Logging-induced changes in habitat network connectivity shape behavioral interactions in the wolf-caribou-moose system

Ecological Monographs

Volumn 84, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 265-285

  Courbin, N ^a   Fortin, D ^a   Dussault, C ^b   Courtois, R ^b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

^b MINISTÈRE DES RESSOURCES NATURELLES ET DE LA FAUNE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Accessibility; Alces alces; Canada; Canis lupus; C te Nord; Functional connectivity; Graph theory; Leapfrog effect; Multi trophic habitat network analysis; Patch choice; Qu bec; Rangifer tarandus caribou; Residency time; Wolf prey spatial game

Indexed keywords

ACCESSIBILITY; BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; BOREAL FOREST; CANID; CONNECTIVITY; DISTURBANCE; FOREST ECOSYSTEM; LANDSCAPE; LOGGING (TIMBER); NETWORK ANALYSIS; PATCH DYNAMICS; POPULATION DISTRIBUTION; UNGULATE; WINTER;

CANADA; QUEBEC [CANADA];

EID: 84903607029     PISSN: 00129615     EISSN: 15577015     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/12-2118.1     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Aebischer, N. J., P. A. Robertson, and R. E. Kenward. 1993. Compositional analysis of habitat use from animal radiotracking data. Ecology 74:1313-1325.
2. Azzalini, A. 1994. Logistic regression for autocorrelated data with application to repeated measures. Biometrika 81:767- 775.
3. Baggio, J. A., K. Salau, M. A. Janssen, M. L. Schoon, and O. Bodin. 2011. Landscape connectivity and predator-prey population dynamics. Landscape Ecology 26:33-45.
4. Barraquand, F., and S. Benhamou. 2008. Animal movements in heterogeneous landscapes: identifying profitable places and homogeneous movement bouts. Ecology 89:3336-3348.
5. Bastille-Rousseau, G., D. Fortin, and C. Dussault. 2010. Inference from habitat-selection analysis depends on foraging strategies. Journal of Animal Ecology 79:1157-1163.
6. Bastille-Rousseau, G., D. Fortin, C. Dussault, R. Courtois, and J.-P. Ouellet. 2011. Foraging strategies by omnivores: are black bears actively searching for ungulate neonates or are they simply opportunistic predatorš Ecography 34:588-596.
7. Bé lisle, M. 2005. Measuring landscape connectivity: the challenge of behavioral landscape ecology. Ecology 86:1988-1995.
8. Benhamou, S. 2004. How to reliably estimate the tortuosity of an animal's path: straightness, sinuosity, or fractal dimensioñJournal of Theoretical Biology 229:209-220. (Pubitemid 38780942)
9. Berens, P. 2009. CircStat: a MATLAB toolbox for circular statistics. Journal of Statistical Software 31:1-21.
10. Bergman, E. J., R. A. Garrott, S. Creel, J. J. Borkowski, R. Jaffe, and F. G. R. Watson. 2006. Assessment of prey vulnerability through analysis of wolf movements and kill sites. Ecology 16:273-284.
11. Bolker, B. M., M. E. Brooks, C. J. Clark, S. W. Geange, J. R. Poulsen, M. H. H. Stevens, and J.-S. S. White. 2009. Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 24:127-135.
12. Boyce, M. S., P. R. Vernier, S. E. Nielsen, and F. K. A. Schmiegelow. 2002. Evaluating resource selection functions. Ecological Modelling 157:281-300.
13. Briand, Y., J.-P. Ouellet, C. Dussault, and M.-H. St-Laurent. 2009. Fine-scale habitat selection by female forest-dwelling caribou in managed boreal forest: empirical evidence of a seasonal shift between foraging opportunities and antipredator strategies. Ecoscience 16:330-340.
14. Brown, J. H., and A. Kodric-Brown. 1977. Turnover rates in insular biogeography: effect of immigration on extinction. Ecology 58:445-449.
15. Brown, J. S., and B. P. Kotler. 2004. Hazardous duty pay and the foraging cost of predation. Ecology Letters 7:999-1014.
16. Bull, J. C., N. J. Pickup, M. P. Hassell, and M. B. Bonsall. 2006. Habitat shape, metapopulation processes and the dynamics of multispecies predator-prey interactions. Journal of Animal Ecology 75:899-907.
17. Bunn, A. G., D. L. Urban, and T. H. Keitt. 2000. Landscape connectivity: a conservation application of graph theory. Journal of Environmental Management 59:265-278.
18. Burnham, K. P., and D. R. Anderson. 2002. Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
19. Carranza, M. L., E. D'Alessandro, S. Saura, and A. Loy. 2012. Connectivity providers for semi-aquatic vertebrates: the case of the endangered otter in Italy. Landscape Ecology 27:281- 290.
20. Cerdeira, J. O., L. S. Pinto, M. Cabeza, and K. J. Gaston. 2010. Species-specific connectivity in reserve-network design using graphs. Biological Conservation 143:408-415.
21. Charnov, E. L. 1976. Optimal foraging, the marginal value theorem. Theoretical Population Biology 9:129-136.
22. Cohen, J., P. Cohen, S. G. West, and L. S. Aiken. 2003. Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Third edition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, New Jersey, USA.
23. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). 2002. Canadian species at risk. COSEWIC, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
24. Coulon, A., N. Morellet, M. Goulard, B. Cargnelutti, J.-M. Angibault, and A. J. M. Hewison. 2008. Inferring the effects of landscape structure on roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) movements using a step selection function. Landscape Ecology 23:603-614.
25. Courant, S., and D. Fortin. 2012. Time allocation of bison in meadow patches driven by potential energy gains and group size dynamics. Oikos 121:1163-1173.
26. Courbin, N., D. Fortin, C. Dussault, and R. Courtois. 2009. Landscape management for woodland caribou: the protection of forest blocks influences wolf-caribou co-occurrence. Landscape Ecology 24:1375-1388.
27. Courtois, R., C. Dussaults, F. Potvin, and G. Daigle. 2002. Habitat selection by moose (Alces alces) in clear-cut landscapes. Alces 38:177-192.
28. Courtois, R., J.-P. Ouellet, C. Dussault, and A. Gingras. 2004. Forest management guidelines for forest-dwelling caribou in Québec. Forestry Chronicle 80:598-607. (Pubitemid 39501084)
29. Courtois, R., J.-P. Ouellet, and B. Gagné . 1998. Characteristics of cutovers used by moose (Alces alces) in early winter. Alces 34:210-211.
30. Craiu, R. V., T. Duchesne, and D. Fortin. 2008. Inference methods for the conditional logistic regression model with longitudinal data. Biometrical Journal 50:97-109.
31. Cr̂ete, M., and R. Courtois. 1997. Limiting factors might obscure population regulation of moose (Cervidae: Alces alces) in unproductive boreal forests. Journal of Zoology 242:765-781. (Pubitemid 27347731)
32. Crooks, K. R., and M. Sanjayan. 2006. Connectivity conservation: maintaining connections for nature. Conservation Biology Book Series, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
33. Dale, M. R. T., and M.-J. Fortin. 2010. From graphs to spatial graphs. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 41:21-38.
34. Dancose, K., D. Fortin, and X. Guo. 2011. Mechanisms of functional connectivity: the case of free-ranging bison in a forest landscape. Ecological Applications 21:1871-1885.
35. Delvaux, H., R. Courtois, L. Breton, and R. Patenaude. 1999. Relative efficiency of succinylcholine, xylazine, and carfentanil/xylazine mixtures to immobilize free-ranging moose. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 35:38-48. (Pubitemid 129542166)
36. Dray, S., et al. 2012. Community ecology in the age of multivariate multiscale spatial analysis. Ecological Monographs 82:257-275.
37. Duchesne, T., D. Fortin, and N. Courbin. 2010. Mixed conditional logistic regression for habitat selection studies. Journal of Animal Ecology 79:548-555.
38. Dussault, C., R. Courtois, J.-P. Ouellet, and I. Girard. 2005a. Space use of moose in relation to food availability. Canadian Journal of Zoology 83:1431-1437. (Pubitemid 43177110)
39. Dussault, C., J.-P. Ouellet, R. Courtois, J. Huot, L. Breton, and H. Jolicoeur. 2005b. Linking moose habitat selection to limiting factors. Ecography 28:619-628. (Pubitemid 41445287)
40. Estrada, E., and O. Bodin. 2008. Using network centrality measures to manage landscape connectivity. Ecological Applications 18:1810-1825.
41. Fall, A., and J. Fall. 2001. A domain-specific language for models of landscape dynamics. Ecological Modelling 141:1- 18.
42. Fall, A., M.-J. Fortin, M. Manseau, and D. O'Brien. 2007. Spatial graphs: principles and applications for habitat connectivity. Ecosystems 10:448-461. (Pubitemid 47295419)
43. Ferreras, P. 2001. Landscape structure and asymmetrical interpatch connectivity in a metapopulation of the endangered Iberian lynx. Biological Conservation 100:125-136. (Pubitemid 32602338)
44. Fieberg, J. 2007. Kernel density estimators of home range: smoothing and the autocorrelation red herring. Ecology 88:1059-1066. (Pubitemid 46641581)
45. Flaxman, S. M., and Y. Lou. 2009. Tracking prey or tracking the prey's resource? Mechanisms of movement and optimal habitat selection by predators. Journal of Theoretical Biology 256:187-200.
46. Flaxman, S. M., Y. Lou, and F. G. Meyer. 2011. Evolutionary ecology of movement by predators and prey. Theoretical Ecology 4:255-267.
47. Forester, J. D., H. K. Im, and P. J. Rathouz. 2009. Accounting for animal movement in estimation of resource selection functions: sampling and data analysis. Ecology 90:3554- 3565.
48. Fortin, D., and G. W. Arnold. 1997. The influence of road verges on the use of nearby small shrubland remnants by birds in the central wheatbelt of Western Australia. Wildlife Research 24:679-689.
49. Fortin, D., H. L. Beyer, M. S. Boyce, D. W. Smith, T. Duchesne, and J. S. Mao. 2005. Wolves influence elk movements: behavior shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 86:1320-1330. (Pubitemid 40641206)
50. Fortin, D., R. Courtois, P. Etcheverry, C. Dussault, and A. Gingras. 2008. Winter selection of landscapes by woodland caribou: behavioural response to geographical gradients in habitat attributes. Journal of Applied Ecology 45:1392-1400.
51. Fortin, D., M.-E. Fortin, H. L. Beyer, T. Duchesne, S. Courant, and K. Dancose. 2009. Group-size-mediated habitat selection and group fusion-fission dynamics of bison under predation risk. Ecology 90:2480-2490.
52. Fortuna, M. A., C. Gó mez-Rodríguez, and J. Bascompte. 2006. Spatial network structure and amphibian persistence in stochastic environments. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 273:1429-1434.
53. Galpern, P., M. Manseau, and A. Fall. 2011. Patch-based graphs of landscape connectivity: a guide to construction, analysis and application for conservation. Biological Conservation 144:44-55.
54. Galpern, P., M. Manseau, and P. Wilson. 2012. Grains of connectivity: analysis at multiple spatial scales in landscape genetics. Molecular Ecology 21:3996-4009.
55. Gillies, C. S., M. Hebblewhite, S. E. Nielsen, M. A. Krawchuk, C. L. Aldridge, J. L. Frair, D. J. Saher, C. E. Stevens, and C. L. Jerde. 2006. Application of random effects to the study of resource selection by animals. Journal of Animal Ecology 75:887-898.
56. Gingras, A., A. Audy, and R. Courtois. 1989. Inventaire aérien de l'original dans la zone de chasse 19 à l'hiver 1987-1988. Ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la P̂eche, Direction de la gestion des espèces et des habitats, Québec, Québec, Canada. Gonzalez, A., B. Rayfield, and Z. Lindo. 2011. The disentangled bank: how loss of habitat fragments and disassembles ecological networks. American Journal of Botany 98:503- 516.
57. Gude, J. A., R. A. Garrott, J. J. Borkowski, and F. King. 2006. Prey risk allocation in a grazing ecosystem. Ecological Applications 16:285-298.
58. Hammond, J. I., B. Luttbeg, T. Brodin, and A. Sih. 2012. Spatial scale influences the outcome of the predator-prey space race between tadpoles and predatory dragonflies. Functional Ecology 26:522-531.
59. Harary, F. 1969. Graph theory. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, USA.
60. Houle, M., D. Fortin, C. Dussault, R. Courtois, and J.-P. Ouellet. 2010. Cumulative effects of forestry on habitat use by gray wolf (Canis lupus) in the boreal forest. Landscape Ecology 25:419-433.
61. Huffaker, C. B. 1958. Experimental studies on predation: dispersion factors and predator-prey oscillations. Hilgardia 27:343-383.
62. James, A. R. C., S. Boutin, D. M. Hebert, and A. B. Rippin. 2004. Spatial separation of caribou from moose and its relation to predation by wolves. Journal of Wildlife Management 68:799-809.
63. Kareiva, P. 1987. Habitat fragmentation and the stability of predator-prey interactions. Nature 326:388-390.
64. Koen, E. L., J. Bowman, C. J. Garroway, S. C. Mills, and P. J. Wilson. 2012. Landscape resistance and American marten gene flow. Landscape Ecology 27:29-43.
65. Koper, N., and M. Manseau. 2009. Generalized estimating equations and generalized linear mixed-effects models for modelling resource selection. Journal of Applied Ecology 46:590-599.
66. Laundré, J. W. 2010. Behavioral response races, predator-prey shell games, ecology of fear, and patch use of pumas and their ungulate prey. Ecology 91:2995-3007.
67. Lima, S. L. 2002. Putting predators back into behavioral predator-prey interactions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17:70-75. (Pubitemid 34142587)
68. Manly, B. F. J., L. L. McDonald, D. A. Thomas, T. L. McDonald, and W. E. Erickson. 2002. Resource selection by animals, statistical design and analysis for field studies. Second edition. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
69. MathWorks. 2008. MATLAB Software: The language of technical computing. Version R2008a. MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA.
70. McIntire, E. J. B., and A. Fajardo. 2009. Beyond description: the active and effective way to infer processes from spatial patterns. Ecology 90:46-56.
71. McIntire, E. J. B., C. B. Schultz, and E. E. Crone. 2007. Designing a network for butterfly habitat restoration: where individuals, populations and landscapes interact. Journal of Applied Ecology 44:725-736.
72. McLoughlin, P. D., D. W. Morris, D. Fortin, E. Vander Wal, and A. L. Contasti. 2010. Considering ecological dynamics in resource selection functions. Journal of Animal Ecology 79:4-12.
73. McPhee, H. M., N. F. Webb, and E. H. Merrill. 2012. Hierarchical predation: wolf (Canis lupus) selection along hunt paths and at kill sites. Canadian Journal of Zoology 90:555-563.
74. Mech, L. D., and L. Boitani. 2003. Wolves: behavior, ecology, and conservation. Chicago University Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
75. Messier, F. 1994. Ungulate population models with predation: a case study with the North American moose. Ecology 75:478-488.
76. Mitchell, W. A. 2009. Multi-behavioral strategies in a predator- prey game: an evolutionary algorithm analysis. Oikos 118:1073-1083.
77. Mitchell, W. A., and S. L. Lima. 2002. Predator-prey shell games: large-scale movement and its implications for decision-making by prey. Oikos 99:249-259.
78. Moilanen, A. 2011. On the limitation of the graph-theoretic connectivity in spatial ecology and conservation. Journal of Applied Ecology 48:1543-1547.
79. Moreau, G., D. Fortin, S. Couturier, and T. Duchesne. 2012. Multi-level functional responses for wildlife conservation: the case of threatened caribou in managed boreal forests. Journal of Applied Ecology 49:611-620.
80. Mortelliti, A., G. Amori, and L. Boitani. 2010. The role of habitat quality in fragmented landscapes: a conceptual overview and prospectus for future research. Oecologia 163:535-547.
81. Mortelliti, A., and L. Boitani. 2008. Interaction of food resources and landscape structure in determining the probability of patch use by carnivores in fragmented landscapes. Landscape Ecology 23:285-298.
82. O'Brien, D., M. Manseau, A. Fall, and M.-J. Fortin. 2006. Testing the importance of spatial configuration of winter habitat for woodland caribou: an application of graph theory. Biological Conservation 130:70-83.
83. Pankratz, V. S., M. de Andrade, and T. M. Therneau. 2005. Random-effects Cox proportional hazards model: general variance components methods for time-to-event data. Genetic Epidemiology 28:97-109.
84. Paquet, P. C., S. M. Alexander, P. L. Swan, and C. T. Darimont. 2006. Influence of natural landscape fragmentation and resource availability on distribution and connectivity of gray wolves (Canis lupus) in the archipelago of coastal British Columbia, Canada. Pages 130-156 in K. R. Crooks and M. Sanjayan, editors. Connectivity conservation: maintaining connections for nature. Conservation Biology Book Series, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
85. Proulx, S. R., D. E. L. Promislow, and P. C. Phillips. 2005. Network thinking in ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20:345-353.
86. R Development Core Team. 2008. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Version 2.9.2. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org
87. Rayfield, B., A. Moilanen, and M.-J. Fortin. 2009. Incorporating consumer-resource spatial interactions in reserve design. Ecological Modelling 220:725-733.
88. Rettie, J. W., and F. Messier. 1998. Dynamics of woodland caribou populations at the southern limit of their range in Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:251-259. (Pubitemid 28320182)
89. Reunanen, P., A. Fall, and A. Nikula. 2012. Spatial graphs as templates for habitat networks in boreal landscape. Biodiversity and Conservation 21:3569-3584.
90. Ryall, K. L., and L. Fahrig. 2006. Response of predators to loss and fragmentation of prey habitat: a review of theory. Ecology 87:1086-1093.
91. SAS Institute. 2008. SAS/STAT software: changes and enhancements, version 9.2. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina, USA.
92. Schadt, S., F. Knauer, P. Kaczensky, E. Revilla, T. Wiegand, and L. Trepl. 2002. Rule-based assessment of suitable habitat and patch connectivity for the Eurasian lynx. Ecological Applications 12:1469-1483. (Pubitemid 36516751)
93. Schaefer, J. A. 2003. Long-term range recession and the persistence of caribou in the taiga. Conservation Biology 17:1435-1439. (Pubitemid 37250081)
94. Seip, D. R. 1992. Factors limiting woodland caribou populations and their interrelationships with wolves and moose in southeastern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70:1494-1503. (Pubitemid 23398936)
95. Sih, A. 2005. Predator-prey space use as an emergent outcome of a behavioral response race. Pages 240-255 in P. Barbosa and I. Castellanos, editors. Ecology of predator-prey interactions. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.
96. Taylor, P. D., L. Fahrig, K. Henein, and G. Merriam. 1993. Connectivity is a vital element of landscape structure. Oikos 68:571-573. (Pubitemid 2020935)
97. Theobald, D. M. 2006. Exploring the functional connectivity of landscapes using landscape networks. Pages 416-443 in K. R. Crooks and M. Sanjayan, editors. Connectivity conservation: maintaining connections for nature. Conservation Biology Book Series, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
98. Tischendorf, L., and L. Fahrig. 2000. On the usage and measurement of landscape connectivity. Oikos 90:7-19.
99. Urban, D. L., and T. H. Keitt. 2001. Landscape connectivity: a graph theoretic perspective. Ecology 82:1205-1218.
100. Urban, D. L., E. S. Minor, E. A. Treml, and R. S. Schick. 2009. Graph models of habitat mosaics. Ecology Letters 12:260- 273.
101. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1981. Standards for the development of suitability index models. Ecology Service Manual 103. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Ecological Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA.
102. Watts, K., A. E. Eycott, P. Handley, D. Ray, J. W. Humphrey, and C. P. Quine. 2010. Targeting and evaluating biodiversity conservation action within fragmented landscapes: an approach based on generic focal species and least-cost networks. Landscape Ecology 25:1305-1318.
103. Watts, K., and P. Handley. 2010. Developing a functional connectivity indicator to detect change in fragmented landscapes. Ecological Indicators 10:552-557.
104. Williams, A. C., and S. M. Flaxman. 2012. Can predators assess the quality of their prey's resource? Animal Behaviour 83:883-890.
105. Wittmer, H. U., R. E. Sinclair, and B. N. McLellan. 2005. The role of predation in the decline and extirpation of woodland caribou. Oecologia 114:257-267.
106. Zeller, K. A., K. McGarigal, and A. R. Whiteley. 2012. Estimating landscape resistance to movement: a review. Landscape Ecology 27:777-797.