Statins in patients with chronic kidney disease: Why, who and when?

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 11, Issue 16, 2010, Pages 2665-2674

  Gluba, Anna ^a   Rysz, Jacek ^a   Banach, MacIej ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF LODZ   (Poland)

Author keywords

Chronic kidney disease; Dialysis; Hemodialysis; Nephroprotection; Statins

Indexed keywords

ATORVASTATIN; EZETIMIBE PLUS SIMVASTATIN; FLUINDOSTATIN; FOSINOPRIL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; MEVINOLIN; PRAVASTATIN; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN;

ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTRAST INDUCED NEPHROPATHY; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EMBASE; HUMAN; KIDNEY FUNCTION; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; LOW DRUG DOSE; MEDLINE; META ANALYSIS; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; RENAL PROTECTION; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; REVIEW; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

ANIMALS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CONTRAST MEDIA; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; KIDNEY DISEASES; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 78049372706     PISSN: 14656566     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2010.512419     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. US Renal Data System. USRDS 2005 Annual Data Report, Bethesda, MD, The National Institute ofHealth, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Diseases; 2005
2. Bologa R, Levine D, Parker T, et al. Pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in patients with end-stage kidney disease undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Clin Nephrol 2009;72:437-41
3. Rattazzi M, Puato M, Faggin E, et al. New markers of accelerated atherosclerosis in end-stage renal disease. J Nephrol 2003;16:11-20
4. Vaughan CJ, Gotto AM Jr, Basson CT. The evolving role of statins in the management of atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1-10
5. Fellstrom BC, Jardine AG, Schmieder RE, et al.; for the AURORA Study Group. Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1395-407
6. Collins AJ, Li S, Ma JZ, Herzog C. Cardiovascular disease in end-stage renal disease patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2001;38(Suppl 1):26-9
7. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Sarnak MJ. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998;9(Suppl 12):16-23
8. Vaziri ND, Sato T, Liang K. Molecular mechanisms of altered cholesterol metabolism in rats with spontaneous focal glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 2003;63:1756-63
9. Holvoet P, Donck J, Landeloos M, et al. Correlation between oxidized low density lipoproteins and von Willebrand factor in chronic renal failure. Thromb Haemost 1996;76:663-9
10. Attman PO, Samuelsson O, Alaupovic P. Lipoprotein metabolism and renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 1993;21:573-92
11. Zhao Y, Marcel YL. Serum albumin is a significant intermediate in cholesterol transfer between cells and lipoproteins. Biochemistry 1996;35:7174-80
12. Vaziri ND, Moradi H. Mechanisms of dyslipidemia of chronic renal failure. Hemodial Int 2006;10:1-7
13. Vaziri ND, Liang K. ACAT inhibition reverses LCAT deficiency and improves plasma HDL in chronic renal failure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004;287:F1038-43
14. Chen J, Muntner P, Hamm LL, et al. The metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in US adults. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:167-74
15. Diamond JR Analogous pathobiologic mechanisms in glomerulosclerosis and atherosclerosis. Kidney Int Suppl 1991;31:S29-34
16. Vaziri ND. Dyslipidemia ofchronic renal failure: the nature, mechanisms, and potential consequences. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006;290:F262-72
17. Sarnak MJ. Cardiovascular complications in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;41:11-17
18. Baigent C, Burbury K, Wheeler D. Premature cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure. Lancet 2000;356:147-52
19. Liu Y, Coresh J, Eustace JA, et al. Association between cholesterol level and mortality in dialysis patients. JAMA 2004;291:451-9
20. McCullough PA, Soman S. Cardiovascular calcification in patients with chronic renal failure: are we on target with this risk factor? Kidney Int Suppl 2004;90:S18-24
21. Rysz J, Potargowicz E, Banach M, et al. Increased whole blood chemiluminescence in patients with chronic renal failure independent of hemodialysis treatment. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2006;54:347-55
22. Gluba A, Banach M, Hannam S, et al. The role of Toll-like receptors in renal diseases. Nat Rev Nephrol 2010;6:224-35
23. Vlagopoulos PT, Tighiouart H, Weiner DE, et al. Anemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in diabetes: the impact of chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:3403-10
24. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FAH, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2195-207
25. Maccarrone M, Taccone Gallucci M, Meloni C, et al. Activation of 5-lipoxygenase and related lipid peroxidation in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10:1991-6
26. Manca-di-Villahermosa S, Taccone-Gallucci M, Maccarrone M. Treatment with statins may be considered in ESRD patients for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Kidney Int 2009;75:1354-5
27. Nichols SJ, Tuzcu E, Sipahi I. Statins, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and regression of coronary atherosclerosis. JAMA 2007;297:499-508
28. Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) Group. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for management of dyslipidemias in patients with kidney disease. Am J Kid Dis 2003;41(Suppl 3):1-91
29. de Oliveira JM. Rosuvastatin in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2009;361(1):93-4; author reply 94-5
30. Mason NA, Baillie GR, Satayathum S, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor use is associated with mortality reduction in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2005;45:119-26
31. Kuwabara M, Kubo T, Bando K, et al. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors prevent the progression of renal dysfunction in Japanese hypertensive patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2010. [Epub ahead of print]
32. Seliger SL, Weiss NS, Gillen DL, et al. MG-CoA reductase inhibitors are ssociated with reduced mortality in ESRD patients. Kidney Int 2002;61:297-304
33. Tonelli M, Isles C, Curhan GC, et al. Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events in people with chronic kidney disease. Circulation 2004;110:1557-63
34. Holdaas H, Fellstrom B, Jardine AG, et al.; Assessment of Lescol in Renal Transplantation (ALERT) Study Investigators. Effect of fluvastatin on cardiac outcomes in renal transplant recipients: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:2024-31
35. Kendrick J, Shlipak MG, Targher G, et al. Effect of lovastatin on primary prevention of cardiovascular events in mild CKD and kidney function loss: a post hoc analysis of the air force/Texas coronary atherosclerosis prevention study. Am J Kidney Dis 2010;55:42-9
36. Navaneethan SD, Pansini F, Perkovic V, et al. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;15:CD007784
37. Navaneethan SD, Perkovic V, Johnson DW, et al. Strippoli GFM HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;2:CD005019
38. Isbel NM, Haluska B, Johnson DW, et al. Increased targeting of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with chronic kidney disease does not improve atheroma burden or cardiovascular function. Am Heart J 2006;151:745-53
39. Wanner C, Krane V, Marz W, et al. Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2005;353:238-48
40. Fellstrom BC, Holdaas H, Jardine AG, et al. Effects of rosuvastatin on outcomes in chronic hemodialysis patients: baseline data from the AURORA Study. Kidney Blood Press Res 2007;30:314-22
41. Banach M, Mikhailidis DP, Kjeldsen SE, Rysz J. Time for new indications for statins? Med Sci Monit 2009;15:MS1-5
42. Krane V, Winkler K, Drechsler C, et al. Effect of atorvastatin on inflammation and outcome in patients with type 2 diabetes on hemodialysis. Kidney Int 2008;74:1461-7
43. Navaneethan SD, Nigwekar SU, Perkovic V, et al. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for dialysis patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;8:CD004289
44. Herzog CA, Mangrum JM, Passman R. Sudden cardiac death and dialysis patients. Semin Dial 2008;21:300-7
45. Guerin AP, Pannier B, Marchais SJ, London GM. Arterial structure and function in end-stage renal disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 2008;10:107-11
46. Baigent C, Landry M. Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP). Kidney Int Suppl 2003;84:S207-10
47. Landray M, Baigent C, Leaper C, et al. The second United Kingdom Heart and Renal Protection (UK-HARP-II) Study: a randomized controlled study of the biochemical safety and efficacy of adding ezetimibe to simvastatin as initial therapy among patients with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;47:385-95
48. Xinwei J, Xianghua F, Jing Z, et al. Comparison of usefulness of simvastatin 20 mg versus 80 mg in preventing contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 2009;104:519-24
49. Toso A, Maioli M, Leoncini M, et al. Usefulness of atorvastatin (80 mg) in prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with chronic renal disease. Am J Cardiol 2010;105:288-92
50. McCullough PA, Adam A, Becker CR, et al.; CIN Consensus Working Panel. Epidemiology and prognostic implications of contrast-induced nephropathy. Am J Cardiol 2006;98(suppl 6A):5K-13K
51. Khanal S, Attallah N, Smith DE, et al. Statin therapy reduces contrast-induced nephropathy: an analysis of contemporary percutaneous interventions. Am J Med 2005;18:843-9
52. Patti G, Nusca A, Chello M, et al. Usefulness of statin pretreatment to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy and to improve long-term outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 2008;101:279-85
53. Zhao JL, Yang YJ, Zhang YH, et al. Effect of statins on contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty. Int J Cardiol 2008;126:435-6
54. John S, Schneider MP, Delles C, et al. Lipid-independent effects of statins on endothelial function and bioavailability of nitric oxide in hypercholesterolemic patients. Am Heart J 2005;149(Suppl):473.e1-473.e10
55. Attallah N, Yassine L, Musial J, et al. The potential role of statins in contrast nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 2004;62:273-8
56. Jo SH, Koo BK, Park JS, et al. Prevention of radiocontrast medium-induced nephropathy using short-term high-dose simvastatin in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing coronary angiography (PROMISS) trial\a randomized controlled study. Am Heart J 2008;155:499.e1-499.e8
57. Kandula P, Shah R, Singh N, et al. Statins for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing non-emergent percutaneous coronary intervention. Nephrology (Carlton) 2010;15(2):165-70
58. Bouzas-Mosquera A, Vazquez-Rodriguez JM, Calvino-Santos R, et al. Contrast-induced nephropathy and acute renal failure following emergent cardiac catheterization: incidence, risk factors and prognosis. Rev Esp Cardiol 2007;60:1026-34
59. Reisin E, Ebenezer PJ, Liao J, et al. Effect of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor rosuvastatin on early chronic kidney injury in obese zucker rats fed with an atherogenic diet. Am J Med Sci 2009;338:301-9
60. Vazquez-Perez S, Aragoncillo P, de Las Heras N, et al. Atorvastatin prevents glomerulosclerosis and renal endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001;16(Suppl 1):40-4
61. Bianchi S, Bigazzi R, Caiazza A, et al. A controlled, prospective study of the effects of atorvastatin on proteinuria and progression of kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;41:565-70
62. Douglas K, O'Malley PG, Jackson JL. Meta-analysis: the effect of statins on albuminuria. Ann Intern Med 2006;145:117-24
63. Kimura K, Shimano H, Yokote K, et al. Effects of pitavastatin (LIVALO tablet) on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in hypercholesterolemic patients with chronic kidney disease. Sub-analysis of the LIVALO Effectiveness and Safety (LIVES) Study. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010;17(6):601-9
64. Di Lullo L, Addesse R, Comegna C, et al. Effects of fluvastatin treatment on lipid profile, C-reactive protein trend, and renal function in dyslipidemic patients with chronic renal failure. Adv Ther 2005;22(6):601-12
65. Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Statins and cardiovascular events in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. The AURORA results suggest the need for earlier intervention. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2009;7:264-6
66. Pfeffer MA, Keech A, Sacks FM, et al. Safety and tolerability of pravastatin in long-term clinical trials Prospective Pravastatin Pooling (PPP) Project. Circulation 2002;105:2341-6
67. Tonelli M, Isles C, Craven T, et al. Effect of pravastatin on rate of kidney function loss in people with or at risk for coronary disease. Circulation 2005;112:171-8
68. Atthobari J, Asselbergs FW, Boersma C, et al.; PREVEND IT Study Group. Cost-effectiveness of screening for albuminuria with subsequent fosinopril treatment to prevent cardiovascular events: a pharmacoeconomic analysis linked to the prevention of renal and vascular endstage disease (PREVEND) study and the prevention of renal and vascular endstage disease intervention trial (PREVEND IT). Clin Ther 2006;28(3):432-44
69. Asselbergs FW, Diercks GF, Hillege HL, et al. Effects of fosinopril and pravastatin on cardiovascular events in subjects with microalbuminuria. Circulation 2004;110:2809-16
70. de Zeeuw D. Different renal protective effects of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin in diabetic and non-diabetic renal patients with proteinuria. Results of the PLANET trials. 2010 European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association Congress; 27 June 2010; Munich, Germany
71. Keller DM. PLANET I and II: atorvastatin beats rosuvastatin for protecting kidneys in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. 2010. Available from: http://www.theheart.org/article/1095269.do
72. Bae EH, Kim IJ, Park JW, et al. Renoprotective effect of rosuvastatin in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010;25:1051-9
73. James MT, Hemmelgarn BR, Tonelli M. Early recognition and prevention of chronic kidney disease. Lancet 2010;375:1296-309
74. Sandhu S, Wiebe N, Fried LF, Tonelli M. Statins for improving renal outcomes: a meta-analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17:2006-16
75. Strippoli GF, Navaneethan SD, Johnson DW, et al. Effects of statins in patients with chronic kidney disease: meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2008;336:645-51
76. Zhang W, Liu M, Wu Y, et al. Protective effects of atorvastatin on chronic allograft nephropathy in rats. J Surg Res 2007;143:428-36
77. Del Castillo D, Cruzado JM, Manel Diaz J, et al. The effects of hyperlipidaemia on graft and patient outcome in renal transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19(Suppl 3):, iii67-iii71
78. Masterson R, Hewitson T, Leikis M, et al. Impact of statin treatment on 1-year functional and histologic renal allograft outcome. Transplantation 2005;80:332-8
79. Turk TR, Voropaeva E, Kohnle M, et al. Ezetimibe treatment in hypercholesterolemic kidney transplant patients is safe and effective and reduces the decline of renal allograft function: a pilot study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:369-73
80. Lisik W, Schoenberg L, Lasky RE, et al. Statins benefit outcomes of renal transplant recipients on a sirolimus-cyclosporine regimen. Transplant Proc 2007;39:3086-92
81. Fellstrom B, Holdaas H, Jardine AG, et al.; Assessment of Lescol in Renal Transplantation Study Investigators. Effect of fluvastatin on renal end points in the Assessment of Lescol in Renal Transplant (ALERT) trial. Kidney Int 2004;66:1549-55
82. Tonelli M. Do statins protect the kidney as well as the heart? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21(11):3005-6
83. Paraskevas KI. Statin therapy in peritoneal dialysis patients: effects beyond lipid lowering. Int Urol Nephrol 2008;40:165-70
84. Forrester JS, Libby P. The inflammation hypothesis and its potential relevance to statin therapy. Am J Cardiol 2007;99:732-8
85. Astra Zeneca Pharmaceuticals LP. Crestor (rosuvastatin calcium) prescribing information. Wilmington, DE; August 2003
86. Gazi IF, Liberopoulos EN, Athyros VG, et al. Statins and solid organ transplantation. Curr Pharm Des 2006;12:4771-83
87. Paraskevas KI, Giannoukas AD, Mikhailidis DP. Renal function impairment in peripheral arterial disease: an important parameter that should not be neglected. Ann Vasc Surg 2009;23:690-9
88. Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, et al.; ASCOT Investigators. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:1149-58
89. Stepien M, Banach M, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Role and significance of statins in the treatment of hypertensive patients. Curr Med Res Opin 2009;25:1995-2005
90. Aydin U, Ugurlucan M, Gungor F, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on vascular intimal hyperplasia: an experimental rodent model. Angiology 2009;60:370-7
91. Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, et al.; Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:2005-16
92. Shepherd J, Kastelein JJ, Bittner V, et al.; TNT (Treating to New Targets) Investigators. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and chronic kidney disease: the TNT (Treating to New Targets) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:1448-54
93. Angelopoulos J, Krassakopoulos N, Nathanson R, et al. Co-administration of ezetimibe and a statin in management of dyslipidemias: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Arch Med Sci 2009;5:347-63
94. Seliger SL, Weiss NS, Gillen DL, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are associated with reduced mortality in ESRD patients. Kidney Int 2002;61:297-304
95. Migdalis I, Efthimiadis A, Pappas S, et al. Clinical experience with ezetimibe/simvastatin in a Mediterranean population. Curr Med Res Opin 2009;25:2571-6
96. Rysz J, Aronow WS, Stolarek RS, et al. Nephroprotective and clinical potential of statins in dialyzed patients. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009;13:541-50
97. Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Liberopoulos EN, et al. Effect of statin treatment on renal function and serum uric acid levels and their relation to vascular events in patients with coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome: a subgroup analysis of the GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary heart disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007;22:118-27
98. Wainwright G, Mascitelli L, Goldstein MR. Cholesterol-lowering therapy and cell membranes. Stable plaque at the expense of unstable membranes? Arch Med Sci 2009;5:289-95