Obesity in children with autism spectrum disorder

Harvard Review of Psychiatry

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 93-103

  Curtin, Carol ^a   Jojic, Mirjana ^a   Bandini, Linda G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Autism spectrum disorder; Children; Eating patterns; Genetics; Obesity; Physical activity; Psychopharmacology; Sleep

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ARIPIPRAZOLE; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; CHLORPROMAZINE; DOPAMINE; FLUPHENAZINE; HALOPERIDOL; METFORMIN; MOOD STABILIZER; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; SEROTONIN; TOPIRAMATE; ZIPRASIDONE;

ADDICTION; ASPERGER SYNDROME; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; AUTISM; CHILDHOOD OBESITY; CHROMOSOME 16P; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR; DIZYGOTIC TWINS; FAMILY FUNCTIONING; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FOOD AVERSION; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; INTELLECTUAL IMPAIRMENT; LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS; MONOZYGOTIC TWINS; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; OBESITY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SLEEP DISORDER; SLEEP TIME; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; COMORBIDITY; PEDIATRIC OBESITY; SELF CARE;

CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; COMORBIDITY; HUMANS; PEDIATRIC OBESITY; QUALITY OF LIFE; SELF CARE;

EID: 84902184627     PISSN: 10673229     EISSN: 14657309     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/HRP.0000000000000031     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999-2010. JAMA 2012;307:483-90.
2. Must A, Strauss RS. Risks and consequences of childhood and adolescent obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999;23 suppl 2:S2-11.
3. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS, et al. 2000 CDC Growth Charts for the United States: methods and development. Vital Health Stat 11 2002;(246):1-190.
4. Krebs NF, Himes JH, Jacobson D, Nicklas TA, Guilday P, Styne D. Assessment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity. Pediatrics 2007;120 suppl:S193-228.
5. Sugiyama T. A research of obesity in autism. Jpn J Dev Disabil 1991;13:53-8.
6. Takeuchi E. Incidence of obesity among school children with mental retardation in Japan. Am J Ment Retard 1994;99:283-8. (Pubitemid 24354868)
7. Mouridsen SE, Rich B, Isager T. Body mass index in male and female children with infantile autism. Autism 2002;6:197-205. (Pubitemid 34618739)
8. Curtin C, Bandini LG, Perrin EC, Tybor DJ, Must A. Prevalence of overweight in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorders: a chart review. BMC pediatr 2005;5:48.
9. Xiong N, Ji C, Li Y, He Z, Bo H, Zhao Y. The physical status of children with autism in China. Res Dev Disabil 2007;30:70-6.
10. Egan AM, Dreyer ML, Odar CC, Beckwith M, Garrison CB. Obesity in young children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence and associated factors. Child Obes 2013;9:125-31.
11. Xia W, Zhou Y, Sun C, Wang J, Wu L. A preliminary study on nutritional status and intake in Chinese children with autism. Eur J Pediatr 2010;169:1201-6.
12. Curtin C, Anderson SE, Must A, Bandini L. The prevalence of obesity in children with autism: a secondary data analysis using nationally representative data from the National Survey of Children's Health. BMC Pediatr 2010;10:11.
13. Evans EW, Must A, Anderson SE, et al. Dietary patterns and body mass index in children with autism and typically developing children. Res Autism Spectr Disord 2012; 6:399-405.
14. Hallmayer J, Cleveland S, Torres A, et al. Genetic heritability and shared environmental factors among twin pairs with autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011;68:1095-102.
15. Sharma JR, Arieff Z, Sagar S, Kaur M. Autism and obesity: prevalence, molecular basis and potential therapies. Autism Insights 2012;4:1-13.
16. Heil KM, Schaaf CP. The genetics of autism spectrum disorders - a guide for clinicians. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2013;15:334.
17. Pinto D, Pagnamenta AT, Klei L, et al. Functional impact of global rare copy number variation in autism spectrum disorders. Nature 2010;466:368-72.
18. Anney R, Klei L, Pinto D, et al. A genome-wide scan for common alleles affecting risk for autism. Hum Mol Genet 2010;19:4072-82.
19. Luo R, Sanders SJ, Tian Y, et al. Genome-wide transcriptome profiling reveals the functional impact of rare de novo and recurrent CNVs in autism spectrum disorders. Am J Hum Genet 2012;91:38-55.
20. Sanders SJ, Murtha MT, Gupta AR, et al. De novo mutations revealed by whole-exome sequencing are strongly associated with autism. Nature 2012;485:237-41.
21. Bochukova EG, Huang N, Keogh J, et al. Large, rare chromosomal deletions associated with severe early-onset obesity. Nature 2010;463:666-70.
22. Walters RG, Jacquemont S, Valsesia A, et al. A new highly penetrant form of obesity due to deletions on chromosome 16p11.2. Nature 2010;463:671-5.
23. Yu Y, Zhu H, Miller DT, et al. Age- and gender-dependent obesity in individuals with 16p11.2 deletion. J Genet Genomics 2011;38:403-9.
24. Zufferey F, Sherr EH, Beckmann ND, et al. A 600 kb deletion syndrome at 16p11.2 leads to energy imbalance and neuropsychiatric disorders. J Med Genet 2012;49:660-8.
25. Tabet A-C, Pilorge M, Delorme R, et al. Autism multiplex family with 16p11.2p12.2 microduplication syndrome in monozygotic twins and distal 16p11.2 deletion in their brother. Eur J Hum Genet 2012;20:540-6.
26. Shinawi M, Sahoo T, Maranda B, et al. 11p14.1microdeletions associated with ADHD, autism, developmental delay, and obesity. Am J Med Genet A 2011;155A:1272-80.
27. Kitsiou-Tzeli S, Tzetis M, Sofocleous C, et al. De novo interstitial duplication of the 15q11.2-q14 PWS/AS region of maternal origin: clinical description, array CGH analysis, and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A 2010;152A: 1925-32.
28. Dombret C, Nguyen T, Schakman O, et al. Loss of Maged1 results in obesity, deficits of social interactions, impaired sexual behavior and severe alteration of mature oxytocin production in the hypothalamus. Hum Mol Genet 2012;21:4703-17.
29. Gabis LV, Baruch YK, Jokel A, Raz R. Psychiatric and autistic comorbidity in fragile X syndrome across ages. J Child Neurol 2011;26:940-8.
30. Goldfine PE, McPherson PM, Heath GA, Hardesty VA, Beauregard LJ, Gordon B. Association of fragile X syndrome with autism. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142:108-10. (Pubitemid 15189532)
31. Nowicki ST, Tassone F, Ono MY, et al. The Prader-Willi phenotype of fragile X syndrome. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2007;28:133-8. (Pubitemid 46624838)
32. Siegel M. Psychopharmacology of autism spectrum disorder: evidence and practice. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2012;21:957-73.
33. Seida JC, Schouten JR, Boylan K, et al. Antipsychotics for children and young adults: a comparative effectiveness review. Pediatrics 2012;129:e771-84.
34. Tyler CV, Schramm SC, Karafa M, Tang AS, Jain AK. Chronic disease risks in young adults with autism spectrum disorder: forewarned is forearmed. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil 2011;116:371-80.
35. Basile V, Masellis M, McIntyre R, Meltzer H, Liberman A, Kennedy J. Genetic dissection of atypical antipsychotic-induced weight gain: novel preliminary data on the pharmacogenetic puzzle. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62(suppl 23):45-66. (Pubitemid 32952694)
36. Crilly J. The history of clozapine and its emergence in the US market: a review and analysis. Hist Psychiatry 2007; 18:39-60.
37. Simpson MM, Goetz RR, Devlin MJ, Goetz SA, Walsh BT. Weight gain and antipsychotic medication: differences between antipsychotic-free and treatment periods. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:694-700. (Pubitemid 32994932)
38. Scheltema Beduin A, De Haan L. Off-label second generation antipsychotics for impulse regulation disorders: a review. Psychopharmacol Bull 2010;43:45-81.
39. Maayan L, Correll CU. Weight gain and metabolic risks associated with antipsychotic medications in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2011;21: 517-35.
40. Grundy SM, Brewer HB, Cleeman JI, Smith SC, Lenfant C. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation 2004;109:433-8.
41. McDougle CJ, Stigler KA, Erickson CA, Posey DJ. Atypical antipsychotics in children and adolescents with autistic and other pervasive developmental disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69 suppl 4:15-20.
42. McDougle CJ, Scahill L, McCracken JT, et al. Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology (RUPP) Autism Network. Background and rationale for an initial controlled study of risperidone. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2000;9:201-24.
43. Posey DJ, Stigler KA, Erickson CA, McDougle CJ. Antipsychotics in the treatment of autism. J Clin Invest 2008;118:6-14.
44. Aman MG, Arnold LE, McDougle CJ, et al. Acute and longterm safety and tolerability of risperidone in children with autism. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2005;15:869-84. (Pubitemid 43042978)
45. Siegel M, Beaulieu AA. Psychotropic medications in children with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and synthesis for evidence-based practice. J Autism Dev Disord 2012;42:1592-605.
46. Owen R, Sikich L, Marcus RN, et al. Aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder. Pediatrics 2009;124:1533-40.
47. Marcus RN, Owen R, Kamen L, et al. A placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with irritability associated with autistic disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009;48:1110-9.
48. De Hert M, Dobbelaere M, Sheridan EM, Cohen D, Correll CU. Metabolic and endocrine adverse effects of second-generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized, placebo controlled trials and guidelines for clinical practice. Eur Psychiatry 2011; 26:144-58.
49. Cohen SA, Fitzgerald BJ, Khan SRF, Khan A. The effect of a switch to ziprasidone in an adult population with autistic disorder: chart review of naturalistic, open-label treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:110-3.
50. Malone RP, Delaney MA, Hyman SB, Cater JR. Ziprasidone in adolescents with autism: an open-label pilot study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2007;17:779-90. (Pubitemid 351158593)
51. Golubchik P, Sever J, Weizman A. Low-dose quetiapine for adolescents with autistic spectrum disorder and aggressive behavior: open-label trial. Clin Neuropharmacol 2011; 34:216-9.
52. Baptista T. Body weight gain induced by antipsychotic drugs: mechanisms and management. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999;100:3-16. (Pubitemid 29309192)
53. Panariello F, De Luca V, De Bartolomeis A. Weight gain, schizophrenia and antipsychotics: new findings from animal model and pharmacogenomic studies. Schizophr Res Treatment 2011;2011:459284.
54. Kroeze WK, Hufeisen SJ, Popadak BA, et al. H1-histamine receptor affinity predicts short-term weight gain for typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003;28:519-26.
55. Matsui-Sakata A, Ohtani H, Sawada Y. Receptor occupancybased analysis of the contributions of various receptors to antipsychotics-induced weight gain and diabetes mellitus. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2005;20:368-78.
56. Leibowitz S. Neurochemical systems of the hypothalamus: control of feeding and drinking behavior and water electrolyte excretion. In: Morgan P, Panksepp J, eds. Handbook of the hypothalamus, vol. 3. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1980:299-437.
57. Kapoor S. Strategies to control antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008;33:1171.
58. Kim JH, Yim SJ, Nam JH. A 12-week, randomized, open-label, parallel-group trial of topiramate in limiting weight gain during olanzapine treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2006;82:115-7. (Pubitemid 43202654)
59. Lessig MC, Shapira NA, Murphy TK. Topiramate for reversing atypical antipsychotic weight gain. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001;40:1364. (Pubitemid 34250952)
60. Gadde KM, Zhang W, Foust MS. Bupropion treatment of olanzapine-associated weight gain: an open-label, prospective trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;26:409-13. (Pubitemid 44187645)
61. Wang M, Tong J, Zhu G, Liang G, Yan H, Wang X. Metformin for treatment of antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Schizophr Res 2012;138:54-7.
62. Klein DJ, Cottingham EM, Sorter M, Barton BA, Morrison JA. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of metformin treatment of weight gain associated with initiation of atypical antipsychotic therapy in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:2072-9. (Pubitemid 46114226)
63. Wu R-R, Zhao J-P, Jin H, et al. Lifestyle intervention and metformin for treatment of antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008;299: 185-93.
64. Khazaal Y, Fresard E, Rabia S, et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy for weight gain associated with antipsychotic drugs. Schizophr Res 2007;91:169-77.
65. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Practice parameter for the use of atypical antipsychotic medications in children and adolescents. http://www.aacap.org/App-Themes/AACAP/docs/practice-parameters/ Atypical-Antipsychotic-Medications-Web.pdf
66. Nazeer A. Psychopharmacology of autistic spectrum disorders in children and adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am 2011; 58:85-97.
67. Coryell W. Maintenance treatment in bipolar disorder: a reassessment of lithium as the first choice. Bipolar Disord 2009;11 suppl 2:77-83.
68. Hellings JA, Weckbaugh M, Nickel EJ, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of valproate for aggression in youth with pervasive developmental disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2005;15:682-92. (Pubitemid 41434372)
69. Biederman J, Joshi G, Mick E, et al. A prospective openlabel trial of lamotrigine monotherapy in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. CNS Neurosci Ther 2010;16:91-102.
70. Belsito KM, Law PA, Kirk KS, Landa RJ, Zimmerman AW. Lamotrigine therapy for autistic disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Autism Dev Disord 2001;31:175-81. (Pubitemid 37490163)
71. Wasserman S, Iyengar R, Chaplin WF, et al. Levetiracetam versus placebo in childhood and adolescent autism: a doubleblind placebo-controlled study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 21:363-7. (Pubitemid 44498278)
72. Jaselskis CA, Cook EH, Fletcher KE, Leventhal BL. Clonidine treatment of hyperactive and impulsive children with autistic disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992;12: 322-7.
73. Hollander E, Soorya L, Chaplin W, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine for repetitive behaviors and global severity in adult autism spectrum disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2012;169:292-9.
74. Canitano R, Scandurra V. Psychopharmacology in autism: an update. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011;35:18-28.
75. Owley T, Walton L, Salt J, et al. An open-label trial of escitalopram in pervasive developmental disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005;44:343-8. (Pubitemid 40393272)
76. Dove D, Warren Z, McPheeters ML, Taylor JL, Sathe NA, Veenstra-Vanderweele J. Medications for adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. Pediatrics 2012;130:717-26.
77. Posey DJ, Guenin KD, Kohn AE, Swiezy NB, McDougle CJ. A naturalistic open-label study of mirtazapine in autistic and other pervasive developmental disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2001;11:267-77. (Pubitemid 32937638)
78. Remington G, Sloman L, Konstantareas M, Parker K, Gow R. Clomipramine versus haloperidol in the treatment of autistic disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21:440-4. (Pubitemid 32673034)
79. Must A, Parisi SM. Sedentary behavior and sleep: paradoxical effects in association with childhood obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009;33 suppl 1:S82-6.
80. Chen X, Beydoun MA, Wang Y. Is sleep duration associated with childhood obesity? A systematic review and metaanalysis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008;16:265-74. (Pubitemid 351271904)
81. Eisenmann JC, Ekkekakis P, Holmes M. Sleep duration and overweight among Australian children and adolescents. Acta Paediatr 2006;95:956-63. (Pubitemid 44181216)
82. Gupta NK, Mueller WH, Chan W, Meininger JC. Is obesity associated with poor sleep quality in adolescents? Am J Hum Biol 2002;14:762-8.
83. Sekine M, Yamagami T, Handa K, et al. A dose-response relationship between short sleeping hours and childhood obesity: results of the Toyama Birth Cohort Study. Child Care Health Dev 2002;28:163-70. (Pubitemid 34812335)
84. von Kries R, Toschke AM, Wurmser H, Sauerwald T, Koletzko B. Reduced risk for overweight and obesity in 5- and 6-y-old children by duration of sleep - a crosssectional study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26:710-6. (Pubitemid 34499292)
85. Agras WS, Hammer LD, McNicholas F, Kraemer HC. Risk factors for childhood overweight: a prospective study from birth to 9.5 years. J Pediatr 2004;145:20-5. (Pubitemid 38962447)
86. Landhuis CE, Poulton R, Welch D, Hancox RJ. Childhood sleep time and long-term risk for obesity: a 32-year prospective birth cohort study. Pediatrics 2008;122: 955-60.
87. Reilly JJ, Armstrong J, Dorosty AR, et al. Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: cohort study. BMJ 2005; 330:1357.
88. Lumeng JC, Somashekar D, Appugliese D, Kaciroti N, Corwyn RF, Bradley RH. Shorter sleep duration is associated with increased risk for being overweight at ages 9 to 12 years. Pediatrics 2007;120:1020-9. (Pubitemid 350085535)
89. Snell EK, Adam EK, Duncan GJ. Sleep and the body mass index and overweight status of children and adolescents. Child Dev 2007;78:309-23.
90. Wiggs L, Stores G. Sleep patterns and sleep disorders in children with autistic spectrum disorders: insight using parent report and actigraphy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2004;46:372-80. (Pubitemid 38696976)
91. Gail Williams P, Sears LL, Allard A. Sleep problems in children with autism. J Sleep Res 2004;13:265-8. (Pubitemid 39331187)
92. Allik H, Larsson J-O, Smedje H. Sleep patterns of schoolage children with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2006;36:585-95. (Pubitemid 44336981)
93. Oyane NMF, Bjorvatn B. Sleep disturbances in adolescents and young adults with autism and Asperger syndrome. Autism 2005;9:83-94. (Pubitemid 40201931)
94. Elia M, Ferri R, Musumeci SA, et al. Sleep in subjects with autistic disorder: a neurophysiological and psychological study. Brain Dev 2000;22:88-92. (Pubitemid 30155633)
95. Rechtschaffen A, Bergmann BM, Everson CA, Kushida CA, Gilliland MA. Sleep deprivation in the rat: X. Integration and discussion of the findings. Sleep 1989;12:68-87.
96. Spiegel K, Tasali E, Penev P, Van Cauter E. Brief communication: sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:846-50. (Pubitemid 39601178)
97. Taheri S, Lin L, Austin D, Young T, Mignot E. Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLoS Med 2004; 1:e62.
98. Bandini LG, Anderson SE, Curtin C, et al. Food selectivity in children with autism spectrum disorders and typically developing children. J Pediatr 2010;157:259-64.
99. Schreck KA, Williams K, Smith AF. A comparison of eating behaviors between children with and without autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2004;34:433-8. (Pubitemid 39127718)
100. Cermak SA, Curtin C, Bandini LG. Food selectivity and sensory sensitivity in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Am Diet Assoc 2010;110:238-46.
101. Ahearn WH, Castine T, Nault K, Green G. An assessment of food acceptance in children with autism or pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified. J Autism Dev Disord 2001;31:505-11. (Pubitemid 37486686)
102. Williams K, Gibbons B, Schreck K. Comparing selective eaters with and without developmental disabilities. J Dev Phys Disabil 2005;17:299-309. (Pubitemid 41242009)
103. Schreck KA, Williams K. Food preferences and factors influencing food selectivity for children with autism spectrum disorders. Res Dev Disabil 2006;27:353-63. (Pubitemid 44041130)
104. Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL. Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis. Lancet 2001;357:505-8. (Pubitemid 32173586)
105. Phillips SM, Bandini LG, Naumova EN, et al. Energydense snack food intake in adolescence: longitudinal relationship to weight and fatness. Obes Res 2004;12: 461-72. (Pubitemid 41132525)
106. Tam CS, Garnett SP, Cowell CT, Campbell K, Cabrera G, Baur LA. Soft drink consumption and excess weight gain in Australian school students: results from the Nepean study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006;30:1091-3. (Pubitemid 43980577)
107. Must A, Phillips S, Bandini L. Longitudinal fruit and vegetable consumption, fiber, and glycemic load as predictors of fatness and relative weight change over adolescence in girls. Obes Res 2005;13:A152-3.
108. Must A, Tybor DJ. Physical activity and sedentary behavior: a review of longitudinal studies of weight and adiposity in youth. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005;29 suppl 2:S84-96.
109. Provost B, Lopez BR, Heimerl S. A comparison of motor delays in young children: autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, and developmental concerns. J Autism Dev Disord 2007;37:321-8.
110. Dewey D, Cantell M, Crawford SG. Motor and gestural performance in children with autism spectrum disorders, developmental coordination disorder, and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2007;13:246-56. (Pubitemid 46487356)
111. Minshew NJ, Sung K, Jones BL, Furman JM.Underdevelopment of the postural control system in autism. Neurology 2004;63:2056-61. (Pubitemid 39636252)
112. Molloy CA, Dietrich KN, Bhattacharya A. Postural stability in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2003;33:643-52. (Pubitemid 38036321)
113. Klin A, Volkmar FR, Sparrow SS. Autistic social dysfunction: some limitations of the theory of mind hypothesis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1992;33:861-76.
114. Dziuk MA, Gidley Larson JC, Apostu A, Mahone EM, Denckla MB, Mostofsky SH. Dyspraxia in autism: association with motor, social, and communicative deficits. Dev Med Child Neurol 2007;49:734-9. (Pubitemid 47456447)
115. Rosser Sandt D, Frey G. Comparison of physical activity levels between children with and without autistic spectrum disorder. Adapt Phys Activ Q 2005;22:146-59. (Pubitemid 40547342)
116. Bandini LG, Gleason J, Curtin C, et al. Comparison of physical activity between children with autism spectrum disorders and typically developing children. Autism 2013; 17:44-54.
117. Pan C-Y, Tsai C-L, Hsieh K-W. Physical activity correlates for children with autism spectrum disorders in middle school physical education. Res Q Exerc Sport 2011;82: 491-8.
118. Macdonald M, Esposito P, Ulrich D. The physical activity patterns of children with autism. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:422.
119. Memari AH, Ghaheri B, Ziaee V, Kordi R, Hafizi S, Moshayedi P. Physical activity in children and adolescents with autism assessed by triaxial accelerometry. Pediatr Obes 2013;8:150-8.
120. Nally B, Houlton B, Ralph S. Researches in brief: the management of television and video by parents of children with autism. Autism 2000;4:331-7. (Pubitemid 30642614)
121. Mazurek MO, Shattuck PT, Wagner M, Cooper BP. Prevalence and correlates of screen-based media use among youths with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2012;42:1757-67.
122. Davison KK, Birch LL. Childhood overweight: a contextual model and recommendations for future research. Obes Rev 2001;2:159-71. (Pubitemid 33755909)
123. Mendelson BK, White DR, Schliecker E. Adolescents' weight, sex, and family functioning. Int J Eat Disord 1995;17:73-9.
124. Zeller MH, Reiter-Purtill J, Modi AC, Gutzwiller J, Vannatta K, Davies WH. Controlled study of critical parent and family factors in the obesigenic environment. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15:126-36. (Pubitemid 46219792)
125. Abbeduto L, Seltzer MM, Shattuck P, Krauss MW, Orsmond G, Murphy MM. Psychological well-being and coping in mothers of youths with autism, Down syndrome, or fragile X syndrome. Am J Ment Retard 2004;109: 237-54.
126. Rozin P. The socio-cultural context of eating and food choice. In: Meiselman HL, MacFie HJH, eds. Food choice, acceptance, and consumption. London: Springer, 1996.
127. Ochs E, Shohet M. The cultural structuring of mealtime socialization. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2006;(111):35-49.
128. U.S. Department of Education. U.S. Department of Education clarifies schools' obligation to provide equal opportunity to students with disabilities to participate in extracurricular activities. 25 Jan 2013. http://www.ed.gov/ news/press-releases/us-department-education-clarifies-schools-obligation- provideequal-opportunity-s