Can valproic acid be an inducer of clozapine metabolism?

Pharmacopsychiatry

Volumn 47, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 89-96

  Diaz, F J ^a   Eap, C B ^b,c   Ansermot, N ^b   Crettol, S ^b   Spina, E ^d   De Leon, J ^e,f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Hopital de Cery   (Switzerland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MESSINA   (Italy)

^e EASTERN STATE HOSPITAL   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA   (Spain)

Author keywords

clozapine; drug interactions; enzyme induction; metabolism; pharmacokinetics; random effects linear model; smoking; therapeutic drug monitoring; tobacco; valproic acid

Indexed keywords

CLOZAPINE; NORCLOZAPINE; VALPROIC ACID; TRANQUILIZER;

ARTICLE; COMPETITIVE INHIBITION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG MONITORING; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; SEX DIFFERENCE; SMOKING; STEADY STATE; SWITZERLAND; ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; BLOOD; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MENTAL DISORDERS; STATISTICAL MODEL;

ANTIMANIC AGENTS; CHROMATOGRAPHY, HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID; CLOZAPINE; DRUG MONITORING; FEMALE; HUMANS; LINEAR MODELS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; SEX FACTORS; SMOKING; VALPROIC ACID;

EID: 84901341793     PISSN: 01763679     EISSN: 14390795     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1371866     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Fischer V., Vogels B., Maurer G. et al. The antipsychotic clozapine is metabolized by the polymorphic human microsomal and recombinant cytochrome P450 2D6. J Pharmacol Exp Ther: 1992; 260 1355 1360
2. Spina E., de Leon J. Metabolic drug interactions with newer antipsychotics: a comparative review. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol: 2007; 100 4 22 (Pubitemid 46051438)
3. Fang J., Coutts R. T., McKenna K. F. et al. Elucidation of individual cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of clozapine. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol: 1998; 358 592 599 (Pubitemid 28518324)
4. de Leon J. Glucuronidation enzymes, genes and psychiatry. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol: 2003; 6 57 72 (Pubitemid 36373101)
5. Jaquenoud Sirot E., Knezevic B., Morena G. P. et al. ABCB1 and cytochrome P450 polymorphisms: clinical pharmacogenetics of clozapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol: 2009; 29 319 326
6. Spina E., Santoro V., D'Arrigo C. Clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug interactions with second-generation antidepressants: an update. Clin Ther: 2008; 30 1206 1227
7. Wetzel H., Anghelescu I., Szegedi A. et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions of clozapine with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: differential effects of fluvoxamine and paroxetine in a prospective study. J Clin Psychopharmacol: 1998; 18 2 9 (Pubitemid 28045628)
8. de Leon J., Armstrong S. C., Cozza K. L. The dosing of atypical antipsychotics. Psychosomatics: 2005; 46 262 273 (Pubitemid 40594318)
9. Facciola G. A., Avenoso E., Spina E. et al. Inducing effect of phenobarbital on clozapine metabolism in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Ther Drug Monit: 1998; 20 628 630 (Pubitemid 28544291)
10. de Leon J., Santoro V., D'Arrigo C. et al. Interactions between antiepileptics and second-generation antipsychotics. Exp Opin Drug Met Toxicol: 2012; 8 2 24
11. Chen Y., Goldstein J. A. The transcriptional regulation of the human CYP2C genes. Curr Drug Metab: 2009; 10 567 578
12. de Leon J., Chambers A., Hyatt M. et al. A practitioner's guide for prescribing carbamazepine for adults with intellectual disabilities. In de Leon J., de Leon J., Chambers A., Hyatt M., Shertz E., Aug R., Sinclair K. et al. ed. A Practitioner's guide for prescribing anticonvulsants and mood stabilizers for adults with intellectual disabilities. New York, NY Springer Verlag: 2012; 19 54
13. de Leon J., Spina E., Diaz F. J. Pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies must consider pharmacological heterogeneity, use of repeated dosing and translation into a message understandable to practicing clinicians (editorial). J Clin Psychopharmacol: 2009; 29 201 205
14. Hiemke C., Baumann P., Bergemann N. et al. AGNP consensus guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring in psychiatry: update 2011. Pharmacopsychiatry: 2011; 44 195 235
15. de Leon J., Diaz F. J. Serious respiratory infections can increase clozapine levels and contribute to side effects: a case report. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry: 2003; 27 1059 1063 (Pubitemid 37141394)
16. Diaz F. J., Santoro V., Spina E. et al. Estimating the size of the effects of co-medications on plasma clozapine concentrations using a model that controls for clozapine doses and confounding variables. Pharmacopsychiatry: 2008; 41 81 91 (Pubitemid 351796981)
17. Doude van Troostwijk L. J., Koopmans R. P., Vermeulen H. D. et al. CYP1A2 activity is an important determinant of clozapine dosage in schizophrenic patients. Eur J Pharm Sci: 2003; 20 451 457 (Pubitemid 37491438)
18. Raedler T. J., Hinkelmann K., Wiedemann K. Variability of the in vivo metabolism of clozapine. Clin Neuropharmacol: 2008; 31 347 352
19. Dailly E., Urien S., Chanut E. et al. Evidence from a population pharmacokinetics analysis for a major effect of CYP1A2 activity on inter- and intraindividual variations of clozapine clearance. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry: 2002; 26 699 703 (Pubitemid 34615975)
20. Olesen O. V., Linnet K. Contributions of five human cytochrome P450 isoforms to the N-demethylation of clozapine in vitro at low and high concentrations. J Clin Pharmacol: 2001; 41 823 832 (Pubitemid 32692092)
21. Ozdemir V., Kalow W., Posner P. et al. CYP1A2 activity as measured by a caffeine test predicts clozapine and active metabolite norclozapine steady-state concentration in patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol: 2002; 21 398 407 (Pubitemid 32673029)
22. de Leon J., Chambers A., Hyatt M. et al. A practitioner's guide for prescribing valproate for adults with intellectual disabilities. In de Leon J., de Leon J., Chambers A., Hyatt M., Shertz E., Aug R., Sinclair K. et al. ed. A Practitioner's guide for prescribing anticonvulsants and mood stabilizers for adults with intellectual disabilities. New York, NY Springer Verlag: 2012; 419 460
23. Centorrino F., Baldessarini R. J., Kando J. et al. Serum concentrations of clozapine and its major metabolites: effects of cotreatment with fluoxetine or valproate. Am J Psychiatry: 1994; 151 123 125 (Pubitemid 24020124)
24. Finley P., Warner D. Potential impact of valproic acid therapy on clozapine disposition. Biol Psychiatry: 1994; 36 487 488 (Pubitemid 24308563)
25. Longo L. P., Salzman C. Valproic acid effects on serum concentrations of clozapine and norclozapine. Am J Psychiatry: 1995; 152 650
26. Conca A., Beraus W., Konig P. et al. A case of pharmacokinetic interference in comedication of clozapine and valproic acid. Pharmacopsychiatry: 2000; 33 234 235
27. Ulrich S., Baumann B., Wolf R. et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of clozapine and relapse - a retrospective study of routine clinical data. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther: 2003; 41 3 13 (Pubitemid 36097874)
28. Wong J. O., Leung S. P., Mak T. et al. Plasma clozapine levels and clinical response in treatment - refractory Chinese schizophrenic patients. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry: 2006; 30 251 264 (Pubitemid 43292303)
29. Riesselman A., Strobl B., Cooley A. T. et al. A case report that suggested that aspirin effects on valproic acid metabolism may contribute to valproic acid's inducer effects on clozapine metabolism. J Clin Psychopharmacol: 2013; 33 812 814
30. Anderson G. D. A mechanistic approach to antiepileptic drug interactions. Ann Pharmacother: 1998; 32 554 563 (Pubitemid 28232761)
31. DeVane C. L. Pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and tolerability of valproate. Psychopharmacol Bull: 2003; 37 02 25 42
32. Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc Invega™ Extended-release tablets highlights. Available at http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid= 7b8e5b26-b9e4-4704-921b-3c3c0d159916 - accessed January 11,: 2014
33. McLaughlin D. B., Andrews J. A., Hooper W. D. et al. Apparent autoinduction of valproate beta-oxidation in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol: 2000; 49 409 415 (Pubitemid 30229443)
34. Cerveny L., Svecova L., Anzenbacherova E. et al. Valproic acid induces CYP3A4 and MDR1 gene expression by activation of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor pathways. Drug Metab Dispos: 2007; 35 1032 1041 (Pubitemid 46956421)
35. Citrome L., Josiassen R., Bark N. et al. Pharmacokinetics of aripiprazole and concomitant lithium and valproate. J Clin Pharmacol: 2005; 45 89 93
36. Bergemann N., Kress K. R., Abu-Tair F. et al. Valproate lowers plasma concentration of olanzapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol: 2006; 26 432 434 (Pubitemid 44187650)
37. Haslemo T., Olsen K., Lunde H. et al. Valproic acid significantly lowers serum concentrations of olanzapine - an interaction effect comparable with smoking. Ther Drug Monit: 2012; 34 512 517
38. Spina E., D'Arrigo C., Santoro V. et al. Effect of valproate on olanzapine plasma concentrations in patients with bipolar or schizoaffective disorder. Ther Drug Monit: 2009; 31 758 763
39. Vucićević K., Miljković B., Pokrajac M. et al. The influence of drug-drug interaction and patients' characteristics on valproic acid's clearance in adults with epilepsy using nonlinear mixed effects modeling. Eur J Pharm Sci: 2009; 38 512 518
40. de Leon J. False negative studies may systematically contaminate the literature on the effects of inducers in neuropsychopharmacology. Part I: Focus on epilepsy. J Clin Psychopharmacol: 2014; 34 177 183
41. de Leon J. False negative studies may systematically contaminate the literature on the effects of inducers in neuropsychopharmacology. Part II: Focus on bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol: 2014; 34 177 183
42. de Leon J., Diaz F. J., Spina E. Pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions between olanzapine and valproate need to be better studied. J Clin Psychiatry: 2010; 71 957 958
43. Choong E., Rudaz S., Kottelat A. et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of seven psychotropic drugs and four metabolites in human plasma by HPLC-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal: 2009; 50 1000 1008
44. st ed. Hudson, OH Lexi-Comp Inc: 2012
45. Diaz F. J., Rivera T. E., Josiassen R. C. et al. Individualizing drug dosage by using a random intercept linear model. Stat Med: 2007; 26 2052 2073 (Pubitemid 46534092)
46. Diaz F. J., Cogollo M. R., Spina E. et al. Drug dosage individualization based on a random-effects linear model. J Biopharm Stat: 2012; 22 463 484
47. Diaz F. J., Yeh H. G., de Leon J. Role of statistical random-effects linear models in personalized medicine. Curr Pharmacogenomics Person Med: 2012; 10 22 32
48. Gough K., Hutchison M., Keene O. et al. Assessment of dose proportionality: Report from the statisticians in the Pharmaceutical industry/Pharmacokinetics UK Joint Working Party. Drug Information J: 1995; 29 1039 1048
49. Dobrinas M., Cornuz J., Oneda B. et al. Impact of smoking, smoking cessation, and genetic polymorphisms on CYP1A2 activity and inducibility. Clin Pharmacol Ther: 2011; 90 117 125
50. Gabbay V., O'Dowd M. A., Mamamtavrishvili M. et al. Clozapine and oral contraceptives: a possible drug interaction. J Clin Psychopharmacol: 2002; 22 621 622 (Pubitemid 35416789)
51. Gibbons R. D., Hedeker D., DuToit S. Advances in analysis of longitudinal data. Annu Rev Clin Psychol: 2010; 6 79 107
52. Chang W. H., Lin S. K., Lane H. Y. et al. Reversible metabolism of clozapine and clozapine N-oxide in schizophrenic patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry: 1998; 22 723 739
53. Sachse C., Ruschen S., Dettling M. et al. Flavin monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) polymorphism in a white population: allele frequencies, mutation linkage, and functional effects on clozapine and caffeine metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther: 1999; 66 431 438 (Pubitemid 29494137)
54. Rahimi R., Abdollahi M. An update on the ability of St. John's wort to affect the metabolism of other drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol: 2012; 8 691 708
55. Botts S., Diaz F. J., Santoro V. et al. Estimating the effects of co-medications on plasma olanzapine concentrations by using a mixed model. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry: 2008; 32 1453 1458