6.02 - Hydrogen-assisted Cracking

Comprehensive Structural Integrity

Volumn 6, Issue , 2007, Pages 31-101

  Gangloff, R P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HYDROGEN;

HYDROGEN ASSISTED CRACKING;

HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT;

EID: 84903403375     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B0-08-043749-4/06134-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (373)

1. Akhurst K.N., Baker T.J. The threshold stress intensity for hydrogen induced crack growth. Metall. Trans. A 1981, 12:1059-1070.
2. Albrecht J., McTiernan B.J., Bernstein I.M., Thompson A.W. Hydrogen embrittlement in a high-strength Al alloy. Scr. Metall. 1977, 11:893-897.
3. Albrecht J., Thompson A.W., Bernstein I.M. The role of microstructure in hydrogen-assisted fracture of 7075 aluminum. Metall. Trans. A 1979, 10:1759-1766.
4. Albrecht J., Thompson A.W., Bernstein I.M. Evidence for dislocation transport of hydrogen in aluminum. Metall. Trans. A 1982, 13:811-820.
5. Hydrogen in Metals 1978, Springer, Berlin, Germany. G. Alefeld, J. Völkl (Eds.).
6. Hydrogen in Metals III: Properties and Applications 1997, Springer, Berlin, Germany. G. Alefeld, J. Völkl (Eds.).
7. T. L. Anderson, 1995, "Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications," 2nd edn., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 117-181.
8. ASM International, 1985, "Metals Handbook Ninth Edition: Vol. 8, Mechanical Testing," Materials Park, OH.
9. ASTM, 2000, "Standard Test Method for Determining a Threshold Stress Intensity Factor for Environment-assisted Cracking of Metallic Materials," Designation E1681-99, Standards on Disc, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, vol. 03.01.
10. 3rd International Congress on Hydrogen and Materials 1982, Pergamon, New York, NY. P. Azou (Ed.).
11. R. Baboian (ed.), 1995, "Corrosion Tests and Standards," ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
12. Baggerly R.G. Hydrogen-assisted stress cracking of high-strength wheel bolts. Eng. Fail. Anal. 1996, 3:231-240.
13. Bandyopadhyay N., Kameda J., McMahon C.J. Hydrogen-induced cracking in 4340-type steel: effects of composition, yield strength and hydrogen pressure. Metall. Trans. A 1983, 14:881-888.
14. Barsom J.M. Fracture Mechanics Retrospective: Early Classic Papers (1913-1965) 1987, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
15. Barsom J.M., Rolfe S.T. Fracture and Fatigue Control in Structures 1987, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 2nd edn.
16. Barth C.E., Steigerwald E.A. Evaluation of hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms. Metall. Trans. 1970, 1:3451-3455.
17. Bayles B.A., Pao P.S., Gill S.J., Yoder G.R. Systems Engineering Approach to Mechanical Failure Prevention 1993, 167-176. Vibration Institute, Willowbrook, IL. H.C. Pusey, S.C. Pusey (Eds.).
18. Beachem C.D. A new model for hydrogen-assisted cracking (hydrogen embrittlement). Metall. Trans. 1972, 3:437-451.
19. Hydrogen in Metals 1974, ASM International, Materials Park, OH. I.M. Bernstein, A.W. Thompson (Eds.).
20. Bernstein I.M., Thompson A.W. Effect of metallurgical variables on environmental fracture of steels. Int. Metall. Rev. 1976, 21:269-287.
21. Hydrogen Effects in Metals 1981, The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. I.M. Bernstein, A.W. Thompson (Eds.).
22. Birnbaum H.K. Environment Induced Cracking of Metals 1990, 21-29. NACE, Houston, TX. R.P. Gangloff, M.B. Ives (Eds.).
23. Birnbaum H.K., Fukushima H., Baker J. Advanced Techniques for Characterizing Hydrogen in Metals 1982, 149-154. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA.
24. Birnbaum H.K., Robertson I.M., Sofronis P., Teter D. 2nd International Conference on Corrosion-Deformation Interactions 1997, 172-195. The Institute of Materials, London. T. Magnin (Ed.).
25. Birnbaum H.K., Sofronis P. Hydrogen-enhanced plasticity-a mechanism for hydrogen related fracture. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 1993, 176:191-202.
26. Blackburn M.J., Feeney J.A., Beck T.R. Advances in Corrosion Science and Technology 1972, vol. 3:67-292. Plenum, New York, NY.
27. Bond B.M., Robertson I.M., Birnbaum H.K. The influence of hydrogen on deformation and fracture processes in high-strength aluminum alloys. Acta Metall. 1987, 35:2289-2296.
28. Boyer R.R. Beta Titanium Alloys in the 1990s 1993, 335-346. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. D. Eylon, R.R. Boyer, D. Koss (Eds.).
29. Briant C.L., Banerji S.K. Intergranular failure in steel: the role of grain boundary composition. Int. Metall. Rev. 1978, 23:164-199.
30. Briant C.L., Banerji S.K. Treatise on Materials Science and Technology: Embrittlement of Engineering Alloys 1983, vol. 25:21-58. Academic Press, New York, NY.
31. Brown B.F. The Theory of Stress Corrosion Cracking 1971, 186-204. NATO Scientific Affairs Division, Brussels, Belgium. J.C. Scully (Ed.).
32. Brown B.F. Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement of Base Iron Alloys 1977, 747-751. NACE, Houston, TX. R.W. Staehle, J. Hochmann, R.D. McCright, J.E. Slater (Eds.).
33. Brown B.F., Beachem C.D. A study of the stress factor in corrosion cracking by use of the precracked cantilever-beam specimen. Corros. Sci. 1965, 5:745-750.
34. Brown B.F., Beachem C.D. Specimens for Evaluating the Susceptibility of High Strength Steels to Stress Corrosion Cracking 1966, Naval Research Laboratory report, Washington, DC.
35. P. F. Buckley, B. Placzankis, J. Beatty and R. Brown, 1994, "Characterization of the Hydrogen Embrittlenient Behavior of High Strength Steels for Army Applications," Corrosion/94, NACE, Houston, TX, Paper no. 547.
36. Buckley P.F., Brown R., Graves G.H., Lee E.U., Neu C.E., Kozol J. Metallic Materials for Lightweight Applications, 40th Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference 1993, 377-388. US Army Laboratory Command, Watertown, MA. M.G.H. Wells, E.B. Kula, J.H. Beatty (Eds.).
37. Burleigh T.D. The postulated mechanisms for stress corrosion cracking of aluminum alloys. Corrosion 1991, 47:89-98.
38. Carter C.S. The effect of silicon on the stress corrosion resistance of low alloy high strength steels. Corrosion 1969, 25:423-431.
39. C. S. Carter, "Stress Corrosion Cracking and Corrosion Fatigue of Medium-strength and High-strength Steels," Boeing Commercial Airplane Company report, Seattle, WA, unpublished.
40. Carter T.J., Cornish L.A. Hydrogen in metals. Eng. Fail. Anal. 2001, 8:113-121.
41. Chan N.H., Klier K., Wei R.P. A preliminary investigation of Hart's model in hydrogen embrittlement in maraging steels. Scr. Metall. 1978, 12:1043-1046.
42. Charbonnier J.C., Margot-Marette H. Current Solutions to Hydrogen Problems in Steels 1982, 462-466. ASM International, Materials Park, OH. C.G. Interrante, G.M. Pressouyre (Eds.).
43. Chen P.S., Panda B., Bhat B.N. Hydrogen Effects in Materials 1996, 1011-1019. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. A.W. Thompson, N.R. Moody (Eds.).
44. Chen X., Gerberich W.W. The kinetics and micromechanics of hydrogen assisted cracking in Fe-3 pct Si single crystals. Metall. Trans. A 1991, 22:59-70.
45. Christodoulou L., Flower H.M. Hydrogen embrittlement and trapping in Al-6%Zn-3%Mg. Acta Metall. 1980, 28:481-487.
46. Chu W.Y., Hsiao C.M., Xu B.J. Stress corrosion cracking in high strength steel under mode III loading. Metall. Trans. A. 1986, 17:711-716.
47. Clark W.G. Cracks and Fracture, ASTM STP 601 1976, 138-153. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
48. Clark W.G. Effect of temperature and pressure on hydrogen cracking in high strength type 4340 steel. J. Mater. Energy Sys. 1979, 1:33-40.
49. Clark W.G., Landes J.D. Stress Corrosion Cracking-New Approaches, ASTM STP 610 1976, 108-127. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. H.L. Craig (Ed.).
50. Cooper K.R., Kelly R.G. Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Stress Corrosion Cracking: A Symposium Honoring the Contributions of R. W. Staehle 2001, 523-542. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. R.H. Jones (Ed.).
51. Cooper K.R., Young L.M., Gangloff R.P., Kelly R.G. The electrode potential dependence of environment-assisted cracking of AA7050. Mater. Sci. Forum 2000, 331-337:1625-1634.
52. Coudreuse L., Bocquet P. Hydrogen Transport and Cracking in Metals 1995, 227-252. University Press, Cambridge, UK. A. Turnbull (Ed.).
53. Crumly W.R. Hydrogen Embrittlement: Prevention and Control, ASTM STP 962 1988, 173-178. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. L. Raymond (Ed.).
54. Dautovich D.P., Floreen S. The stress intensities for slow crack growth in steels containing hydrogen. Metall. Trans. 1973, 4:2627-2630.
55. Dautovich D.P., Floreen S. Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement of Iron Base Alloys 1977, 798-815. NACE, Houston, TX. R.W. Staehle, J. Hochmann, R.D. McCright, J.E. Slater (Eds.).
56. Davidson D.L., Lankford J. Fatigue Mechanisms: Advances in Quantitative Measurement of Physical Damage 1983, 371-399. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
57. Davidson D.L., Lankford J. Fatigue crack growth in metals and alloys: mechanisms and micromechanics. Int. Metall. Rev. 1992, 37:45-76.
58. Daw M.S., Baskes M.I. Chemistry and Physics of Fracture 1987, 196-218. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers BV, The Netherlands. R.M. Latanision, R.H. Jones (Eds.).
59. Dietzel W., Ghosal K. Effect of displacement rates on EAC of AISI 4340 steel. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 1998, 21:1279-1286.
60. Dietzel W., Mueller-Roos J. Experience with rising load/rising displacement stress corrosion cracking testing. Mater. Sci. (Russia) 2001, 37:264-271.
61. Dietzel W., Schwalbe K.-H., Wu D. Application of fracture mechanics techniques to the environmentally assisted cracking of aluminum 2024. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 1989, 12:495-510.
62. Doig P., Jones G.T. Model for the initiation of H embrittlement cracking at notches in gaseous H environments. Metall. Trans. A 1977, 8:1993-1998.
63. Edwards R.A.H. Predictive Capabilities in Environmentally Assisted Cracking 1985, 153-175. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY.
64. Eliaz N., Shachar A., Tal B., Eliezer D. Characteristics of hydrogen embrittlement, stress corrosion cracking and tempered martensite embrittlement in high strength steels. Eng. Fail. Anal. 2002, 9:167-184.
65. Feeney J.A., Blackburn M.J. Effect of microstructure on the strength, toughness and stress-corrosion cracking susceptibility of a metastable beta titanium alloy. Metall. Trans. 1970, 1:3309-3323.
66. Fleck N.A., Hutchinson J.W. A reformulation of strain gradient plasticity. J. Mech. Phys. Sol. 2001, 49:2245-2271.
67. Fritzemeier L.G., Walter R.J., Meisels A.P., Jewett R.P. Hydrogen Effects on Material Behavior 1990, 941-954. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. N.R. Moody, A.W. Thompson (Eds.).
68. Fromberg R.P., Barnett W.J., Troiano A.R. Delayed failure and hydrogen embrittlement in steel. Trans. ASM 1955, 47:892-925.
69. Fujii C.T. Stress Corrosion-new Approaches, ASTM STP 610 1976, 213-225. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. H.L. Craig (Ed.).
70. Galvele J.R. A stress corrosion cracking mechanism based on surface mobility. Corros. Sci. 1987, 27:1-33.
71. Embrittlement by the Localized Crack Environment 1984, The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. R.P. Gangloff (Ed.).
72. Gangloff R.P. Crack size effects on the chemical driving force for aqueous corrosion fatigue. Metall. Trans. A 1985, 16:953-969.
73. Gangloff R.P. Corrosion Prevention and Control 33rd Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference 1986, 64-111. US Army Laboratory Command, Watertown, MA. M. Levy, S. Isserow (Eds.).
74. Gangloff R.P. Crack tip models of hydrogen environment embrittlement: applications to fracture mechanics life prediction. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 1988, 103:157-166.
75. Gangloff R.P. Basic Questions in Fatigue, vol. 2, ASTM STP 924 1988, 230-251. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. R.P. Wei, R.P. Gangloff (Eds.).
76. Gangloff R.P. Environment Induced Cracking of Metals 1990, 55-109. NACE, Houston, TX. R.P. Gangloff, M.B. Ives (Eds.).
77. R. P. Gangloff, 1990b, "Advanced Earth-to-Orbit Propulsion Technology," eds. R. J. Richmond and S. T. Wu, NASA CP 3092, Washington, DC, vol. III, pp. 483-510.
78. Gangloff R.P. Fracture mechanics characterization of hydrogen embrittlement in Cr-Mo steel. Present Situation on Steels for Hydrogen Pressure Vessels 1998, Creusot-Loire Industrie, Le Creusot, France.
79. R. P. Gangloff, 2001, Embrittlement of high strength β-Ti alloys. In: "Advances in Fracture Research, Proceedings of ICF10," eds. K. Ravi-Chandar, B. L. Karihaloo, T. Kishi, R. O. Ritchie, A. T. Yokobori, Jr. and T. Yokobori, CD version, Elsevier, Oxford, UK, Paper No. ICF108920R.
80. Gangloff R.P. Fatigue '02 2002, 3401-3433. Engineering Materials Advisory Services, West Midlands, UK. A. Blom (Ed.).
81. R. P. Gangloff, 2003, Diffusion control of hydrogen environment embrittlement in high strength alloys. In: "Hydrogen Effects in Materials," eds. N. R. Moody and A. W. Thompson, The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA.
82. Environment-induced Cracking of Metals 1990, NACE, Houston, TX. R.P. Gangloff, M.B. Ives (Eds.).
83. Gangloff R.P., Somerday B.P., Cooke D.L. Life Prediction of Structures Subject to Environmental Degradation 1996, 161-175. NACE, Houston, TX. P.L. Andresen, R.N. Parkins (Eds.).
84. Gangloff R.P., Turnbull A. Modeling Environmental Effects on Crack Initiation and Propagation 1986, 55-81. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. R.H. Jones, W.W. Gerberich (Eds.).
85. Gangloff R.P., Wei R.P. Gaseous hydrogen embrittlement of high strength steels. Metall. Trans. A 1977, 8:1043-1053.
86. Gangloff R.P., Wei R.P. Fractography in Failure Analysis, ASTM STP 645 1978, 87-106. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. B.M. Strauss, W.H. Cullen (Eds.).
87. Gangloff R.P., Wei R.P. Small Fatigue Cracks 1986, 239-264. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. R.O. Ritchie, J. Lankford (Eds.).
88. Gao H., Cao W. Effects of stress-strain conditions on hydrogen-induced fracture. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 1998, 21:1351-1360.
89. Gao M., Lu M., Wei R.P. Crack paths and hydrogen-assisted crack growth response in AISI 4340 steel. Metall. Trans. A 1984, 15:735-746.
90. Gao M., Wei R.P. Quasi-cleavage and martensite habit plane. Acta Metall. 1984, 32:2115-2124.
91. Gao M., Wei R.P. A hydrogen partitioning model for hydrogen assisted crack growth. Metall. Trans. A 1985, 16:2039-2050.
92. W. M. Garrison, Jr., 1990, Ultrahigh-strength steels for aerospace applications. J. Metals, May, 20-24.
93. Gaudett M.A., Scully J.R. The effects of pre-dissolved hydrogen on cleavage and grain boundary fracture initiation in metastable beta Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 1999, 30:65-79.
94. Gaudett M.A., Scully J.R. Metallurgical factors governing the H-assisted intergranular cracking of peak-aged Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (beta-C). Metall. Mater. Trans. A 2000, 31:81-92.
95. Gerberich W.W. Hydrogen in Metals 1974, 115-147. ASM International, Materials Park, OH. I.M. Bernstein, A.W. Thompson (Eds.).
96. Gerberich W.W., Chen Y.T., John St.C. A short-time diffusion correlation for hydrogen induced crack growth kinetics. Metall. Trans. A 1975, 6:1485-1498.
97. Gerberich W.W., Livne T., Chen X.-F., Kaczorowski M. Crack growth from internal hydrogen-temperature and microstructure effects in 4340 steel. Metall. Trans. A 1988, 19A:1319-1344.
98. Gerberich W.W., Livne T., Chen X.-F. Modeling Environmental Effects on Crack Initiation and Propagation 1986, 243-257. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. R.H. Jones, W.W. Gerberich (Eds.).
99. Gerberich W.W., Marsh P.G., Hoehn J.W. Hydrogen Effects in Materials 1996, 539-553. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. A.W. Thompson, N.R. Moody (Eds.).
100. Gerberich W.W., Oriani R.A., Lii M.-J., Chen X., Foecke T. The necessity of both plasticity and brittleness in the fracture thresholds of iron. Phil. Mag. A 1991, 63:363-376.
101. Gerberich W.W., Wright A.G. Environmental Degradation of Engineering Materials in Hydrogen 1981, 183-205. VPI Press, Blacksburg, VA. M.R. Louthan, R.P. McNitt, R.D. Sisson (Eds.).
102. Gest R.J., Troiano A.R. Stress corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement in an aluminum alloy. Corrosion 1974, 30:274-279.
103. Grandle J.A., Somerday B.P., Gangloff R.P. Proceedings of the Tri-service Conference on Corrosion 1994, 375-392. USAF Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH. T. Naguy (Ed.).
104. Griffiths A.J., Turnbull A. On the effective diffusivity of hydrogen in low alloys steels. Corros. Sci. 1995, 37:1879-1881.
105. Gruhl W. Stress corrosion cracking of high strength aluminum alloys. Z. Metallkd. 1984, 75:819-826.
106. Hackett E.M., Moran P.J., Gudas J.P. Fracture Mechanics: 17th Volume, ASTM STP 905 1986, 512-541. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. R. Chait (Ed.).
107. Hall M.M., Symons D.M. Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Stress Corrosion Cracking 2001, 447-466. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. R.H. Jones (Ed.).
108. Hancock G.G., Johnson H.H. Hydrogen, oxygen, and subcritical crack growth in a high-strength steel. Trans. Met. Soc. AIME 1966, 236:513-516.
109. Harlow D.G., Wei R.P. Life prediction-the need for a mechanistically based probability approach. Key Eng. Mater. 2001, 200:119-138.
110. Harlow D.G., Wei R.P. Probability modeling and statistical analysis of damage in the lower wing skins of two retired B-707 aircraft. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 2001, 24:523-535.
111. Harlow D.G., Wei R.P. A critical comparision between mechanistically based probability and statistically based modeling for materials aging. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2002, 323:278-284.
112. Hayden H.W., Floreen S. Effects of various modes of loading on the stress corrosion cracking of a maraging steel. Corrosion 1971, 27:429-433.
113. S. P. Hayes, 2000, Internal hydrogen embrittlement of high-strength beta-alpha titanium alloys. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.
114. Hertzberg R.W. Deformation and Fracture of Engineering Materials 1996, Wiley, New York, NY. 4th edn.
115. Hicks P.D., Altstetter C.J. Hydrogen-enhanced cracking of superalloys. Metall. Trans. A 1992, 23:237-249.
116. ISCC testing based on ultrasonic method. J. Test. Eval. 1985, 13:162-168.
117. Hirth J.P. Effects of hydrogen on the properties of iron and steel. Metall. Trans. A 1980, 11:861-890.
118. Hirth J.P. Hydrogen Effects in Metals 1996, 507-522. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. A.W. Thompson, N.R. Moody (Eds.).
119. Holroyd N.J.H. Environment-induced Cracking of Metals 1990, 311-345. NACE, Houston, TX. R.P. Gangloff, M.B. Ives (Eds.).
120. Holroyd N.J.H., Hardie D. Strain-rate effects in the environmentally assisted fracture of a commercial high-strength aluminium alloy (7049). Corros. Sci. 1981, 21:129-144.
121. Horstmann M., Gregory J.K. Observations on the ripple-loading effect. Scr. Metall. Mater. 1991, 25:2503-2506.
122. Huang H., Gerberich W.W. Crack-tip dislocation emission arrangements for equilibrium: II. Comparisons to analytical and computer simulation models. Acta Metall. Mater. 1992, 40:2873-2881.
123. Hudak S.J., Wei R.P. Consideration of nonsteady-state crack growth in materials evaluation and design. Int. J. Pres. Ves. 1981, 9:63-74.
124. Hutchinson J.W. Plasticity at the micron scale. Int. J. Sol. Struct. 2000, 37:225-238.
125. Iino M. Influence of sulfur content on the hydrogen-induced fracture in linepipe steels. Metall. Trans. A 1979, 10A:1691-1698.
126. Current Solutions to Hydrogen Problems in Steels 1982, ASM International, Materials Park, OH. C.G. Interrante, G.M. Pressouyre (Eds.).
127. Interrante C.G., Raymond L. Corrosion Tests and Standards: Application and Interpretation 1995, 272-286. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. R. Baboian (Ed.).
128. G. R. Irwin and A. A. Wells, 1997, "Selected Papers on Foundations of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics," SPIE Milestone Series, SEM, Bethel, CT, vol. MS 137, pp. 215-266.
129. R. P. Jewett, R. J. Walter, W. T. Chandler and R. P. Fromberg, 1973, "H Environment Embrittlement of Metals," NASA CR-2163, NASA, Washington, DC.
130. John C.St., Gerberich W.W. The effect of loading mode on hydrogen embrittlement. Metall. Trans. 1973, 4:589-598.
131. Jiang H., Huang Y., Zhuang Z., Hwang K.C. Fracture in mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 2001, 49:979-993.
132. Johnson H.H. Hydrogen in Metals 1974, 35-49. ASM International, Materials Park, OH. I.M. Bernstein, A.W. Thompson (Eds.).
133. Johnson H.H., Morlet J.G., Troiano A.R. Hydrogen, crack initiation, and delayed failure in steel. Trans. AIME 1958, 212:528-535.
134. Johnson H.H., Willner A.M. Moisture and stable crack growth in a high strength steel. Appl. Mater. Res. 1965, 4:34-43.
135. Jonas O. Influence of preloading on the sustained load cracking behavior of maraging steels in hydrogen. Corrosion 1973, 29:299-304.
136. D. A. Jones, A. F. Jankowski and G. A. Davidson, 1997, "Diffusion of Anodically Induced Vacancies in Cu/Ag Thin-film Couples," Corrosion 97, NACE International, Houston, TX, Paper no. 188.
137. Modeling Environmental Effects on Crack Initiation and Propagation 1986, The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. R.H. Jones, W.W. Gerberich (Eds.).
138. R. H. Jones, H. Li and J. P. Hirth, 2000, "Effects of Mixed Mode I/III Loading on Environment-induced Cracking," Corrosion 2000, NACE International, Houston, TX, Paper no. 00360.
139. Kameda J. Equilibrium and growth characteristics of hydrogen-induced intergranular cracking in phosphorus-doped and high purity steels. Acta Metall. 1986, 34:1721-1735.
140. Kameda J. A microscopic model of H-induced intergranular cracking: I. Equilibrium crack growth. Acta Metall. 1986, 34:867-882.
141. Kameda J. A microscopic model of H-induced intergranular cracking: II. Steady state crack growth. Acta Metall. 1986, 34:883-889.
142. Katz Y., Tymiak N., Gerberich W.W. Nanomechanical probes as new approaches to hydrogen/deformation interaction studies. Eng. Fract. Mech. 2001, 68:619-646.
143. Kerns G.E., Wang M.T., Staehle R.W. Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement of Iron Base Alloys 1977, 700-735. NACE, Houston, TX. R.W. Staehle (Ed.).
144. Kinaev N.N., Cousens D.R., Atrens A. The crack tip strain field of AISI 4340: Part I. Measurement technique. J. Mater. Sci. 1999, 34:4909-4920.
145. Kinaev N.N., Cousens D.R., Atrens A. The crack tip strain field of AISI 4340: Part II. Experimental measurements. J. Mater. Sci. 1999, 34:4921-4929.
146. Kinaev N.N., Cousens D.R., Atrens A. The crack tip strain field of AISI 4340: Part III. Hydrogen influence. J. Mater Sci. 1999, 34:4931-4936.
147. Kobayashi A.S., Takeshi Y. Predictive Capabilities in Environmentally Assisted Cracking, PVP-Vol. 99 1985, 223-234. ASME, New York, NY.
148. Koch G.H. Hydrogen induced fracture of a high strength aluminum alloy. Corrosion 1979, 35:73-78.
149. Kolman D.G., Scully J.R. Understanding the potential and pH dependency of high-strength beta-titanium alloy environmental crack initiation. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 1997, 28:2645-2656.
150. Kolman D.G., Scully J.R. Effects of the Environment on the Initiation of Crack Growth, ASTM STP 1298 1998, 61-73. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. W.A. Van der Sluys, R.S. Piascik, R. Zawierucha (Eds.).
151. Kolman D.G., Scully J.R. Continuum mechanics characterization of plastic deformation-induced oxide film rupture. Phil. Mag. A 1999, 79:2313-2338.
152. Kolman D.G., Scully J.R. An assessment of the crack tip potential of beta-titanium alloys during hydrogen environmentally assisted crack propagation based on crack tip and passive surface electrochemical measurements. Corros. Sci. 2000, 42:1863-1879.
153. Kolts J. Corrosion Resistant Alloys in Oil and Gas Production 1996, vol. II:733-748. NACE, Houston, TX.
154. Krom A.H.M., Bakker A. Hydrogen trapping models in steel. Metall. Trans. B 2000, 31:1475-1482B.
155. Krom A.H.M., Koers R.W.J., Bakker A. Hydrogen transport near a blunting crack tip. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 1999, 47:971-992.
156. Kumar J.M., Hirth J.P., Moody N.R., Gordon J.A. Effects of hydrogen on the mixed mode I/III toughness of a high-purity rotor steel. Metall. Trans. A 1993, 24:1450-1451.
157. Kumnick A.J., Johnson H.H. Deep trapping states for hydrogen in deformed iron. Acta Metall. 1980, 28:33-39.
158. LeBlond J.B., Dubois D. A general mathematical description of hydrogen diffusion in steels: II. Numerical study of permeation and determination of trapping parameters. Acta Metall. 1983, 31:1471-1478.
159. Lee E.U., Sanders H., Sarkar B. Stress corrosion cracking of high strength steels. Proceedings of the Tri-service Conference on Corrosion 2000, US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, MD. J.V. Kelley, B. Placzankis (Eds.).
160. Lee S.M., Pyun S.I., Chun Y.G. Critical evaluation of the stress-corrosion cracking mechanism in high-strength aluminum alloys. Metall. Trans. A 1991, 22:2407-2414.
161. Leis B.N., Parkins R.N. Mechanics and materials aspects in predicting serviceability limited by stress-corrosion cracking. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 1998, 21:583-601.
162. Lessar J.F., Gerberich W.W. Grain size effects in hydrogen-assisted cracking. Metall. Trans. A 1976, 7:953-960.
163. Li J.C.M., Oriani R.A., Darken L.S. The thermodynamics of stressed solids. Z. Physik. Chem. 1966, 49:271-290.
164. J. A. Lillard, 1998, Environment assisted cracking of a nickel-based superalloy in hydrogen-producing solutions. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.
165. J. A. Lillard, R. G. Kelly and R. P. Gangloff, 1997, "Effect of Electrode Potential on Stress Corrosion Cracking and Crack Chemistry of a Nickel-base Superalloy," Corrosion '97, NACE, Houston, TX, Paper no. 197.
166. Environmentally Assisted Cracking: Science and Engineering, ASTM STP 1049 1990, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. W.B. Lisagor, T.W. Crooker, B.N. Leis (Eds.).
167. Louthan M.R., Caskey G.R., Donovan J.A., Rawl D.E. Hydrogen embrittlement of metals. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1972, 10:357-368.
168. Environmental Degradation of Engineering Materials in Hydrogen 1981, VPI Press, Blacksburg, VA. M.R. Louthan, R.P. McNitt, R.D. Sisson (Eds.).
169. Environmental Degradation of Engineering Materials 1977, VPI Press, Blacksburg, VA. M.R. Louthan, R.P. McNitt (Eds.).
170. Lu M., Pao P.S., Weir T.W., Simmons G.W., Wei R.P. Rate controlling processes for crack growth in hydrogen sulfide for an AISI 4340 steel. Metall. Trans. A 1981, 12:805-811.
171. Lynch S.P. Mechanisms of Environment Sensitive Fracture of Materials 1977, 201-212. The Metals Society, London, UK. P.R. Swann, F.P. Ford, A.R.C. Westwood (Eds.).
172. Lynch S.P. Environmentally assisted cracking: overview of evidence for an adsorption-induced localized slip process. Acta Metall. 1988, 36:2639-2661.
173. Lynch S.P. Failures of structures and components by environmentally assisted cracking. Eng. Fail. Anal. 1994, 1:77-90.
174. Lynch S.P. 2nd International Conference on Corrosion-Deformation Interactions 1997, 206-219. The Institute of Materials, London, UK. T. Magnin (Ed.).
175. S. P. Lynch, 2003, Mechanisms of hydrogen assisted cracking-a review. In: "Hydrogen Effects in Materials," eds. N. R. Moody and A. W. Thompson, The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA, in press.
176. Magnin T., Chieragatti R., Oltra R. Mechanism of brittle fracture in a ductile 316 alloy during stress corrosion. Acta Metall. 1990, 38:1313-1319.
177. Marsh P.G., Gerberich W.W. Stress Corrosion Cracking 1992, 63-90. ASM International, Materials Park, OH. R.H. Jones (Ed.).
178. Martin P., Dickson J.I., Bailon J.-P. Stress corrosion cracking in aluminum alloy 7075-T651 by discrete crack jumps as indicated by fractography and acoustic emission. Mater. Set. Eng. 1985, 69:L9-L13.
179. M. E. Mason and R. P. Gangloff, 1994, In: "Advanced Structural Integrity Methods for Airframe Durability and Damage Tolerance," ed. C. E. Harris, NASA Conference Publication 3274, Part 1, NASA-Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, pp. 441-462.
180. Mayville R.A., Warren T.J., Hilton P.D. Fracture Mechanics: Perspectives and Directions, ASTM STP 1020 1989, 605-614. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. R.P. Wei, R.P. Gangloff (Eds.).
181. McEvily A.J. Atlas of Stress-Corrosion and Corrosion Fatigue Curves 1990, ASM International, Materials Park, OH.
182. McGuinn K.F., Aballe M. Hydrogen embrittlement in mode II. Brit. Corros. J. 1982, 17:18-20.
183. McIntyre P. Hydrogen Degradation of Ferrous Alloys 1985, 763-798. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ. R.A. Oriani, J.P. Hirth, S. Smialowska (Eds.).
184. P. McIntyre and A. H. Priest, 1972, "Accelerated Test Technique for the Determination of K ISCC in Steels," British Steel Corporation report no. MG/31/72, London, UK.
185. P. McIntyre, A. H. Priest and C. E. Nicholson, 1972, "Hydrogen Induced Subcritical Flaw Growth in Steels under Static and Cyclic Loading," British Steel Corporation report no. MG/38/72, London, UK.
186. McMahon C.J. Hydrogen-induced intergranular fracture of steels. Eng. Fract. Mech. 2001, 68:773-788.
187. Mills W.J., Lebo M.R., Kearns J.J. Hydrogen embrittlement, grain boundary segregation and stress corrosion cracking of alloy X-750 in low- and high-temperature water. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 1999, 30:1579-1596.
188. Moody N.R., Baskes M.I., Robinson S.L., Perra M.W. Temperature effects on hydrogen-induced crack growth susceptibility of iron-based superalloys. Eng. Fract. Mech. 2001, 68:731-750.
189. Moody N.R., Perra M.W., Robinson S.L. Hydrogen pressure and crack tip stress effects on slow crack growth thresholds in an iron-based superalloy. Scr. Metall. 1988, 22:1261-1266.
190. Moody N.R., Perra M.W., Robinson S.L. Hydrogen Effects on Material Behavior 1990, 625-635. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. N.R. Moody, A.W. Thompson (Eds.).
191. Moody N.R., Robinson S.L., Angelo J.E., Perra M.W. Hydrogen Effects in Materials 1996, 967-977. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. A.W. Thompson, N.R. Moody (Eds.).
192. Moody N.R., Robinson S.L., Garrison W.M. Hydrogen effects on the properties and fracture modes of iron-based alloys. Res. Mech. 1990, 30:143-206.
193. Moody N.R., Robinson S.L., Myers S.M., Greulich F.A. Deuterium concentration profiles in Fe-Ni-Co alloys electrochemically charged at room temperature. Acta Metall. 1989, 37:281-290.
194. Moody N.R., Robinson S.L., Perra M.W. The effect of hydrogen on fracture toughness of the Fe-Ni-Co superalloy IN903. Metall. Trans. A 1987, 18:1469-1482.
195. Moody N.R., Robinson S.L., Perra M.W. Internal hydrogen effects on thresholds for crack growth in the iron-based superalloy IN903. Eng. Fract. Mech. 1991, 39:941-954.
196. Moody N.R., Stoltz R.E., Perra M.W. Corrosion Cracking 1986, 43-53. ASM International, Materials Park, OH. V.S. Goel (Ed.).
197. Hydrogen Effects on Material Behavior 1990, The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. N.R. Moody, A.W. Thompson (Eds.).
198. N. R. Moody and A. W. Thompson, (eds.), 2003, "Hydrogen Effects on Material Behavior," The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA.
199. Montgrain L., Swann P.R. Hydrogen in Metals 1974, 575-584. ASM International, Materials Park, OH. I.M. Bernstein, A.W. Thompson (Eds.).
200. Morgan M.J., McMahon C.J. Hydrogen Degradation of Ferrous Alloys 1985, 608-640. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ. R.A. Oriani, J.P. Hirth, M. Smialowski (Eds.).
201. Mukhopadhyay N.K., Sridhar G., Parida N., Tarafder S., Ranganath V.R. Hydrogen embrittlement failure of hot dip galvanized high tensile wires. Eng. Fail. Anal. 1999, 6:253-265.
202. Myers S.M., Wampler W.R., Besenbacher F., Robinson S.L., Moody N.R. Ion beam studies of hydrogen in metals. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1985, 69:397-409.
203. National Materials Advisory Board, 1982, "Characterization of Environmentally Assisted Cracking for Design: State of the Art," NMAB-386, Washington, DC.
204. Needleman A., Sevillano J.G. Preface to the viewpoint set on geometrically necessary dislocations and size dependent plasticity. Scr. Mater. 2003, 48:109-111.
205. Nelson H.G. Treatise on Materials Science and Technology: Embrittlement of Engineering Alloys 1983, vol. 25:275-359. Academic Press, New York, NY.
206. Nelson H.G., Williams D.P. Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement of Iron Base Alloys 1977, 390-404. NACE, Houston, TX. R.W. Staehle, J. Hochmann, R.D. McCright, J.E. Slater (Eds.).
207. Nelson H.G., Williams D.P., Tetelman A.S. Embrittlement of a ferrous alloy in a partially dissociated hydrogen environment. Metall. Trans. 1971, 2:953-959.
208. Nguyen D., Thompson A.W., Bernstein I.M. Microstructural effects on hydrogen embrittlement in a high purity 7075 aluminum alloy. Acta. Metall. 1987, 35:2417-2425.
209. Nichols F.A. Loading mode and stress corrosion cracking mechanisms. Corrosion 1983, 39:449-451.
210. ISCC environmental testing. J. Mater. 1969, 4:701-728.
211. Novak S.R., Rolfe S.T. Comparison of fracture mechanics and nominal stress analysis in stress corrosion cracking. Corrosion 1970, 26:121-130.
212. ®100. J. Mater. Sci. 1998, 33:775-781.
213. Ohsaki S.H., Iino M., Utsue M. SCC extension of 7075 series aluminum alloys under mixed-mode I-II loading. J. Japan Inst. Light Metals 1997, 47:370-377.
214. Olson G.B. Innovations in Ultrahigh Strength Steel Technology, 34th Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference 1987, 549-593. US Army Laboratory Command, Watertown, MA. G.B. Olson, M. Azrin, E.S. Wright (Eds.).
215. G. B. Olson, 1997, Brains of steel: designing metallurgists. Adv. Mater. Proc., July, 72-79.
216. ISCC of AISI type 4340 and 3.5%NiCrMoV steels. Corrosion 1980, 36:251-258.
217. Oriani R.A. Diffusion and trapping of hydrogen in steel. Acta Metall. 1970, 18:147-157.
218. Oriani R.A. The mechanistic theory of hydrogen embrittlement of steels. Berichte Bunsen Gesellschaft fur Physik Chem. 1972, 76:848-857.
219. Oriani R.A. Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement of Iron Base Alloys 1977, 32-50. NACE, Houston, TX. R.W. Staehle, J. Hochmann, R.D. McCright, J.E. Slater (Eds.).
220. Oriani R.A. Hydrogen embrittlement of steels. Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 1978, 8:327-357.
221. Oriani R.A. Hydrogen-the versatile embrittler. Corrosion 1987, 43:390-397.
222. Oriani R.A. Environment Induced Cracking of Metals 1990, 439-448. NACE, Houston, TX. R.P. Gangloff, M.B. Ives (Eds.).
223. Hydrogen Degradation of Ferrous Alloys 1985, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ. R.A. Oriani, J.P. Hirth, S. Smialowska (Eds.).
224. Oriani R.A., Josephic P.H. Equilibrium aspects of H-induced cracking of steels. Acta Metall. 1974, 22:1065-1074.
225. Oriani R.A., Josephic P.H. Equilibrium and kinetic studies of the H-assisted cracking of steel. Acta Metall. 1977, 25:979-988.
226. Oriani R.A., Williams D.P., Nelson H.G. Discussion of evaluation of hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms. Metall. Trans. 1971, 2:1987-1988.
227. Page R.A., Gerberich W.W. The effect of hydrogen source on crack initiation in 4340 steel. Metall. Trans. A 1982, 13:305-311.
228. Pao P.S., Bayles R.A., Yoder G.R. Effect of ripple load on stress corrosion cracking in structural steels. J. Eng. Mater. Tech. 1991, 113:125-129.
229. Pao P.S., Feng C.R., Bayles R.A., Meyn D.A., Yoder G.R. Titanium '95: Science and Technology 1996, 1219-1226. The Institute of Materials, London, UK. P.A. Blenkinsop, W.J. Evans, H.M. Flower (Eds.).
230. Pao P.S., Gill S.J., Bayles R.A. Effect of ripple loads on stress-corrosion cracking in AA7075 Al alloys. Scr. Metall. Mater. 1991, 25:2085-2089.
231. Parkins R.N. Environment Induced Cracking of Metals 1990, 1-119. NACE, Houston, TX. R.P. Gangloff, M.B. Ives (Eds.).
232. Parkins R.N. Life Prediction of Corrodible Structures 1991, vol. 1:97-119. NACE, Houston, TX.
233. Paris P.C. Fracture mechanics and fatigue: a historical perspective. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 1998, 21:535-540.
234. Pasco R.W., Ficalora P.J. A work function-chemisorption study of hydrogen on iron-kinetics and strain effects. Acta Metall. 1983, 31:541-558.
235. Pasco R.W., Sieradzki K., Ficalora P.J. Surface chemistry kinetic model of gaseous hydrogen embrittlement. Scr. Metall. 1982, 16:881-883.
236. Pasco R.W., Sieradzki K., Ficalora P.J. Embrittlement by the Localized Crack Environment 1984, 375-381. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. R.P. Gangloff (Ed.).
237. Perra M.W., Stoltz R.E. Hydrogen Effects in Metals 1981, 645-653. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. I.M. Bernstein, A.W. Thompson (Eds.).
238. Petch N.J. Lowering of fracture stress due to surface adsorption. Phil. Mag. 1956, 1:331-337.
239. Petch N.J., Stables P. Delayed fracture of metals under static load. Nature 1952, 169:842-851.
240. Pickens J.R., Gordon J.R., Green J.A.S. The effect of loading mode on the stress corrosion cracking of aluminum alloy 5083. Metall. Trans. A 1983, 14:925-930.
241. Pickens J.R., Langan T.J., Green J.A.S. Environment Sensitive Fracture of Metals and Alloys 1987, 115-131. Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA. R.P. Wei, D.J. Duquette, T.W. Crooker, A.J. Sedriks (Eds.).
242. Interaction of Steels with Hydrogen in Petroleum Industry Pressure Vessel Service 1989, Materials Properties Council, New York, NY. M. Prager (Ed.).
243. 2nd International Conference on Interaction of Steels with Hydrogen in Petroleum Industry Pressure Vessel and Pipeline Service 1994, Materials Property Council, New York, NY. M. Prager (Ed.).
244. Pressouyre G.M. A classification of hydrogen traps in steel. Metall. Trans. A 1979, 10:1571-1573.
245. Pressouyre G.M. Trap theory of hydrogen embrittlement. Acta Metall. 1980, 28:895-911.
246. Pressouyre G.M. Hydrogen traps, repellers, and obstacles in steel: consequences on hydrogen diffusion, solubility and embrittlement. Metall. Trans. A. 1983, 14:2189-2193.
247. Pressouyre G.M., Bernstein I.M. A quantitative analysis of hydrogen trapping. Metall. Trans. A 1978, 9A:1571-1580.
248. Pressouyre G.M., Bernstein I.M. A kinetic trapping model for hydrogen-induced cracking. Acta Metall. 1979, 27:89-100.
249. Pressouyre G.M., Bernstein I.M. An example of the effect of hydrogen trapping on hydrogen embrittlement. Metall. Trans. A 1981, 12:835-844.
250. Procter R.P.M., Paxton H.W. The effect of prior austenite grain size on the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of AISI 4340 steel. Trans. ASM 1962, 62:989-999.
251. Ratke V.L., Gruhl W. Model experiments concerning the mechanisms of stress corrosion cracking of Al-Zn-Mg alloys. Werkst. Korros. 1980, 31:768-773.
252. Hydrogen Embrittlement Testing, ASTM STP 543 1972, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. L. Raymond (Ed.).
253. Hydrogen Embrittlement: Prevention and Control, ASTM STP 962 1988, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. L. Raymond (Ed.).
254. Reddy K.G., Jha A.K., Diwakar V. Failure of cadmium plated maraging steel tension bolt. Eng. Fail. Anal. 2001, 8:263-269.
255. Rice J.R. Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement of Iron Base Alloys 1977, 11-15. NACE, Houston, TX. R.W. Staehle, J. Hochmann, R.D. McCright, J.E. Slater (Eds.).
256. Robertson I.M. The effect of hydrogen on dislocation dynamics. Eng. Frac. Mech. 2001, 68:671-692.
257. Robertson I.M., Birnbaum H.K. HVEM study of hydrogen effects on the deformation of nickel. Acta Metall. 1986, 34:353-366.
258. Rozenak P., Robertson I.M., Birnbaum H.K. HVEM studies of the effects of hydrogen on the deformation and fracture of AISI type 316 austenitic stainless steel. Acta Metall. Mater. 1990, 38:2031-2040.
259. Sakai T., Takahashi T., Yamada M., Nose S., Katsumata M. High Pressure Technology, PVP-Vol 344 1997, 79-98. ASME, New York, NY.
260. Sakurai T., Pickering H.W. Advanced Techniques for Characterizing Hydrogen in Metals 1982, 171-181. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA.
261. Sandoz G. 2nd International Congress on Hydrogen and Materials 1977, 335-341. 1'Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, Paris, FR. P. Azou (Ed.).
262. Sandoz G., Fujii C.T., Brown B.F. Solution chemistry within stress corrosion cracks in alloy steels. Corros. Sci. 1970, 10:839-845.
263. Sarkar B., Marek M., Starke E.A. The effect of copper content and heat treatment on the stress corrosion characteristics of Al-6Zn-Mg- xCu alloys. Metall. Trans. A 1981, 12:1939-1943.
264. V. R. Sawicki, 1971, Hydrogen induced cracking in a high strength steel. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
265. Scamans G.M. Evidence for crack arrest markings on intergranular stress corrosion cracks in Al-Zn-Mg alloys. Metall. Trans. A 1980, 11A:846-850.
266. Scamans G.M., Alani R., Swann P.R. Pre-exposure embrittlement and stress corrosion failure in Al-Zn-Mg alloys. Corros. Sci. 1976, 16:443-459.
267. Schmidt J.H., Meade R.B., Raymond L. Process management to control risk of hydrogen embrittlement. Plat. Surf. Finish 2000, 87:53-55.
268. Schmiedel H., Gruhl W. The influence of the zinc, magnesium and copper concentrations at the grain boundaries on the stress corrosion susceptibility of AlZnMg alloys. Z. Metallkd. 1983, 74:777-783.
269. Schwalbe K.-H. Finite element solutions of crack tip behavior in small scale yielding. J. Eng. Mater. Tech. 1977, 99:186-188.
270. J. C. Scully (ed.), 1971, "The Theory of Stress Corrosion Cracking," NATO Scientific Affairs Division, Brussels, Belgium.
271. J. R. Scully, 2002, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, V.A, unpublished research.
272. Scully J.R., Moran P.J. The influence of strain on hydrogen entry and transport in a high strength steel in sodium chloride solution. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1988, 135:1337-1348.
273. Scully J.R., Van Den Avyle J.A., Cieslak M.J., Romig A.D., Hills C.R. The influence of Pd on the hydrogen-assisted cracking resistance of PH 13-8 Mo stainless steel. Metall. Trans. A 1991, 22A:2429-2443.
274. Scully J.R., Young G.A., Smith S.W. Hydrogen solubility, diffusivity and trapping in high purity aluminum and selected Al-base alloys. Mater. Sci. Forum 2000, 331-337:1583-1600.
275. Sedriks A.J. Stress Corrosion Cracking Test Methods 1990, NACE, Houston, TX.
276. Shen Y., Shewmon P.G. IGSCC crack growth of Alloy 600 and X-750 in steam. Corrosion 1991, 47:712-718.
277. Shih D.S., Robertson I.M., Birnbaum H.K. Hydrogen embrittlement of alpha titanium: In situ TEM studies. Acta Metall. 1988, 36:111-124.
278. R. J. Shipley and W. T. Becker (eds.), 2002, "Failure Analysis and Prevention," Metals Handbook, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, vol. 11.
279. Sieradzki K., Ficalora P. The dependence of the fracture toughness of 4340 steel on an external chlorine gas environment. Scr. Metall. 1979, 13:535-536.
280. Sieradzki K., Ficalora P.J. Kinetic aspects of slow crack growth in the gaseous hydrogen embrittlment of steels. J. Mater. Sci. 1979, 14:2703-2708.
281. Simmons G.W., Pao P.S., Wei R.P. Fracture mechanics and surface chemistry studies of subcritical crack growth in AISI 4340 steel. Metall. Trans. A 1978, 9:1147-1158.
282. Smith H.R., Piper D.E., Downey F.K. A study of stress corrosion cracking by wedge-force loading. Eng. Fract. Mech. 1968, 1:123-128.
283. Smith J.A., Peterson M.H., Brown B.F. Electrochemical conditions at the tip of an advancing stress corrosion crack in AISI 4340 steel. Corrosion 1970, 26:539-542.
284. B. P. Somerday, 1998, Metallurgical and crack-tip mechanics effects on environment-assisted cracking of beta-titanium alloys in aqueous chloride. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.
285. Somerday B.P., Gangloff R.P. Effect of strength on environment-assisted cracking of Ti-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr-3Al in aqueous chloride: age hardening vs. work hardening. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 1998, 254:166-178.
286. Somerday B.P., Gangloff R.P. Effect of strength on environment-assisted cracking of Ti-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr-3Al in aqueous chloride: crack tip strain rate. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 1998, 254:179-188.
287. B. P. Somerday and N. R. Moody, 2001, Micromechanical modeling of hydrogen-induced fracture modes in IN903. 2001, In: "Advances in Fracture Research, Proceedings of ICF10," eds. K. Ravi-Chandar, B. L. Karihaloo, T. Kishi, R. O. Ritchie, A. T. Yokobori, Jr. and T. Yokobori, CD version, Elsevier, Oxford, UK, Paper no. ICF108920R.
288. B. P. Somerday, A. W. Wilson, J. M. Howe and R. P. Gangloff, 2003, Microstructural cause of intergranular hydrogen environment embrittlement of aged beta-titanium alloys. Metall. Mater. Trans., A, in review.
289. Somerday B.P., Young L.M., Gangloff R.P. Crack tip mechanics effects on environment-assisted cracking of beta-titanium alloys in aqueous NaCl. Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 2000, 23:39-58.
290. Speidel M.O. Hydrogen in Metals 1974, 249-276. ASM International, Materials Park, OH. I.M. Bernstein, A.W. Thompson (Eds.).
291. Speidel M.O. Stress corrosion cracking of aluminum alloys. Metall. Trans. A 1975, 6:631-651.
292. Speidel M.O., Fourt P.M. Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement of Iron Base Alloys 1977, 57-60. NACE, Houston, TX. R.W. Staehle, J. Hochmann, R.D. McCright, J.E. Slater (Eds.).
293. Speidel M.O., Hyatt M.V. Advances in Corrosion Science and Technology 1972, vol. 2:115-335. Plenum, New York, NY.
294. Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement of Iron Base Alloys 1977, NACE, Houston, TX. R.W. Staehle, J. Hochmann, R.D. McCright, J.E. Slater (Eds.).
295. Starke E.A., Staley J.T. Application of modern aluminum alloys to aircraft. Prog. Aerospace Sci. 1995, 32:131-172.
296. Steigerwal E.A., Schaller F.W., Troiano A.R. The role of stress in hydrogen induced delayed failure. Trans. AIME 1960, 218:832-841.
297. Stevens M.F., Bernstein I.M. The role of aging reactions in the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of an HSLA steel. Metall. Trans. A 1985, 16:1879-1886.
298. Stoltz R.E., Moody N.R., Perra M.W. Microfracture model for hydrogen embrittlement of austenitic steels. Metall. Trans. A 1983, 14:1528-1531.
299. Suarez C., Velazquez G., Lopez G., Robles R. ECF 13-Fracture Mechanics: Applications and Challenges 2000, 163-181. Elsevier, New York, NY.
300. Mechanisms of Environment Sensitive Fracture of Materials 1977, The Metals Society, London, UK. P.R. Swann, F.P. Ford, A.R.C. Westwood (Eds.).
301. Swanson R.E., Thompson A.W., Bernstein I.M., Maloney J.L. Hydrogen Effects in Metals 1981, 459-466. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. I.M. Bernstein, A.W. Thompson (Eds.).
302. Symons D.M. The effect of hydrogen on the fracture toughness of alloy X-750 at elevated temperatures. J. Nucl. Mater. 1998, 265:225-231.
303. Symons D.M. A comparison of internal hydrogen embrittlement and hydrogen environment embrittlement of X-750. Eng. Fract. Mech. 2001, 68:751-771.
304. Symons D.M., Thompson A.W. The effect of hydrogen on the fracture toughness of alloy X-750. Metall. Trans. A 1997, 28:817-824.
305. Tabata T., Birnbaum H.K. Direct observations of hydrogen enhanced crack propagation in iron. Scr. Metall. 1984, 18:231-236.
306. Taha A., Sofronis P. A micromechanics approach to the study of hydrogen transport and embrittlement. Eng. Fract. Mech. 2001, 68:803-837.
307. Teter D.F., Robertson I.M., Birnbaum H.K. The effects of hydrogen on the deformation and fracture of beta-titanium. Acta Mater. 2001, 49:4313-4323.
308. R. L. S. Thomas, 2000, Internal hydrogen embrittlement of a trap-rich ultrahigh-strength steel, AerMet ®100. MS thesis, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.
309. ®100 steel. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 2002, 33A:1991-2004.
310. ®100 steel. Metall. Trans., A 2003, 34A:327-344.
311. Thompson A.W. Fracture 1977, Advances in Research on the Strength and Fracture of Materials 1978, vol. II:237-242. Pergamon, New York, NY.
312. Thompson A.W., Bernstein I.M. Advances in Corrosion Science and Technology 1980, 53-175. Plenum, New York, NY. M.G. Fontana, R.W. Staehle (Eds.).
313. Thompson A.W., Bernstein I.M. Hydrogen Effects in Metals 1981, 291-308. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. I.M. Bernstein, A.W. Thompson (Eds.).
314. Thompson A.W., Brooks J.A. Hydrogen performance of precipitation-strengthened stainless steels based on A-286. Metall. Trans. A 1975, 6:1431-1442.
315. Hydrogen Effects in Metals 1996, The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. A.W. Thompson, N.R. Moody (Eds.).
316. Thompson J.J., Tankins E.S., Agarwala V.S. A heat treatment for reducing corrosion and stress corrosion cracking susceptibilities in 7xxx aluminum alloys. Mater. Perf. 1987, 26:45-52.
317. Thomson R.M. Brittle fracture in a ductile material with application to H embrittlement. J. Mater. Sci. 1978, 13:128-142.
318. Tiwari G.P., Bose A., Chakravartty J.K., Wadekar S.L., Totlani M.K., Arya R.N., Fotedar R.K. A study of internal hydrogen embrittlement of steels. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2000, 286:269-281.
319. Toribio J., Kharin V. The effect of history on hydrogen assisted cracking. Int. J. Fract. 1997, 88:233-258.
320. Troiano A.R. The role of hydrogen and other interstitials in the mechanical behavior of metals. Trans. ASM 1960, 52:54-80.
321. Troiano A.R. Hydrogen in Metals 1974, 3-15. ASM International, Materials Park, OH. I.M. Bernstein, A.W. Thompson (Eds.).
322. Troiano E., Vigilante G.N., Underwood J.H. Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics: 33rd Volume, ASTM STP 1417 2002, 116-128. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. W.G. Reuter, R.S. Piascik (Eds.).
323. Tuck C.D.S. The embrittlement of Al-Zn-Mg and Al-Mg alloys by water vapor. Metall. Trans. A 1985, 16:1503-1514.
324. Turnbull A. Embrittlement by the Localized Crack Environment 1984, 3-31. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. R.P. Gangloff (Ed.).
325. Hydrogen Transport and Cracking in Metals 1995, Institute of Materials, London, UK. A. Turnbull (Ed.).
326. Turnbull A. Modeling of the chemistry and electrochemistry in cracks-a review. Corrosion 2001, 57:175-189.
327. Turnbull A. Aging Studies and Lifetime Extension of Materials 2001, 397-414. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, NY.
328. Turnbull A., Ferriss D.H. Corrosion Chemistry Within Pits, Crevices and Cracks 1987, 357-396. HMSO Books, London, UK. A. Turnbull (Ed.).
329. Turnbull A., Ferriss D.H. Mathematical modeling of the electrochemistry in corrosion fatigue cracks in steel corroding in marine environments. Corros. Sci. 1987, 27:1323-1350.
330. Turnbull A., Ferriss D.H., Anzai H. Modeling of the hydrogen distribution at a crack tip. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 1996, 206:1-13.
331. Turnbull A., Saenz de Santa Maria M.S. Environment-induced Cracking of Metals 1990, 193-196. NACE, Houston, TX. R.P. Gangloff, M.B. Ives (Eds.).
332. Tyler P.S., Levy M., Raymond L. Investigation of the conditions for crack propagation and arrest under cathodic polarization by rising step load bend testing. Corrosion 1991, 47:82-87.
333. Van der Sluys W.A. Mechanisms of environment induced subcritical flaw growth in AISI 4340 steel. Eng. Fract. Mech. 1969, 1:447-462.
334. van Leeuwen H.P. The kinetics of hydrogen embrittlement: a quantitative diffusion model. Eng. Fract. Mech. 1974, 6:141-161.
335. van Leeuwen H.P. Plateau velocity of high strength steel in SCC-a quantitative treatment. Corrosion 1975, 31:42-50.
336. van Leeuwen H.P. Quantitative models of hydrogen-induced cracking in high strength steel. J. Rev. Coat. Corros. 1979, 4:5-93.
337. Vehoff H. Hydrogen in Metals III: Properties and Applications 1997, 215-278. Spinger, Berlin, Germany. G. Alefeld, J. Völkl (Eds.).
338. Vehoff H., Neumann P. Hydrogen Degradation of Ferrous Alloys 1985, 686-711. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ. R.A. Oriani, J.P. Hirth, S. Smialowska (Eds.).
339. Vehoff H., Rothe W. Gaseous hydrogen embrittlement in Fe-Si and Ni-single crystals. Acta Metall. 1983, 31:1781-1793.
340. Vehovar L. Hydrogen-assisted stress corrosion of prestressing wires in a motorway viaduct. Eng. Fail. Anal. 1998, 5:21-27.
341. Vigilante G.N., Underwood J.H., Crayton D. Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics: 30th Volume, ASTM STP 1390 2000, 377-387. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. P.C. Paris, K.L. Jerina (Eds.).
342. Vigilante G.N., Underwood J.H., Crayton D., Tauscher S., Sage T., Troiano E. Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics: 28th Volume, ASTM STP 1321 1997, 602-616. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. J.H. Underwood, B.D. MacDonald, M.R. Mitchell (Eds.).
343. Viswanathan R., Hudak S.J. The effect of impurities and strength level on hydrogen induced cracking in a low alloy turbine steel. Metall. Trans. A 1977, 8:1633-1637.
344. Vogt H., Speidel M.O. Stress corrosion cracking of two aluminium alloys: a comparison between experimental observations and data based on modeling. Corros. Sci. 1998, 40:251-270.
345. Walter R.J., Chandler W.T. Hydrogen in Metals 1974, 515-525. ASM International, Materials Park, OH. I.M. Bernstein, A.W. Thompson (Eds.).
346. Walter R.J., Chandler W.T. Environmental Degradation of Engineering Materials 1977, 513-522. VPI Press, Blacksburg, VA. M.R. Louthan, R.P. McNitt (Eds.).
347. Walter R.J., Jewett R.P., Chandler W.T. On the mechanism of hydrogen-environment embrittlement of iron- and nickel-based alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1969/70, 5:99-110.
348. Wanhill R.J.H. Aqueous stress corrosion in Ti alloys. Brit. Corros. J. 1975, 10:69-78.
349. Wei R.P. Hydrogen Effects in Metals 1981, 677-689. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. I.M. Bernstein, A.W. Thompson (Eds.).
350. Wei R.P., Gangloff R.P. Fracture Mechanics: Perspectives and Directions, ASTM STP 1020 1989, 233-264. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. R.P. Wei, R.P. Gangloff (Eds.).
351. Wei R.P., Gao M. Hydrogen Degradation of Ferrous Alloys 1985, 579-607. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ. R.A. Oriani, J.P. Hirth, S. Smialowska (Eds.).
352. ISCC and d a/d t measurement procedures for high-strength steels. J. Test. Eval. 1987, 15:38-75.
353. Wei R.P., Novak S.R., Williams D.P. Some important considerations in the development of stress corrosion cracking test methods. Mater. Res. Stds. 1972, 12:25-30.
354. Wei Y., Hutchinson J.W. Steady state crack growth and work of fracture for solids characterized by strain gradient plasticity. J. Mech. Phys. Sol. 1997, 45:1253-1273.
355. Wells M.G.H. Advances in steels for aerospace applications. Key Eng. Mater. 1993, 77-78:71-80.
356. Whelen E.P. Hydrogen Effects in Metals 1981, 979-986. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA. I.M. Bernstein, A.W. Thompson (Eds.).
357. Williams D.P., Nelson H.G. Discussion of embrittlement of 4130 steel by low-pressure gaseous hydrogen. Metall. Trans. 1970, 1:2346-2357.
358. Williams D.P., Nelson H.G. Embrittlement of 4130 steel by low pressure gaseous hydrogen. Metall. Trans. 1970, 1:63-68.
359. Woodtli J., Kieselbach R. Damage due to hydrogen embrittlement and stress corrosion cracking. Eng. Fail. Anal. 2000, 7:427-450.
360. Yamaguchi Y., Nonaka H., Yamakawa K. Effect of H content on threshold stress intensity factor carbon steel in hydrogen-assisted cracking environments. Corrosion 1997, 53:147-155.
361. Yamakawa K., Yonezawa S., Yoshizawa S. International Congress on Metallic Corrosion 1984, 254-261. National Research Council, Toronto, Canada.
362. Yamakawa K., Tsubakino H., Yoshizawa S. Critical Issues in Reducing the Corrosion of Steels 1986, 348-358. NACE, Houston, TX. H. Leidheiser, S. Haruyama (Eds.).
363. Yoder G.R., Pao P.S., Bayles R.A. Ripple load cracking in a titanium alloy. Scr. Metall. Mater. 1990, 24:2285-2289.
364. Yokobori A.T., Chinda Y., Nemoto T., Satoh K., Yamada T. The characteristics of hydrogen diffusion and concentration around a crack tip concerned with hydrogen embrittlement. Corros. Sci. 2002, 44:407-424.
365. Yokobori T., Watanabe J., Aoki T., Iwadate T. Fracture Mechanics, 18th Symposium, ASTM STP 945 1988, 843-866. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
366. Yoshino K., McMahon C.J. Cooperative relation between temper embrittlement and H embrittlement in a high-strength steel. Metall. Trans. 1974, 5:363-370.
367. Young G.A., Scully J.R. Hydrogen embrittlement of solution treated and aged β-titanium alloys Ti-15%V-3%Cr-3%Al-3%Sn and Ti-15%Mo-3%Nb-3%Al. Corrosion 1994, 50:919-933.
368. Young G.A., Scully J.R. The effects of test temperature, temper and alloyed copper on the hydrogen-controlled crack growth rate of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 2002, 33:1167-1181.
369. L. M. Young, 1999, Microstructural dependence of aqueous-environment-assisted crack growth and hydrogen uptake in AA7050. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.
370. Young L.M., Eggleston M.R., Solomon H.D., Kaisand L.R. Hydrogen-assisted cracking in a precipitation-hardened stainless steel: effects of heat treatment and displacement rate. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1995, A203:377-387.
371. Young L.M., Gangloff R.P. Advances in the Metallurgy of Aluminum Alloys 2001, 135-140. ASM International, Materials Park, OH. M. Tiryakioglu (Ed.).
372. Young L.M., Young G.A., Scully J.R., Gangloff R.P. Aqueous environment enhanced crack propagation in high strength beta titanium alloys. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 1995, 26:1257-1271.
373. Zhang Tong-Yi, Hack J.E. The equilibrium concentration of hydrogen atoms ahead of a mixed mode I-mode III crack tip in single crystal iron. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 1999, 30:155-159.