Plasmonic effect of gold nanoparticles in organic solar cells

Solar Energy

Volumn 106, Issue , 2014, Pages 23-37

  Notarianni, Marco ^a   Vernon, Kristy ^a   Chou, Alison ^a   Aljada, Muhsen ^b   Liu, Jinzhang ^a   Motta, Nunzio ^a  

^a QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Bulk heterojunction; Gold nanoparticles; Organic solar cell; Surface plasmon

Indexed keywords

CONVERSION EFFICIENCY; GOLD; HETEROJUNCTIONS; METAL NANOPARTICLES; PLASMONS;

BULK HETEROJUNCTION; BULK HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS; GOLD NANOPARTICLES; METALLIC NANOPARTICLES; ORGANIC SOLAR CELL; POWER CONVERSION EFFICIENCIES; SURFACE PLASMONS; TRANSPARENT ELECTRODE;

SOLAR CELLS;

ENERGY EFFICIENCY; GOLD; LIGHT EFFECT; PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT; PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM; PLASMA; SOLAR POWER;

EID: 84902659214     PISSN: 0038092X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2013.09.026     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Ameri T., Dennler G., Lungenschmied C., Brabec C.J. Organic tandem solar cells: a review. Energy Environ. Sci. 2009, 2:347-363.
2. Anger Pascal., Bharadwaj Palash., Novotny Lukas. Enhancement and quenching of single-molecule fluorescence. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006, 96:113002.
3. Atwater Harry A., Polman Albert Plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices. Nat. Mater. 2010, 9:205-213.
4. Beck F.J., Polman A., Catchpole K.R. Tunable light trapping for solar cells using localized surface plasmons. J. Appl. Phys. 2009, 105:114310-114317.
5. Bernardi M., Giulianini M., Grossman J.C. Self-assembly and its impact on interfacial charge transfer in carbon nanotube/P3HT solar cells. ACS Nano 2010, 4:6599-6606.
6. Bindl D.J., Wu M.Y., Prehn F.C., Arnold M.S. Efficiently harvesting excitons from electronic type-controlled semiconducting carbon nanotube films. Nano Lett. 2011, 11:455-460.
7. Bohren, Craig F. How can a particle absorb more than the light incident on it?. Am. J. Phys. 1983, 51:323-327.
8. Bohren C.F., Huffman D.R. Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles 2008, Wiley.
9. Brabec C.J., Durrant J.R. Solution-processed organic solar cells. MRS Bull. 2008, 33:670-675.
10. Bundgaard E., Krebs F.C. Low band gap polymers for organic photovoltaics. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2007, 91:954-985.
11. Capasso A., Salamandra L., Di Carlo A., Bell J.M., Motta N. Low-temperature synthesis of carbon nanotubes on indium tin oxide electrodes for organic solar cells. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3:524-532.
12. Catchpole K.R., Polman A. Design principles for particle plasmon enhanced solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93:191113-191123.
13. Catchpole K.R., Polman A. Plasmonic solar cells. Opt. Express 2008, 16:21793-21800.
14. Catchpole K.R., Mokkapati S., Beck F., Wang E.C., McKinley A., Basch A., Lee J. Plasmonics and nanophotonics for photovoltaics. MRS Bull. 2011, 36:461-467.
15. Chen Fang-Chung, Wu Jyh-Lih, Lee Chia-Ling, Hong Yi, Kuo Chun-Hong, Huang Michael H. Plasmonic-enhanced polymer photovoltaic devices incorporating solution-processable metal nanoparticles. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 95:13305-13313.
16. Cheng Yunan, Stakenborg Tim, Van Dorpe Pol, Lagae Liesbet, Wang Mang, Chen Hongzheng, Borghs Gustaaf Fluorescence near gold nanoparticles for DNA sensing. Anal. Chem. 2011, 83:1307-1314.
17. Chou Alison, Vernon Kristy C., Piro Lennart, Radi Babak, Jaatinen Esa A., Davis Timothy J. Predicting the localized surface plasmon resonances of spherical nanoparticles on a substrate: electrostatic eigenmode method. J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116:26517-26522.
18. Dabera G.Dinesha M.R., Jayawardena K.D.G.Imalka, Prabhath M.R.Ranga, Yahya Iskandar, Tan Y.Yuan, Nismy N.Aamina, Shiozawa Hidetsugu, Sauer Markus, Ruiz-Soria G., Ayala Paola, Stolojan Vlad, Adikaari A.A.Damitha T., Jarowski Peter D., Pichler Thomas, Silva S.Ravi P. Hybrid carbon nanotube networks as efficient hole extraction layers for organic photovoltaics. ACS Nano 2012, 7:556-565.
19. Dang Minh Trung, Hirsch Lionel, Wantz Guillaume P3HT:PCBM, best seller in polymer photovoltaic research. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23:3597-3602.
20. Dennler Gilles, Scharber Markus C., Brabec Christoph J. Polymer-fullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21:1323-1338.
21. Derkacs D., Lim S.H., Matheu P., Mar W., Yu E.T. Improved performance of amorphous silicon solar cells via scattering from surface plasmon polaritons in nearby metallic nanoparticles. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89:93103-93113.
22. Derkacs D., Chen W.V., Matheu P.M., Lim S.H., Yu P.K.L., Yu E.T. Nanoparticle-induced light scattering for improved performance of quantum-well solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93:91107-91113.
23. Dou L., You J., Yang J., Chen C.C., He Y., Murase S., Moriarty T., Emery K., Li G., Yang Y. Tandem polymer solar cells featuring a spectrally matched low-bandgap polymer. Nat. Photon. 2012, 6:180-185.
24. Duche David, Torchio Philippe, Escoubas Ludovic, Monestier Florent, Simon Jean-Jacques, Flory François, Mathian Gérard Improving light absorption in organic solar cells by plasmonic contribution. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2009, 93:1377-1382.
25. Erb T., Zhokhavets U., Gobsch G., Raleva S., Stühn B., Schilinsky P., Waldauf C., Brabec C.J. Correlation between structural and optical properties of composite polymer/fullerene films for organic solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005, 15:1193-1196.
26. Etchegoin P., Cohen L.F., Hartigan H., Brown R.J.C., Milton M.J.T., Gallop J.C. Localized plasmon resonances in inhomogeneous metallic nanoclusters. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2004, 383:577-583.
27. Frens G. Controlled nucleation for the regulation of the particle size in monodisperse gold suspensions. Nature 1973, 241:20-22.
28. Frondelius P., Häkkinen H., Honkala K. Formation of gold(I) edge oxide at flat gold nanoclusters on an ultrathin MgO film under ambient conditions. Angew. Chem. - Int. Ed. 2010, 49:7913-7916.
29. Giulianini M., Waclawik E.R., Bell J.M., Scarselli M., Castrucci P., De Crescenzi M., Motta N. Poly(3-hexyl-thiophene) coil-wrapped single wall carbon nanotube investigated by scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 95.
30. Giulianini M., Waclawik E.R., Bell J.M., Crescenzi M.D., Castrucci P., Scarselli M., Diociauti M., Casciardi S., Motta N. Evidence of multiwall carbon nanotube deformation caused by poly(3-hexylthiophene) adhesion. J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115:6324-6330.
31. Giulianini M., Waclawik E.R., Bell J.M., Scarselli M., Castrucci P., De Crescenzi M. Microscopic and spectroscopic investigation of poly(3-hexylthiophene) interaction with carbon nanotubes. Polymers 2011, 3:1433-1446.
32. Grancini G., Maiuri M., Fazzi D., Petrozza A., Egelhaaf H.J., Brida D., Cerullo G., Lanzani G. Hot exciton dissociation in polymer solar cells. Nat. Mater. 2013, 12:29-33.
33. Hadipour A., de Boer B., Blom P.W.M. Device operation of organic tandem solar cells. Org. Electron.: Phys., Mater., Appl. 2008, 9:617-624.
34. Haiss Wolfgang, Thanh Nguyen T.K., Aveyard Jenny, Fernig David G. Determination of size and concentration of gold nanoparticles from UV-Vis spectra. Anal. Chem. 2007, 79:4215-4221.
35. Halls J.J.M., Pichler K., Friend R.H., Moratti S.C., Holmes A.B. Exciton diffusion and dissociation in a poly(p-phenylenevinylene)/C[sub 60] heterojunction photovoltaic cell. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1996, 68:3120-3122.
36. Hamasha M.M., Dhakal T., Alzoubi K., Albahri S., Qasaimeh A., Lu S., Westgate C.R. Stability of ITO thin film on flexible substrate under thermal aging and thermal cycling conditions. IEEE/OSA J. Display Technol. 2012, 8:383-388.
37. Hau S.K., Yip H.L., Jen A.K.Y A review on the development of the inverted polymer solar cell architecture. Polym. Rev. (Philadelphia, PA, US) 2010, 50:474-510.
38. Heliatek Firm Heliatek consolidates technology leadership by establishing a new world record for organic solar technology with a cell efficiency of 12% (press release) 2013, Heliatek, Dresden, Germany.
39. Huffman, D.R., Bohren, C.F. 1983. Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles. New York.
40. Jain Prashant K., Lee Kyeong Seok, El-Sayed Ivan H., El-Sayed Mostafa A. Calculated absorption and scattering properties of gold nanoparticles of different size, shape, and composition: applications in biological imaging and biomedicine. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110:7238-7248.
41. Jørgensen Mikkel, Norrman Kion, Krebs Frederik C. Stability/degradation of polymer solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2008, 92:686-714.
42. Kalowekamo Joseph., Baker Erin. Estimating the manufacturing cost of purely organic solar cells. Sol. Energy 2009, 83:1224-1231.
43. Kambhampati Patanjali Hot exciton relaxation dynamics in semiconductor quantum dots: radiationless transitions on the nanoscale. J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115:22089-22109.
44. Kang Myung-Gyu, Xu Ting, Park Hui Joon, Luo Xiangang, Jay Guo L. Efficiency enhancement of organic solar cells using transparent plasmonic Ag nanowire electrodes. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22:4378-4383.
45. Kao C.S., Chen F.C., Liao C.W., Huang M.H., Hsu C.S. Plasmonic-enhanced performance for polymer solar cells prepared with inverted structures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012, 101:193902-193904.
46. Kelly K.Lance, Coronado Eduardo, Zhao Lin Lin, Schatz George C. The optical properties of metal nanoparticles: the influence of size, shape, and dielectric environment. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 107:668-677.
47. Kim Kyungkon, Carroll David L. Roles of Au and Ag nanoparticles in efficiency enhancement of poly(3-octylthiophene)/C[sub 60] bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87:203113-203123.
48. Kim Y.N., Shin H.G., Song J.K., Cho D.H., Lee H.S., Jung Y.G. Thermal degradation behavior of indium tin oxide thin films deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. J. Mater. Res. 2005, 20:1574-1579.
49. Kim Seok-Soon, Na Seok-In, Jo Jang, Kim Dong-Yu, Nah Yoon-Chae Plasmon enhanced performance of organic solar cells using electrodeposited Ag nanoparticles. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93:73307-73313.
50. Kippelen B., Brédas J.L. Organic photovoltaics. Energy Environ. Sci. 2009, 2:251-261.
51. Kirchartz T., Agostinelli T., Campoy-Quiles M., Gong W., Nelson J. Understanding the thickness-dependent performance of organic bulk heterojunction solar cells: The influence of mobility, lifetime, and space charge. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2012, 3:3470-3475.
52. Krebs F.C. All solution roll-to-roll processed polymer solar cells free from indium-tin-oxide and vacuum coating steps. Org. Electron.: Phys., Mater., Appl. 2009, 10:761-768.
53. Krebs Frederik C. Fabrication and processing of polymer solar cells: a review of printing and coating techniques. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2009, 93:394-412.
54. Krebs, Frederik C. 2010. Polymeric Solar Cells: Materials, Design, Manufacture.
55. Kreibig U., Vollmer M. Optical Properties of Metal Clusters 1995, Springer.
56. Lee Ji Hwang, Park Jong Hwan, Kim Jong Soo, Lee Dong Yun, Cho Kilwon High efficiency polymer solar cells with wet deposited plasmonic gold nanodots. Org. Electron. 2009, 10:416-420.
57. Lee Kwan.H., Schwenn Paul.E., Arthur R.G., Smith Hamish Cavaye, Shaw Paul E., James Michael, Krueger Karsten B., Gentle Ian R., Meredith Paul, Burn Paul L. Morphology of all-solution-processed "bilayer" organic solar cells. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23:766-770.
58. Li G., Shrotriya V., Huang J., Yao Y., Moriarty T., Emery K., Yang Y. High-efficiency solution processable polymer photovoltaic cells by self-organization of polymer blends. Nat. Mater. 2005, 4:864-868.
59. Li X., Choy W.C.H., Huo L., Xie F., Sha W.E.I., Ding B., Guo X., Li Y., Hou J., You J., Yang Y. Dual plasmonic nanostructures for high performance inverted organic solar cells. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24:3046-3052.
60. Liang Yongye, Feng Danqin, Wu Yue, Tsai Szu-Ting, Li Gang, Ray Claire, Yu Luping Highly efficient solar cell polymers developed via fine-tuning of structural and electronic properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131:7792-7799.
61. Liang Yongye, Zheng Xu., Xia Jiangbin, Tsai Szu-Ting, Wu Yue, Li Gang, Ray Claire, Yu Luping For the bright future-bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells with power conversion efficiency of 7.4%. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22:E135-E138.
62. Lin Su-Jien, Lee Kuang-Che, Wu Jyun-Lin, Wu Jun-Yi Plasmon-enhanced photocurrent in dye-sensitized solar cells. Sol. Energy 2012, 86:2600-2605.
63. Lindquist Nathan C., Luhman Wade A., Oh Sang-Hyun, Holmes Russell J. Plasmonic nanocavity arrays for enhanced efficiency in organic photovoltaic cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93:123308-123313.
64. Louis, Catherine, Pluchery, Olivier. 2012. Gold Nanoparticles for Physics, Chemistry and Biology.
65. Lu Luyao, Luo Zhiqiang, Xu Tao, Yu Luping Cooperative plasmonic effect of Ag and Au nanoparticles on enhancing performance of polymer solar cells. Nano Lett. 2012, 13:59-64.
66. Lu Luyao, Xu Tao, Wei Chen, Lee Ju Min, Luo Zhiqiang, Jung In Hwan, Park Hyung Il, Kim Sang Ouk, Yu Luping The role of N-doped multiwall carbon nanotubes in achieving highly efficient polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells. Nano Lett. 2013, 13:2365-2369.
67. Maier Stefan A. Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications 2007, Springer, New York.
68. Mariani G., Laghumavarapu R.B., Tremolet De Villers B., Shapiro J., Senanayake P., Lin A., Schwartz B.J., Huffaker D.L. Hybrid conjugated polymer solar cells using patterned GaAs nanopillars. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 97:13107-13113.
69. Mertz Jerome Radiative absorption, fluorescence, and scattering of a classical dipole near a lossless interface: a unified description. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2000, 17:1906-19013.
70. Mihailetchi V.D., Koster L.J.A., Blom P.W.M., Melzer C., De Boer B., Van Duren J.K.J., Janssen R.A.J. Compositional dependence of the performance of poly(p-phenylene vinylene):methanofullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005, 15:795-801.
71. Min Nam Y., Huh J., Ho Jo W. Optimization of thickness and morphology of active layer for high performance of bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2010, 94:1118-1124.
72. Mirri Francesca, Anson W.K., Ma Tienyi T., Hsu Natnael Behabtu, Eichmann Shannon L., Young Colin C., Tsentalovich Dmitri E., Pasquali Matteo High-performance carbon nanotube transparent conductive films by scalable dip coating. ACS Nano 2012, 6:9737-9744.
73. Mokkapati S., Catchpole K.R. Nanophotonic light trapping in solar cells. J. Appl. Phys. 2012, 112:101101-101119.
74. Mokkapati S., Beck F.J., Polman A., Catchpole K.R. Designing periodic arrays of metal nanoparticles for light-trapping applications in solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 95:53115-53123.
75. Morfa Anthony J., Rowlen Kathy L., Reilly Thomas H., Romero Manuel J., van de Lagemaat.Jao Plasmon-enhanced solar energy conversion in organic bulk heterojunction photovoltaics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92:13504-13513.
76. Muduli Subas, Game Onkar, Dhas Vivek, Vijayamohanan K., Bogle K.A., Valanoor N., Ogale Satishchandra B. TiO2-Au plasmonic nanocomposite for enhanced dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) performance. Sol. Energy 2012, 86:1428-1434.
77. Namkoong G., Kong J., Samson M., Hwang I.W., Lee K. Active layer thickness effect on the recombination process of PCDTBT:PC71BM organic solar cells. Org. Electron.: Phys., Mater., Appl. 2013, 14:74-79.
78. Nelson J. Polymer: fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. Mater. Today 2011, 14:462-470.
79. Niggemann M., Glatthaar M., Gombert A., Hinsch A., Wittwer V. Diffraction gratings and buried nano-electrodes-architectures for organic solar cells. Thin Solid Films 2004, 451-452:619-623.
80. Nunzi J.M. Organic photovoltaic materials and devices. C. R. Phys. 2002, 3:523-542.
81. Ohkita Hideo, Cook Steffan, Astuti Yeni, Duffy Warren, Tierney Steve, Zhang Weimin, Heeney Martin, McCulloch Iain, Nelson Jenny, Bradley Donal D.C., Durrant James R. Charge carrier formation in polythiophene/fullerene blend films studied by transient absorption spectroscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130:3030-3042.
82. Peet J., Kim J.Y., Coates N.E., Ma W.L., Moses D., Heeger A.J., Bazan G.C. Efficiency enhancement in low-bandgap polymer solar cells by processing with alkane dithiols. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6:497-500.
83. Pelton M., Aizpurua J., Bryant G. Metal-nanoparticle plasmonics. Laser Photon. Rev. 2008, 2:136-159.
84. Pillai S., Catchpole K.R., Trupke T., Green M.A. Surface plasmon enhanced silicon solar cells. J. Appl. Phys. 2007, 101:93105-93118.
85. Pivrikas A., Neugebauer H., Sariciftci N.S. Influence of processing additives to nano-morphology and efficiency of bulk-heterojunction solar cells: a comparative review. Sol. Energy 2011, 85:1226-1237.
86. Powell Colin, Bender Timothy, Lawryshyn Yuri A model to determine financial indicators for organic solar cells. Sol. Energy 2009, 83:1977-19784.
87. Rand Barry P., Peumans Peter, Forrest Stephen R. Long-range absorption enhancement in organic tandem thin-film solar cells containing silver nanoclusters. J. Appl. Phys. 2004, 96:7519-7526.
88. Ren S., Bernardi M., Lunt R.R., Bulovic V., Grossman J.C., Gradečak S. Toward efficient carbon nanotube/P3HT solar cells: Active layer morphology, electrical, and optical properties. Nano Lett. 2011, 11:5316-5321.
89. Sanchez A., Abbet S., Heiz U., Schneider W.D., Häkkinen H., Barnett R.N., Landman U. When gold is not noble: nanoscale gold catalysts. J. Phys. Chem. A 1999, 103:9573-9578.
90. Sariciftci N.S., Smilowitz L., Heeger A.J., Wudl F. Photoinduced electron transfer from a conducting polymer to buckminsterfullerene. Science 1992, 258:1474-1476.
91. Schilinsky Pavel., Waldauf Christoph., Brabec Christoph.J. Recombination and loss analysis in polythiophene based bulk heterojunction photodetectors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 81:3885-3887.
92. Sears K., Fanchini G., Watkins S.E., Huynh C.P., Hawkins S.C. Aligned carbon nanotube webs as a replacement for indium tin oxide in organic solar cells. Thin Solid Films 2013.
93. Seemann Andrea, Sauermann Tobias, Lungenschmied Christoph, Armbruster Oskar, Bauer Siegfried, Egelhaaf H.J., Hauch Jens Reversible and irreversible degradation of organic solar cell performance by oxygen. Sol. Energy 2011, 85:1238-1249.
94. Sgobba V., Guldi D.M. Carbon nanotubes as integrative materials for organic photovoltaic devices. J. Mater. Chem. 2008, 18:153-157.
95. Shahin S., Gangopadhyay P., Norwood R.A. Ultrathin organic bulk heterojunction solar cells: plasmon enhanced performance using Au nanoparticles. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012, 101.
96. Shen Honghui, Bienstman Peter, Maes Bjorn Plasmonic absorption enhancement in organic solar cells with thin active layers. J. Appl. Phys. 2009, 106:73109-73115.
97. Smestad Greg P., Krebs Frederik C., Lampert Carl M., Granqvist Claes G., Chopra K.L., Mathew Xavier, Takakura Hideyuki Reporting solar cell efficiencies in Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2008, 92:371-373.
98. Spyropoulos George D., Stylianakis Minas M., Stratakis Emmanuel, Kymakis Emmanuel Organic bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices with surfactant-free Au nanoparticles embedded in the active layer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012, 100:213904-213915.
99. Street R.A., Schoendorf M., Roy A., Lee J.H. Interface state recombination in organic solar cells. Phys. Rev. B - Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2010, 81.
100. Su Y.W., Lan S.C., Wei K.H. Organic photovoltaics. Mater. Today 2012, 15:554-562.
101. Sun Yanming, Gong Xiong, Hsu Ben B.Y., Yip Hin-Lap, Jen Alex K.Y., Heeger Alan J. Solution-processed cross-linkable hole selective layer for polymer solar cells in the inverted structure. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 97:193310-193323.
102. Sutter E.A., Tong X., Jungjohann K., Sutter P.W. Oxidation of nanoscale Au-In alloy particles as a possible route toward stable Au-based catalysts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2013, 110:10519-10524.
103. Tao C., Aljada M., Shaw P.E., Lee K.H., Cavaye H., Balfour M.N., Borthwick R.J., James M., Burn P.L., Gentle I.R., Meredith P. Controlling hierarchy in solution-processed polymer solar cells based on crosslinked P3HT. Adv. Energy Mater. 2013, 3:105-112.
104. 60 heterojunction. Phys. Rev. B 2000, 61:12957-12963.
105. Topp K., Borchert H., Johnen F., Tunc A.V., Knipper M., Von Hauff E., Parisi J., Al-Shamery K. Impact of the incorporation of Au nanoparticles into polymer/fullerene solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. A 2010, 114:3981-3989.
106. Turkevich J., Stevenson P.C., Hillier J. A study of the nucleation and growth processes in the synthesis of colloidal gold. Discuss. Faraday Soc. 1951, 11:55-75.
107. Umnov A.G., Korovyanko O.J. Photovoltaic effect in poly-dioctyl-phenylene-ethynylene-C[sub 60] cells upon donor and acceptor excitation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87:113506-113513.
108. van Dijk M.A., Tchebotareva A.L., Orrit M., Lippitz M., Berciaud S., Lasne D., Cognet L., Lounis B. Absorption and scattering microscopy of single metal nanoparticles. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2006, 8:3486-3495.
109. Viktor Andersson B., Wuerfel Uli, Inganäs Olle Full day modelling of V-shaped organic solar cell. Sol. Energy 2011, 85:1257-1263.
110. Wang C.C.D., Choy W.C.H., Duan C., Fung D.D.S., Sha W.E.I., Xie F.X., Huang F., Cao Y. Optical and electrical effects of gold nanoparticles in the active layer of polymer solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22:1206-1211.
111. Wang J., Lee Y.J., Chadha A.S., Yi J., Jespersen M.L., Kelley J.J., Nguyen H.M., Nimmo M., Malko A.V., Vaia R.A., Zhou W., Hsu J.W.P. Effect of plasmonic Au nanoparticles on inverted organic solar cell performance. J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117:85-91.
112. Watkins P.K., Walker A.B., Verschoor G.L.B. Dynamical monte carlo modelling of organic solar cells: the dependence of internal quantum efficiency on morphology. Nano Lett. 2005, 5:1814-1818.
113. Wong Kim Hai, Ananthanarayanan Krishnamoorthy, Heinemann Marc Daniel, Luther Joachim, Balaya Palani Enhanced photocurrent and stability of organic solar cells using solution-based NiO interfacial layer. Sol. Energy 2012, 86:3190-3195.
114. Woo S., Jeong J.H., Lyu H.K., Han Y.S., Kim Y. In situ-prepared composite materials of PEDOT:PSS buffer layer-metal nanoparticles and their application to organic solar cells. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2012, 7:641-647.
115. Wu Jyh-Lih, Chen Fang-Chung, Hsiao Yu-Sheng, Chien Fan-Ching, Chen Peilin, Kuo Chun.-Hong., Huang Michael H., Hsu Chain-Shu Surface plasmonic effects of metallic nanoparticles on the performance of polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells. ACS Nano 2011, 5:959-967.
116. Xie Feng-Xian, Choy Wallace C.H., Wang Charlie.C.D., Sha Wei E.I., Fung Dixon D.S. Improving the efficiency of polymer solar cells by incorporating gold nanoparticles into all polymer layers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 99:153304-153313.
117. Xu Mei-Feng, Zhu Xiao-Zhao, Shi Xiao-Bo, Liang Jian, Jin Yue, Wang Zhao-Kui, Liao Liang-Sheng Plasmon resonance enhanced optical absorption in inverted polymer/fullerene solar cells with metal nanoparticle-doped solution-processable TiO2 layer. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013, 5:2935-2942.
118. Yang Guowei Laser Ablation in Liquids - Principles and Applications in the Preparation of Nanomaterials 2012, Pan Stanford.
119. Yang Jun, You Jingbi, Chen Chun-Chao, Hsu Wan-Ching, Tan Hai.-ren., Zhang XingWang, Hong Ziruo., Yang Yang Plasmonic polymer tandem solar cell. ACS Nano 2011, 5:6210-6217.
120. You J., Dou L., Yoshimura K., Kato T., Ohya K., Moriarty T., Emery K., Chen C.C., Gao J., Li G., Yang Y. A polymer tandem solar cell with 10.6% power conversion efficiency. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4.
121. Zeng Beibei, Gan Qiaoqiang, Kafafi Zakya H., Bartoli Filbert J. Polymeric photovoltaics with various metallic plasmonic nanostructures. J. Appl. Phys. 2013, 113:63109-63110.
122. Zhu Zhengguo, Waller David, Gaudiana Russell, Morana Mauro, Mühlbacher David, Scharber Markus, Brabec Christoph Panchromatic conjugated polymers containing alternating donor/acceptor units for photovoltaic applications. Macromolecules 2007, 40:1981-1986.
123. Zhu Hongwei, Wei Jinquan, Wang Kunlin, Wu Dehai Applications of carbon materials in photovoltaic solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2009, 93:1461-1470.