Does riparian forest restoration thinning enhance biodiversity? The ecological importance of large wood

Journal of the American Water Resources Association

Volumn 50, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 543-559

  Pollock, Michael M ^a   Beechie, Timothy J ^a  

^a NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Fish; Fluvial processes; Forest management; Forest structure; Forests; Large wood; Restoration; Riparian ecology; Rivers streams

Indexed keywords

ANIMALS; BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION; ECOLOGY; FISH; IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION; RESTORATION;

FLUVIAL PROCESS; FOREST STRUCTURE; FORESTS; RIPARIAN ECOLOGY; RIVERS/STREAMS;

FORESTRY;

BIODIVERSITY; DEAD WOOD; FOREST FLOOR; FOREST MANAGEMENT; GROWTH MODELING; RESTORATION ECOLOGY; RIPARIAN ZONE; STAND STRUCTURE; THINNING;

ANIMALS; BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION; ECOLOGY; FISHES; FORESTS; IMAGE ANALYSIS; RESTORATION;

EID: 84901798906     PISSN: 1093474X     EISSN: 17521688     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12206     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Amaranthus, M., J.M. Trappe, L. Bednar, and D. Arthur, 1994. Hypogeous Fungal Production in Mature Douglas-Fir Forest Fragments and Surrounding Plantations and Its Relation to Coarse Woody Debris and Animal Mycophagy. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24:2157-2165.
2. Anthony, R.G., R.L. Knight, G.T. Allen, B.L. McClelland, and J.I. Hodges, 1982. Habitat Use by Nesting and Roosting Bald Eagles in the Pacific Northwest. US Fish and Wildlife Publications. Paper 34. In: Transactions of the 47th North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference, K. Sabol (Editor). US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C., pp. 332-342.
3. Bauhus, J., K.J. Puettmann, and C. Messier, 2010. Silviculture for Old-Growth Attributes. Forest Ecology and Management 258:525-537.
4. Beatty, S.W., 1984. Influence of Microtopography and Canopy Species on Spatial Patterns of Forest Understory Plants. Ecology 65:1406-1419.
5. Beechie, T., G.R. Pess, P. Kennard, R. Bilby, and S. Bolton, 2000. Modeling Recovery Rates and Pathways for Woody Debris Recruitment in Northwestern Washington Streams. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 20:436-452.
6. Beechie, T. and T.H. Sibley, 1997. Relationships between Channel Characteristics, Woody Debris and Fish Habitat in Northwestern Washington Streams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 126:217-229.
7. Berglund, H., M. Edman, and L. Ericson, 2005. Temporal Variation of Wood-Fungi Diversity in Boreal Old-Growth Forests: Implications for Monitoring. Ecological Applications 15:970-982.
8. Bible, K.J., 2001. Long Term Patterns of Douglas-Fir and Western Hemlock Mortality in the Western Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, D.C.
9. Bilby, R.E., 1981. Role of Organic Debris Dams in Regulating the Export of Dissolved and Particulate Matter from a Forested Watershed. Ecology 62:1234-1243.
10. Bilby, R.E. and G.E. Likens, 1980. Importance of Organic Debris Dams in the Structure and Function of Stream Ecosystems. Ecology 61:1107-1113.
11. Bilby, R.E. and J.W. Ward, 1989. Changes in Characteristics and Function of Woody Debris with Increasing Size of Streams in Western Washington. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 118:368-378.
12. BLM, 2011. Hills Camp Thinning Project Upper Willamette Resource Area Environmental Assessment. Bureau of Land Management, Eugene District, Eugene, Oregon.
13. Bragg, D.C., 2000. Simulating Catastrophic and Individualistic Large Woody Debris Recruitment for a Small Riparian System. Ecology 81:1383-1394.
14. Brigham, R.M., M.J. Vonhof, R. Barclay, and J.C. Gwilliam, 1997. Roosting Behavior and Roost-Site Preferences of Forest-Dwelling California Bats (Myotis californicum). Journal of Mammology 78:1231-1239.
15. Bull, E.L., J.J. Akenson, and M.G. Henjum, 2000. Black Bear Dens in Trees and Logs in Northwestern Oregon. Northwestern Naturalist 81:148-153.
16. Bull, E.L. and T.W. Heater, 2000. Resting and Denning Sites of American Martens in Northeastern Oregon. Northwest Science 74:179-185.
17. Bunnell, F.L. and I. Houde, 2010. Down Wood and Biodiversity - Implications to Forest Practices. Environmental Reviews 18:397-421.
18. Bunnell, F.L., I. Houde, B. Johnston, and E. Wind, 2002. How Dead Trees Sustain Live Organisms in Western Forests. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-GTR-181, pp. 291-318.
19. Bunnell, F.L., L.L. Kremsater, and E. Wind, 1999. Managing to Sustain Vertebrate Richness in Forests of the Pacific Northwest: Relationships Within Stands. Environmental Reviews 7:97-146.
20. Bunnell, F.L., T. Spribille, I. Houde, T. Goward, and C. Bjork, 2008. Lichen on Down Wood in Logged and Unlogged Forest Stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38:1033-1041.
21. Bury, R.B. and P.S. Corn, 1988. Douglas-Fir Forests in the Oregon and Washington Cascades: Relation of the Herpetofauna to Stand Age and Moisture. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-RM-166, pp. 11-22.
22. Butts, S.R. and W.C. McComb, 2000. Associations of Forest-Floor Vertebrates with Coarse Woody Debris in Managed Forests of Western Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 64:95-104.
23. Carey, A.B., 1995. Sciurids in Pacific Northwest Managed and Old-Growth Forests. Ecological Applications 5:648-661.
24. Carey, A.B., 2000. Effects of New Forest Management Strategies on Squirrel Populations. Ecological Applications 10:248-257.
25. Carey, A.B., J.L. Kershner, B. Biswell, and L. Dominquez, 1999. Ecological Scale and Forest Development: Squirrels, Dietary Fungi, and Vascular Plants in Managed and Unmanaged Forests. Wildlife Monographs 142:1-71.
26. Cluer, B. and C. Thorne, 2014. A Stream Ecosystem Model Integrating Habitat and Ecosystem Benefits. River Research and Applications 30:135-154.
27. Coleman, D.C. and W.B. Whitman, 2005. Linking Species Richness, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function in Soil Systems. Pedobiologia 49:479-497.
28. Comfort, E.J., S.D. Roberts, and C.A. Harrington, 2010. Midcanopy Growth Following Thinning in Young-Growth Conifer Forests on the Olympic Peninsula Western Washington. Forest Ecology and Management 259:1606-1614.
29. Crookston, N.L. and G.E. Dixon, 2005. The Forest Vegetation Simulator: A Review of Its Structure, Content and Applications. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 49:60-80.
30. Davis, H., 1996. Characteristics and Selection of Winter Dens by Black Bears in Coastal British Columbia. Thesis, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia.
31. Davis, L.R., K.J. Puettmann, and G.F. Tucker, 2006. Overstory Response to Alternative Thinning Treatments in Young Douglas-Fir Forests of Western Oregon. Northwest Science 81:1-14.
32. Forsman, E.D., E.C. Meslow, and H.M. Wight, 1984. Distribution and Biology of the Spotted Owl in Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 87:3-64.
33. Fox, M. and S. Bolton, 2007. A Regional and Geomorphic Reference for Quantities and Volumes of Instream Wood in Unmanaged Forested Basins of Washington State. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 27:342-359.
34. Gregory, S.V., K. Boyer, and A. Gurnell (Editors), 2003. The Ecology and Management of Wood in the World Rivers. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
35. Hagar, J., 2009. Young Stand Thinning and Diversity Study: Response of Songbird Community One Decade Post-Treatment. Open File Report 2009-1253. United States Geological Survey, Renton, Virginia.
36. Halpern, C.B. and T.A. Spies, 1995. Plant Species Diversity in Natural and Managed Forests of the Pacific Northwest. Ecological Applications 5:913-934.
37. Hamer, T.E. and S.K. Nelson, 1995. Characteristics of Marbled Murrelet Nest Trees and Nesting Stands. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-152, pp. 69-82.
38. Hann, D.W., A.S. Hester, and C.L. Olsen, 2009. ORGANON User's Manual: Edition 8.4. Department of Forest Resources, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
39. Harmon, M.E. and J.F. Franklin, 1989. Tree Seedlings on Logs in Picea-Tsuga Forests of Oregon and Washington. Ecology 70:48-59.
40. Harmon, M.E., J.F. Franklin, F.J. Swanson, P. Sollins, S.V. Gregory, J.D. Lattin, N.H. Anderson, S.P. Cline, N.G. Aumen, J.R. Sedell, G.W. Lienkaemper, K. Cromack m, Jr., and K.W. Cummins, 1986. Ecology of Coarse Woody Debris in Temperate Ecosystems. Advances in Ecological Research 15:133-302.
41. Huff, M., M.G. Raphael, S.L. Miller, S.K. Nelson, and J. Baldwin. 2006. Status and Trends of Populations and Nesting Habitat for the Marbled Murrelet. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-650, pp. 1-149.
42. Kluber, M.R., D.H. Olson, and K.J. Puettmann, 2009. Downed Wood Microclimates and Their Potential Impact on Plethodontid Salamander Habitat in the Oregon Coast Range. Northwest Science 83:25-34.
43. Long, C.J. and C. Whitlock, 2002. Fire and Vegetation History from the Coastal Rain Forest of the Western Oregon Coast Range. Quaternary Research 58:215-225.
44. Mannan, R.W., C.E. Meslow, and H.M. Wight, 1980. Use of Snags by Birds in Douglas-Fir Forests, Western Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 44:787-797.
45. Marcot, B.G., J.L. Ohmann, K.L. Mellen-McLean, and K.L. Waddell, 2010. Synthesis of Regional Wildlife and Vegetation Field Studies of Guide Management of Standing and Down Trees. Forest Science 56:391-404.
46. Meyer, C.B. and S.L. Miller, 2002. Use of Fragmented Landscapes by Marbled Murrelets for Nesting in Southern Oregon. Conservation Biology 16:755-766.
47. Meyer, C.B., S.L. Miller, and C.J. Ralph, 2002. Multi-Scale Landscape and Seascape Patterns Associated with Marbled Murrelet Nesting Areas on the U.S. West Coast. Landscape Ecology 17:95-115.
48. Michel, A.K. and S. Winter, 2009. Tree Microhabitat Structure as Indicators of Biodiversity in Douglas-Fir Forests of Different Stand Ages and Management Histories in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 257:1453-1464.
49. Mitchell, S.J. and J. Rodney, 2001. Windthrow Assessment and Management in British Columbia. Proceedings of the Windthrow Researchers Workshop held January 31-February 1, 2001 in Richmond, British Columbia, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia.
50. Montgomery, D.R., T.B. Abbe, J.M. Buffington, N.P. Peterson, K.M. Schmidt, and J.D. Stock, 1996. Distribution of Bedrock and Alluvial Channels in Forested Mountain Drainage Basins. Nature 381:587-589.
51. Moore, R.D., D.L. Spittlehouse, and A. Story, 2005. Riparian Microclimate and Stream Temperature Response to Forest Harvesting: A Review. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 41:813-834.
52. Muir, P.S., T.R. Rambo, R.W. Kimmerer, and D.B. Keon, 2006. Influence of Overstory Removal on Growth of Epiphytic Mosses and Lichens in Western Oregon. Ecological Applications 16:1207-1221.
53. Munger, T.T., 1940. The Cycle from Douglas-Fir to Hemlock. Ecology 21:451-459.
54. Munger, T.T., 1946. Watching a Douglas-Fir Forest for Thirty Five Years. Journal of Forestry 44:705-708.
55. Naiman, R.J., H. Decamps, and M. Pollock, 1993. The Role of Riparian Corridors in Maintaining Regional Biodiversity. Ecological Applications 3:209-212.
56. Naslund, N.L., K.L. Kuletz, M.B. Cody, and D.K. Marks, 1995. Tree and Habitat Characteristics and Reproductive Success at Marbled Murrelet Tree Nests in Alaska. Northwestern Naturalist 76:12-25.
57. Nehlsen, W., J.E. Williams, and J.A. Lichatowich, 1991. Pacific Salmon at the Crossroads: Stocks at Risk from California, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. Fisheries 16:4-21.
58. Norden, B., M. Ryberg, and F. Gotmark, 2004. Relative Importance of Coarse and Fine Woody Debris for the Diversity of Wood-Inhabitating Fungi in Temperate Broadleaf Forests. Biological Conservation 117:1-10.
59. North, M.P., J.F. Franklin, A.B. Carey, E.D. Forsman, and T. Hamer, 1999. Forest Stand Structure of the Northern Spotted Owl's Foraging Habitat. Forest Science 45:520-527.
60. Ormsbee, P.C. and W.C. McComb, 1998. Selection of Day Roosts by Female Long-Legged Myotis in the Central Oregon Cascade Range. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:596-603.
61. Pabst, R.J., M.N. Goslin, S.L. Garman, and T.A. Spies, 2008. Calibrating and Testing a Gap Model for Simulating Forest Management in the Oregon Coast Range. Forest Ecology and Management 256:958-972.
62. Pollock, M.M., T.J. Beechie, and H. Imaki, 2012. Using Reference Conditions in Ecosystem Restoration; An Example for Riparian Conifer Forests in the Pacific Northwest. Ecosphere 3:1-23.
63. Pollock, M.M., R.J. Naiman, and T.A. Hanley, 1998. Predicting Plant Species Richness in Forested and Emergent Wetlands - A Test of Biodiversity Theory. Ecology 79:94-105.
64. Puettmann, K.J., K.D. Coates, and C. Messier, 2009. A Critique of Silviculture: Managing for Complexity. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
65. Raphael, M.G., D. Evans-Mack, and B.A. Cooper, 2002. Landscape Relationships between Abundance of Marbled Murrelets and Distribution of Nesting Habitat. Condor 104:331-342.
66. Ripple, W.J., S.K. Nelson, and E.M. Glenn, 2003. Forest Landscape Patterns Around Marbled Murrelet Nest Sites in the Oregon Coast Range. Northwestern Naturalist 84:80-89.
67. Rodway, M.S. and H.M. Regehr, 2000. Measuring Marbled Murrelet Activity in Valley Bottom Habitat, Bias Due to Station Placement. Journal of Field Ornithology 71(3):415-422.
68. Ruel, J.-C., D. Pin, and K. Cooper, 2001. Windthrow in Riparian Buffer Strips: Effect of Wind Exposure, Thinning and Strip Width. Forest Ecology and Management 143:105-113.
69. Ruggiero, L.F., E. Pearson, and S.E. Henry, 1998. Characteristics of American Marten Den Sites in Wyoming. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:663-673.
70. Sala, O.E., 2000. Biodiversity: Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100. Science 287:1770-1774.
71. Soulliere, G.J., 1988. Density of Suitable Wood Duck Nest Cavities in a Northern Hardwood Forest. The Journal of Wildlife Management 52:86-89.
72. Spies, T.A., 1989. Gap Characteristics and Vegetation Response in Coniferous Forests of the Pacific Northwest. Ecology 70:543-545.
73. Stromberg, J., M. Briggs, C. Gourley, M. Scott, and P. Shafroth, 2004. Human Alterations of Riparian Ecosystems. In: Riparian Areas of the Southwestern United States: Hydrology, Ecology and Management, M.B. Baker, Jr., P.F. Ffolliott, L.F. DeBano, and D.G. Neary (Editors). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 101-126.
74. Swenson, J.E., 1981. Osprey Nest Site Characteristics in Yellowstone National Park. Journal of Field Ornithology 52:67-69.
75. USDA and USDI, 1994. Record of Decision for Amendments to Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management Planning Documents within the Range of the Northern Spotted Owl. Standards and Guidelines of Habitat for Late-Successional and Old-Growth Forest Related Species within the Range of the Northern Spotted Owl. USGPO 1994 - 589-111/00001 Region No. 10. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
76. USFS (United States Forest Service), 2010a. Bear Springs Plantation Thinning Environmental Assessment. United States Forest Service, Mt. Hood National Forest, Sandy, Oregon.
77. USFS (United States Forest Service), 2010b. East Alsea Landscape Management Project Biological Assessment. United States Forest Service, Siuslaw National Forest, Central Coast Range District, Corvallis, Oregon.
78. USFS (United States Forest Service), 2010c. Forest Vegetation Simulator. Forest Management Service Center, Fort Collins, Colorado. http://www.fs.fed.us/fmsc/fvs/, accessed April, 2014.
79. USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), 2004. Evaluation Report for the 5-Year Status Review of the Marbled Murrelet in Washington, Oregon and California. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon.
80. USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), 2010. Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon.
81. Van Pelt, R. and J.F. Franklin, 1999. Response of Understory Trees to Experimental Gaps in Old-Growth Douglas-Fir Forests. Ecological Applications 9:504-512.
82. Walter, R.C. and D.J. Merritts, 2008. Natural Streams and the Legacy of Water-Powered Mills. Science 319:299-304.
83. Weller, T.J. and C.J. Zabel, 2001. Characteristics of Fringed Myotis Day Roosts in Northern California. Journal of Wildlife Management 65:489-497.
84. WFPB (Washington Forest Practices), 1995. Rules-WAC 222, Board Manual (Including Standard Methodology for Conducting Watershed Analysis) & Forest Practices Act RCW 76.09. Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington.
85. Wilhere, G.F., 2001. Simulation of Snag Dynamics in an Industrial Douglas-Fir Forest. Forest Ecology and Management 174:521-539.
86. Zielinski, W.J., R.L. Truex, G.A. Schmidt, F.V. Schlexer, K.N. Schmidt, and R.H. Barrett, 2004. Habitat Selection by Fishers in California. Journal of Wildlife Management 68:472-492.