Environmental factors and multiple sclerosis severity: A descriptive study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Volumn 11, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 6417-6432

  Mandia, Daniele ^a   Ferraro, Ottavia E ^b   Nosari, Guido ^a   Montomoli, Cristina ^b   Zardini, Elisabetta ^a   Bergamaschi, Roberto ^a  

^a C MONDINO NATIONAL NEUROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PAVIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Disease severity; Environment; Multiple sclerosis; Sunlight exposure; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

VITAMIN D;

CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); DISEASE SEVERITY; DISEASE SPREAD; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL RISK; HEALTH IMPACT; HEALTH RISK; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDER; VITAMIN DEFICIENCY;

ADOLESCENT; AGED; ARTICLE; COHORT ANALYSIS; DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH; DIETARY INTAKE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS SEVERITY SCORE; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCORING SYSTEM; SMOKING HABIT; SUN EXPOSURE; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL; ADULT; BLOOD; CLASSIFICATION; DIET; DISEASE COURSE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; MIDDLE AGED; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT ACUITY; SUNLIGHT; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; DIET; DISEASE PROGRESSION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; PATIENT ACUITY; SUNLIGHT; ULTRAVIOLET RAYS; VITAMIN D; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84902985817     PISSN: 16617827     EISSN: 16604601     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110606417     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Confavreux, C.; Aimard, G.; Devic, M. Course and prognosis of multiple sclerosis assessed by the computerized data processing of 349 patients. Brain 1980, 103, 281-300.
2. Lublin, F.D.; Reingold, S.C. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: Results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) advisory committee on clinical Trials of New Agents in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1996, 46, 907-911.
3. Confavreux, C.; Vukusic, S.; Moreau, T.; Adeleine, P. Relapses and progression of disability in multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000, 343, 1430-1438.
4. Koch-Henriksen, N.; Sørensen, P.S. The changing demographic pattern of multiple sclerosis epidemiology. Lancet Neurol. 2010, 9, 520-532.
5. Harbo, H.F.; Utsi, E.; Lorentzen, A.R.; Kampman, M.T.; Celius, E.G.; Myhr, K.-M.; Lie, B.A.; Mellgren, S.I.; Thorsby, E. Low frequency of the disease-associated DRB1*15-DQB1*06 haplotype may contribute to the low prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Sami. Tissue Antigens 2007, 69, 299-304.
6. Kingwell, E.; Marriott, J.J.; Jetté, N.; Pringsheim, T.; Makhani, N.; Morrow, S.A.; Fisk, J.D.; Evans, C.; Béland, S.G.; Kulaga, S.; Dykeman, J.; Wolfson, C.; Koch, M.W.; Marrie, R.A. Incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Europe: A systematic review. BMC Neurol. 2013, 13, doi:10.1177/1352458513509508.
7. Orton, S.-M.; Herrera, B.M.; Yee, I.M.; Valdar, W.; Ramagopalan, S.V.; Sadovnick, A.D.; Ebers, G.C.; Canadian Collaborative Study Group. Sex ratio of multiple sclerosis in Canada: A longitudinal study. Lancet Neurol. 2006, 5, 932-936.
8. O'Gorman, C.; Lin, R.; Stankovich, J.; Broadley, S.A. Modelling genetic susceptibility to multiple sclerosis with family data. Neuroepidemiology 2013, 40, 1-12.
9. O'Gorman, C.; Lucas, R.; Taylor, B. Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis: A review with a focus on molecular mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 11718-11752.
10. Ascherio, A.; Munger, K.L. Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part I: The role of infection. Ann. Neurol. 2007, 61, 288-299.
11. Ebers, G.C. Environmental factors and multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2008, 7, 268-277.
12. Hersey, P.; Prendergast, D.; Edwards, A. Effects of cigarette smoking on the immune system. Follow-up studies in normal subjects after cessation of smoking. Med. J. Aust. 1983, 2, 425-429.
13. Mitrovic, B.; Ignarro, L.J.; Vinters, H.V.; Akers, M.A.; Schmid, I.; Uittenbogaart, C.; Merrill, J.E. Nitric oxide induces necrotic but not apoptotic cell death in oligodendrocytes. Neuroscience 1995, 65, 531-539.
14. Rejdak, K.; Eikelenboom, M.J.; Petzold, A.; Thompson, E.J.; Stelmasiak, Z.; Lazeron, R.H.C.; Barkhof, F.; Polman, C.H.; Uitdehaag, B.M.J.; Giovannoni, G. CSF nitric oxide metabolites are associated with activity and progression of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2004, 63, 1439-1445.
15. Somogyi, E.; Balogh, I.; Rubányi, G.; Sótonyi, P.; Szegedi, L. New findings concerning the pathogenesis of acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol. 1981, 2, 31-39.
16. Hedström, A.K.; Bäärnhielm, M.; Olsson, T.; Alfredsson, L. Tobacco smoking, but not swedish snuff Use, increases the risk of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2009, 73, 696-701.
17. Hedström, A.K.; Hillert, J.; Olsson, T.; Alfredsson, L. Nicotine might have a protective effect in the etiology of multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 2013, 19, 1009-1013.
18. Manouchehrinia, A.; Tench, C.R.; Maxted, J.; Bibani, R.H.; Britton, J.; Constantinescu, C.S. Tobacco smoking and disability progression in multiple sclerosis: United Kingdom cohort study. Brain 2013, 136, 2298-2304.
19. Prosser, D.E.; Jones, G. Enzymes involved in the activation and inactivation of vitamin D. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2004, 29, 664-673.
20. Makishima, M.; Lu, T.T.; Xie, W.; Whitfield, G.K.; Domoto, H.; Evans, R.M.; Haussler, M.R.; Mangelsdorf, D.J. Vitamin D receptor as an intestinal bile acid sensor. Science 2002, 296, 1313-1316.
21. Chen, S.; Sims, G.P.; Chen, X.X.; Gu, Y.Y.; Chen, S.; Lipsky, P.E. Modulatory effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on human B Cell differentiation. J. Immunol. 2007, 179, 1634-1647.
22. Barrat, F.J.; Cua, D.J.; Boonstra, A.; Richards, D.F.; Crain, C.; Savelkoul, H.F.; de Waal-Malefyt, R.; Coffman, R.L.; Hawrylowicz, C.M.; O'Garra, A. In vitro generation of interleukin 10-producing regulatory CD4(+) T Cells is induced by immunosuppressive drugs and inhibited by T helper Type 1 (Th1)-and Th2-inducing cytokines. J. Exp. Med. 2002, 195, 603-616.
23. Allen, A.C.; Kelly, S.; Basdeo, S.A.; Kinsella, K.; Mulready, K.J.; Mills, K.H.G.; Tubridy, N.; Walsh, C.; Brady, J.J.; Hutchinson, M.; Fletcher, J.M. A pilot study of the immunological effects of high-dose vitamin D in healthy volunteers. Mult. Scler. 2012, 18, 1797-1800.
24. Cippitelli, M.; Santoni, A. Vitamin D3: A transcriptional modulator of the interferon-gamma gene. Eur. J. Immunol. 1998, 28, 3017-3030.
25. Müller, K.; Odum, N.; Bendtzen, K. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 selectively reduces interleukin-2 levels and proliferation of human T Cell lines in vitro. Immunol. Lett. 1993, 35, 177-182.
26. Correale, J.; Ysrraelit, M.C.; Gaitán, M.I. Gender differences in 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 immunomodulatory effects in multiple sclerosis patients and healthy subjects. J. Immunol. 2010, 185, 4948-4958.
27. Eyles, D.W.; Smith, S.; Kinobe, R.; Hewison, M.; McGrath, J.J. Distribution of the vitamin D receptor and 1 alpha-hydroxylase in human brain. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 2005, 29, 21-30.
28. Souberbielle, J.-C.; Body, J.-J.; Lappe, J.M.; Plebani, M.; Shoenfeld, Y.; Wang, T.J.; Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A.; Cavalier, E.; Ebeling, P.R.; Fardellone, P. et al. Vitamin D and musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and cancer: Recommendations for clinical practice. Autoimmun. Rev. 2010, 9, 709-715.
29. Pludowski, P.; Holick, M.F.; Pilz, S.; Wagner, C.L.; Hollis, B.W.; Grant, W.B.; Shoenfeld, Y.; Lerchbaum, E.; Llewellyn, D.J.; Kienreich, K. et al. Vitamin D effects on musculoskeletal health, immunity, autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, fertility, pregnancy, dementia and mortality-a review of recent evidence. Autoimmun. Rev. 2013, 12, 976-989.
30. Holick, M.F. Vitamin D status: Measurement, interpretation, and clinical application. Ann. Epidemiol. 2009, 19, 73-78.
31. Holick, M.F. Vitamin D: Extraskeletal health. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North. Am. 2012, 38, 141-160.
32. Von Geldern, G.; Mowry, E.M. The influence of nutritional factors on the prognosis of multiple sclerosis. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 2012, 8, 678-689.
33. Lee, S.-H.; Park, S.-J.; Kim, K.-M-; Lee, D.J.; Kim, W.-J.; Park, R.-W.; Joo, N.-S. Effect of sunlight exposure on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in women with vitamin D deficiency: Using ambulatory lux meter and sunlight exposure questionnaire. Korean J. Fam. Med. 2012, 33, 381-389.
34. Binkley, N.; Novotny, R.; Krueger, D.; Kawahara, T.; Daida, Y.G.; Lensmeyer, G.; Hollis, B.W.; Drezner, M.K. Low vitamin D status despite abundant sun exposure. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007, 92, 2130-2135.
35. Van der Mei, I.A.; Simpson, S.; Knippenberg, S.; Winzenberg, T.; Taylor, B.V. Role of vitamin D in multiple sclerosis: Implications for disease management. Neurodegenerative Disease Management 2011, 1, 523-536.
36. Earthman, C.P.; Beckman, L.M.; Masodkar, K.; Sibley, S.D. The link between obesity and low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations: Considerations and implications. Int. J. Obes. 2012, 36, 387-396.
37. Munger, K.L.; Levin, L.I.; Hollis, B.W.; Howard, N.S.; Ascherio, A. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. JAMA 2006, 296, 2832-2838.
38. Martinelli, V.; Dalla Costa, G.; Colombo, B.; Dalla Libera, D.; Rubinacci, A.; Filippi, M.; Furlan, R.; Comi, G. Vitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis in patients with clinically isolated syndromes. Mult. Scler. 2014, 20, 147-155.
39. Ascherio, A.; Munger, K.L.; White, R.; Köchert, K.; Simon, K.C.; Polman, C.H.; Freedman, M.S.; Hartung, H.-P.; Miller, D.H., Montalbàn, X. et al. Vitamin D as an early predictor of multiple sclerosis activity and progression. JAMA Neurol. 2014, 71, 306-314
40. Sloka, S.; Silva, C.; Pryse-Phillips, W.; Patten, S.; Metz, L.; Yong, V.W. A quantitative analysis of suspected environmental causes of MS. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 2011, 38, 98-105.
41. Bäärnhielm, M.; Hedström, A.K.; Kockum, I.; Sundqvist, E.; Gustafsson, S.A.; Hillert, J.; Olsson, T.; Alfredsson, L. Sunlight is associated with decreased multiple sclerosis risk: No interaction with human leukocyte antigen-DRB1*15. Eur. J. Neurol. 2012, 19, 955-962.
42. Simpson, S., Jr; Blizzard, L.; Otahal, P.; Van der Mei, I.; Taylor, B. Latitude is significantly associated with the prevalence of multiple sclerosis: A meta-analysis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 2011, 82, 1132-1141.
43. Bates, D.; Cartlidge, N.E.; French, J.M.; Jackson, M.J.; Nightingale, S.; Shaw, D.A.; Smith, S.; Woo, E.; Hawkins, S.A.; Millar, J.H. A double-blind controlled trial of long chain N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 1989, 52, 18-22.
44. Zhang, S.M.; Willett, W.C.; Hernán, M.A.; Olek, M.J.; Ascherio, A. Dietary fat in relation to risk of multiple sclerosis among two large cohorts of women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2000, 152, 1056-1064.
45. Bäärnhielm, M.; Olsson, T.; Alfredsson, L. Fatty fish intake is associated with decreased occurrence of multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 2013, doi:10.1177/1352458513509508
46. Munger, K.L.; Zhang, S.M.; O'Reilly, E.; Hernán, M.A.; Olek, M.J.; Willett, W.C.; Ascherio, A. Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2004, 62, 60-65.
47. McDonald, W.I.; Compston, A.; Edan, G.; Goodkin, D.; Hartung, H.P.; Lublin, F.D.; McFarland, H.F.; Paty, D.W.; Polman, C.H.; Reingold, S.C. et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 2001, 50, 121-127.
48. Wootton, A.M. Improving the measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Clin. Biochem. Rev. 2005, 26, 33-36.
49. Kurtzke, J.F. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: An Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Neurology 1983, 33, 1444-1452.
50. Roxburgh, R.H.S.R.; Seaman, S.R.; Masterman, T.; Hensiek, A.E.; Sawcer, S.J.; Vukusic, S.; Achiti, I.; Confavreux, C.; Coustans, M.; le Page, E. et al. Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score: Using Disability and Disease Duration to Rate Disease Severity. Neurology 2005, 64, 1144-1151.
51. von Geldern, G.; Mowry, E.M. The influence of nutritional factors on the prognosis of multiple sclerosis. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 2012, 8, 678-689.
52. Ramagopalan, S.V.; Handel, A.E.; Giovannoni, G.; Rutherford Siegel, S.; Ebers, G.C.; Chaplin, G. Relationship of UV exposure to prevalence of multiple sclerosis in England. Neurology 2011, 76, 1410-1414.
53. Salzer, J.; Hallmans, G.; Nystrom, M.; Stenlund, H.; Wadell, G.; Sundstrom, P. Vitamin D as a protective factor in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2012, 79, 2140-2145.
54. Smolders, J.; Menheere, P.; Kessels, A.; Damoiseaux, J.; Hupperts, R. Association of vitamin D metabolite levels with relapse rate and disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 2008, 14, 1220-1224.
55. Mowry, E.M. Vitamin D: Evidence for its role as a prognostic factor in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci. 2011 311, 19-22
56. Simpson, S., Jr.; Taylor, B.; Blizzard, L.; Ponsonby, A.L.; Pittas, F.; Tremlett, H.; Dwyer, T.; Gies, P.; van der Mei, I. Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with lower relapse risk in multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 2010, 68, 193-203.
57. Cantorna, M.T. Mechanisms underlying the effect of vitamin D on the immune system. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2010, 69, 286-289.
58. Healy, B.C.; Ali, E.N.; Guttmann, C.R.G.; Chitnis, T.; Glanz, B.I.; Buckle, G.; Houtchens, M.; Stazzone, L.; Moodie, J.; Berger, A.M. et al. Smoking and disease progression in multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 2009, 66, 858-864.