Executive function mediates effects of gestational age on functional outcomes and behavior in preschoolers

Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics

Volumn 35, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 323-333

  Loe, Irene M ^a   Feldman, Heidi M ^a   Huffman, Lynne C ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CASE CONTROL STUDY; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; GESTATIONAL AGE; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE TEST; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PREMATURITY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PSYCHOLOGY;

CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; GESTATIONAL AGE; HUMANS; INFANT, PREMATURE; INTELLIGENCE TESTS; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS;

EID: 84902158099     PISSN: 0196206X     EISSN: 15367312     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000063     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Anderson P. Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhood. Child Neuropsychol. 2002;8:71-82.
2. Miyake A, Friedman NP, Emerson MJ, et al. The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "frontal lobe" tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cogn Psychol. 2000;41:49-100.
3. Blair C, Razza RP. Relating effortful control, executive function, and false belief understanding to emerging math and literacy ability in kindergarten. Child Dev. 2007;78:647-663.
4. Cameron CE, Brock LL, Murrah WM, et al. Fine motor skills and executive function both contribute to kindergarten achievement. Child Dev. 2012;83:1229-1244.
5. Diamantopoulou S, Rydell AM, Thorell LB, et al. Impact of executive functioning and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on children's peer relations and school performance. Dev Neuropsychol. 2007;32:521-542.
6. Volpe JJ. Brain injury in premature infants: a complex amalgam of destructive and developmental disturbances. Lancet Neurol. 2009; 8:110-124.
7. Woodward LJ, Clark CA, Pritchard VE, et al. Neonatal white matter abnormalities predict global executive function impairment in children born very preterm. Dev Neuropsychol. 2011;36:22-41.
8. Durston S, Casey B. What have we learned about cognitive development from neuroimaging? Neuropsychologia. 2006;44: 2149-2157.
9. Luna B, Padmanabhan A, O'Hearn K. What has fMRI told us about the development of cognitive control through adolescence? Brain Cogn. 2010;72:101-113.
10. Warren SL, Crocker LD, Spielberg JM, et al. Cortical organization of inhibition-related functions and modulation by psychopathology. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7:271.
11. Aarnoudse-Moens CSH, Weisglas-Kuperus N, van Goudoever JB, et al. Meta-analysis of neurobehavioral outcomes in very preterm and/or very low birth weight children. Pediatrics. 2009;124:717-728.
12. Mulder H, Pitchford NJ, Hagger MS, et al. Development of executive function and attention in preterm children: a systematic review. Dev Neuropsychol. 2009;34:393-421.
13. Aylward GP. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants born prematurely.JDev Behav Pediatr. 2005;26:427-440.
14. Johnson S, Marlow N. Preterm birth and childhood psychiatric disorders. Pediatr Res. 2011;69:11R-18R.
15. Taylor HG, Klein N, Drotar D, et al. Consequences and risks of <1000-g birth weight for neuropsychological skills, achievement, and adaptive functioning. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2006;27:459-469.
16. Gilotty L, Kenworthy L, Sirian L, et al. Adaptive skills and executive function in autism spectrum disorders. Child Neuropsychol. 2002; 8:241-248.
17. Clark C, Prior M, Kinsella G. The relationship between executive function abilities, adaptive behaviour, and academic achievement in children with externalising behaviour problems. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2002;43:785-796.
18. Cahn-Weiner DA, Boyle PA, Malloy PF. Tests of executive function predict instrumental activities of daily living in community-dwelling older individuals. Appl Neuropsychol. 2002;9:187-191.
19. Loe IM, Lee ES, Luna B, et al. Executive function skills are associated with reading and parent-rated child function in children born prematurely. Early Hum Dev. 2012;88:111-118.
20. Bull R, Scerif G. Executive functioning as a predictor of children's mathematics ability: inhibition, switching, and working memory. Dev Neuropsychol. 2001;19:273-293.
21. Gathercole SE, Pickering SJ, Gathercole SE, et al. Working memory deficits in children with low achievements in the national curriculum at 7 years of age. BrJEduc Psychol. 2000;70:177-194.
22. St Clair-Thompson HL, Gathercole SE. Executive functions and achievements in school: shifting, updating, inhibition, and working memory. QJExp Psychol (Hove). 2006;59:745-759.
23. Clark CA, Pritchard VE, Woodward LJ. Preschool executive functioning abilities predict early mathematics achievement. Dev Psychol. 2010;46:1176-1191.
24. Gathercole SE, Tiffany C, Briscoe J, et al. Developmental consequences of poor phonological short-term memory function in childhood: a longitudinal study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005; 46:598-611.
25. Mulder H, Pitchford NJ, Marlow N. Processing speed and working memory underlie academic attainment in very preterm children. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2010;95:F267-272.
26. Downie ALS, Frisk V, Jakobson LS. The impact of periventricular brain injury on reading and spelling abilities in the late elementary and adolescent years. Child Neuropsychol. 2005;11:479-495.
27. Frye RE, Landry SH, Swank PR, et al. Executive dysfunction in poor readers born prematurely at high risk. Dev Neuropsychol. 2009;34: 254-271.
28. Rose SA, Feldman JF, Jankowski JJ. Modeling a cascade of effects: the role of speed and executive functioning in preterm/full-term differences in academic achievement. Dev Sci. 2011;14:1161-1175.
29. Aarnoudse-Moens CS, Weisglas-Kuperus N, Duivenvoorden HJ, et al. Executive function and IQ predict mathematical and attention problems in very preterm children. PLoS One. 2013;8:e55994.
30. Brocki KC, Eninger L, Thorell LB, et al. Interrelations between executive function and symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention in preschoolers: a two year longitudinal study. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2010;38:163-171.
31. Wahlstedt C, Thorell LB, Bohlin G. ADHD symptoms and executive function impairment: early predictors of later behavioral problems. Dev Neuropsychol. 2008;33:160-178.
32. Conrad AL, Richman L, Lindgren S, et al. Biological and environmental predictors of behavioral sequelae in children born preterm. Pediatrics. 2010;125:e83-e89.
33. Loe IM, Lee ES, Luna B, et al. Behavior problems of 9-16 year old preterm children: biological, sociodemograhic, and intellectual contributions. Early Hum Dev. 2011;87:247-252.
34. Nadeau L, Boivin M, Tessier R, et al. Mediators of behavioral problems in 7-year-old children born after 24 to 28 weeks of gestation. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2001;22:1-10.
35. Loe IM, Chatav M, Alduncin N. Complementary assessments of executive function in preterm and full-term preschoolers. Child Neuropsychol: A Journal on Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence. Published online April 22, 2014. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2014.906568.
36. Roid GH. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales. 5th ed. Itasca, IL: Riverside Publishing; 2003.
37. Gioia GA, Isquith PK, Guy SC, et al. Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool Version (BRIEF-P). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.; 2002.
38. Gioia GA, Isquith PK, Retzlaff PD, et al. Confirmatory factor analysis of the behavior rating inventory of executive function (BRIEF) in a clinical sample. Child Neuropsychol. 2002;8:249-257.
39. Aarnoudse-Moens CS, Smidts DP, Oosterlaan J, et al. Executive function in very preterm children at early school age. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2009;37:981-993.
40. Carlson SM. Developmentally sensitive measures of executive function in preschool children. Dev Neuropsychol. 2005;28: 595-616.
41. Garon N, Bryson SE, Smith IM, et al. Executive function in preschoolers: a review using an integrative framework. Psychol Bull. 2008;134:31-60.
42. Landry SH, Smith KE, Swank PR, et al. Early maternal and child influences on children's later independent cognitive and social functioning. Child Dev. 2000;71:358-375.
43. Lezak MD, Howieson DW, Loring DW. Neuropsychological Assessment. 4 ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2004.
44. Gerstadt CL, Hong YJ, Diamond A. The relationship between cognition and action: performance of children 3 1/2-7 years old on a Stroop-like day-night test. Cognition. 1994;53:129-153.
45. Carlson SM, Moses LJ. Individual differences in inhibitory control and children's theory of mind. Child Dev. 2001;72:1032-1053.
46. Reed MA, Pien DL, Rothbart MK. Inhibitory self-control in preschool children. Merrill Palmer Q. 1984;30:131-147.
47. Zelazo PD. The dimensional change card sort (DCCS): a method of assessing executive function in children. Nat Protoc. 2006;1: 297-301.
48. Lee K, Bull R, Ho RMH. Developmental changes in executive functioning. Child Dev. 2013;84:1-21.
49. Sparrow SS, Balla DA, Cicchetti D. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. 2nd ed. Bloomington, MN: Pearson Assessments; 2005.
50. Lonigan CJ, Wagner RK, Torgeson JK, et al. Test of Preschool Early Literacy. Austin, TX: ProEd; 2007.
51. Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA. Manual for ASEBA Preschool Forms and Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families; 2000.
52. Hayes AF, Preacher KJ. Statistical mediation analysis with a multicategorical independent variable. British Journal of Mathematical and Psychology. In press. doi:10.1111/bmsp.12028.
53. Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;51:1172-1182.
54. Hayes AF. Beyond Baron and Kenny: statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Commun Monogr. 2009;76:408-420.
55. Field A. Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics. 4th ed. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications Inc; 2013.
56. Preacher KJ, Kelley K. Effect size measures for mediation models: quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects. Psychol Methods. 2011;16:93-115.
57. Happe F, Booth R, Charlton R, et al. Executive function deficits in autism spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: examining profiles across domains and ages. Brain Cogn. 2006;61:25-39.
58. Mulder H, Pitchford NJ, Marlow N. Inattentive behavior is associated with poor working memory and slow processing speed in very pre-term children in middle childhood. Br J Educ Psychol. 2011;81:147-160.
59. Scott MN, Taylor HG, Fristad MA, et al. Behavior disorders in extremely preterm/extremely low birth weight children in kindergarten. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2012;33:202-213.
60. Samara M, Marlow N, Wolke D, et al. Pervasive behavior problems at 6 years of age in a total-population sample of children born at, 525 weeks of gestation. Pediatrics. 2008;122:562-573.
61. Payne JM, Hyman SL, Shores EA, et al. Assessment of executive function and attention in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: relationships between cognitive measures and real-world behavior. Child Neuropsychol. 2011;17:313-329.
62. Toplak ME, Bucciarelli SM, Jain U, et al. Executive functions: performance-based measures and the behavior rating inventory of executive function (BRIEF) in adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Child Neuropsychol. 2009; 15:53-72.
63. Mahone EM, Hoffman J. Behavior ratings of executive function among preschoolers with ADHD. Clin Neuropsychol. 2007;21: 569-586.
64. Silver CH. Sources of data about children's executive functioning: review and commentary. Child Neuropsychol. 2014;20:1-13.