect Dis 17(4):357
153. Kotton CN, Kumar D, Caliendo AM et al (2013) Updated international consensus guidelines on the management of cytomegalovirus in solid-organ transplantation. Transplantation 96:333-360