Interactions between antiepileptics and second-generation antipsychotics

Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism and Toxicology

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 311-334

  De Leon, Jose ^a,c   Santoro, Vincenza ^b   D'Arrigo, Concetta ^b   Spina, Edoardo ^b  

^a Eastern State Hospital   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MESSINA   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Amisulpride; Anticonvulsants; Antipsychotics; Aripiprazole; Asenapine; Bipolar disorder; Carbamazepine; Clozapine; Drug interactions; Eslicarbazepine; Ethosuximide; Felbamate; Gabapentin; Iloperidone; Lacosamide; Lamotrigine; Levetiracetam; Lurasidone; Olanzapine; Oxcarbazepine; Paliperidone; Pharmacokinetics; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin; Pregabalin; Primidone; Quetiapine; Retigabine; Risperidone; Rufinamide; Stiripentol; Tiagabine; Topiramate; Valproate; Vigabatrin; Ziprasidone; Zonisamide

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ARIPIPRAZOLE; ASENAPINE; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; CARBAMAZEPINE; CLOZAPINE; CYTOCHROME P450; EPOXIDE HYDROLASE; GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE; ILOPERIDONE; LAMOTRIGINE; LURASIDONE; OLANZAPINE; OXCARBAZEPINE; PALIPERIDONE; PHENYTOIN; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; TOPIRAMATE; VALPROIC ACID; ZIPRASIDONE;

AGGRESSION; AGRANULOCYTOSIS; ANTICHOLINERGIC SYNDROME; ANXIETY DISORDER; APLASTIC ANEMIA; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; BALANCE DISORDER; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BLURRED VISION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; CONSTIPATION; DEPRESSION; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG GLUCURONIDATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TRANSFORMATION; EPILEPSY; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOM; HEAT STROKE; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; INTESTINE ABSORPTION; LIVER FAILURE; LOW DRUG DOSE; MAXIMUM PLASMA CONCENTRATION; MEMORY DISORDER; MENTAL DISEASE; MIGRAINE; NAUSEA; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NEUTROPENIA; OSTEOPOROSIS; PAIN; PANCREATITIS; PHARMACODYNAMICS; PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA; PSYCHOSIS; QT PROLONGATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEDATION; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SMOKING; STEADY STATE; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; TACHYCARDIA; THYROID DISEASE; TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS; TOXIC HEPATITIS; URINE RETENTION; WEIGHT GAIN; XEROSTOMIA;

ANIMALS; ANTICONVULSANTS; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; DRUG INTERACTIONS; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 84857265929     PISSN: 17425255     EISSN: 17447607     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.660918     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Mula M, Monaco F. Antiepileptic-antipsychotic drug interactions: a critical review of the evidence. Clin Neuropharmacol 2002;25:280-9 (Pubitemid 35239489)
2. Besag FMC, Berry D. Interactions between antiepileptic and antipsychotic drugs. Drug Saf 2006;29:95-118 (Pubitemid 43213885)
3. Johannessen Landmark C. Antiepileptic drugs in non-epilepsy disorders: relations between mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy. CNS Drugs 2008;22:27-47 (Pubitemid 350243365)
4. Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, et al. The SANAD study of effectiveness of valproate, lamotrigine, or topiramate for generalised and unclassifiable epilepsy: an unblinded randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007;369:1016-26 (Pubitemid 46436125)
5. Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, et al. The SANAD study of effectiveness of carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, or topiramate for treatment of partial epilepsy: an unblended randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007;369:1000-15 (Pubitemid 46436124)
6. Maher AR, Maglione M, Bagley S, et al. Efficacy and comparative effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic medications for off-label uses in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2011;306:1359-69
7. Sandson NB, Marcucci C, Bourke DL, et al. An interaction between aspirin and valproate: the relevance of plasma protein displacement drug-drug interactions. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:1891-6 (Pubitemid 44807780)
8. Johannesen Landmark C, Patsalos PN. Drug interactions involving the new second- and third-generation antiepileptic drugs. Expert Rev Neurother 2010;10:119-40
9. Spina E. Drug interactions. In: Shorvon S, Perucca E, Engel J, editors. Treatment of Epilepsy. 3rd edition. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd; Oxford: 2009. p. 361-77
10. Patsalos PN, Zakrzewska JM, Elyas AA. Dose dependent enzyme induction by oxcarbazepine? Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1990;39:187-8 (Pubitemid 20249996)
11. Nallani SC, Glauser TA, Hariparsad N, et al. Dose-dependent induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and activation of pregnane X receptor by topiramate. Epilepsia 2003;44:1521-8 (Pubitemid 38020186)
12. Spina E, de Leon J. Metabolic drug interactions with newer antipsychotics: a comparative review. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007;100:4-22 (Pubitemid 46051438)
13. Rogawski MA, Loscher W. The neurobiology of antiepileptic drugs. Nat Rev Neurosci 2004;5:553-64 (Pubitemid 38868551)
14. Brodie MJ. Antiepileptic drug therapy: the story so far. Seizure 2010;19:650-5
15. Fountoulakis KN, Vieta E. Treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review of available data and clinical perspectives. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2008;11:999-1029
16. Harwood AJ, Agam G. Search for a common mechanism of mood stabilizers. Biochem Pharmacol 2003;66:179-89 (Pubitemid 36776392)
17. Mula M, Pini S, Cassano GB. The role of anticonvulsant drugs in anxiety disorders: a critical review of the evidence. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007;27:263-72 (Pubitemid 46763308)
18. Gadde KM, Franciscy DM, Wagner HR II, et al. Zonisamide for weight loss in obese adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;289:1820-5 (Pubitemid 37430252)
19. Kramer CK, Leitao CB, Pinto LC, et al. Efficacy and safety of topiramate on weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev 2011;12:e338-47
20. Kennedy GM, Lhatoo SD. CNS adverse events associated with antiepileptic drugs. CNS Drugs 2008;22:739-60
21. Zaccara G, Gangemi PF, Cincotta M. Central nervous system adverse effects of new antiepileptic drugs. A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies. Seizure 2008;17:405-21
22. Stephen LJ, Brodie MJ. Pharmacotherapy of epilepsy: newly approved and developmental agents. CNS Drugs 2011;25:89-107
23. Mattson RH. Cognitive, affective, and behavioral side events in adults secondary to antiepileptic drug use. Rev Neurol Dis 2004;1(Suppl 1):S10-17
24. Mula M, Trimble MR. Antiepileptic drug-induced cognitive adverse effects: potential mechanisms and contributing factors. CNS Drugs 2009;23:121-37
25. Sirven JI, Fife TD, Wingerchuk DM, et al. Second-generation antiepileptic drugs impact on balance: a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 2007;82:40-7 (Pubitemid 46036320)
26. Beydoun A, DSouza J, Hebert D, Doty P. Lacosamide: pharmacology, mechanisms of action and pooled efficacy and safety data in partial-onset seizures. Expert Rev Neurother 2009;9:33-42
27. Mula M, Sander JW. Negative effects of antiepileptic drugs on mood in patients with epilepsy. Drug Saf 2007;30:555-67 (Pubitemid 47037315)
28. Brandt C, Fueratsch N, Boehme V, et al. Development of psychosis in patients with epilepsy treated with lamotrigine: report of six cases and review of the literature. Epilepsy Behav 2007;11:133-9 (Pubitemid 47087192)
29. Brodtkorb E, Mula M. Optimizing therapy of seizures in adult patients with psychiatric comorbidity. Neurology 2006;67(Suppl 4):S39-44 (Pubitemid 44967996)
30. White JR, Walczak TS, Marino SE, et al. Zonisamide discontinuation due to psychiatric and cognitive adverse events: a case-control study. Neurology 2010;75:513-18
31. Dinkelacker V, Dietl T, Widman G, et al. Aggressive behavior of epilepsy patients in the course of levetiracetam add-on therapy: report of 33 mild to severe cases. Epilepsy Behav 2003;4:537-47 (Pubitemid 37407612)
32. Boussemart T, Flurin V, Labay-Bruneau F, et al. Heat stroke and topiramate. Arch Pediatr 2008;15:416-18
33. Shimizu T, Yamashita Y, Satoi M, et al. Heat stroke-like episode in a child caused by zonisamide. Brain Dev 1997;19:366-8 (Pubitemid 27334159)
34. Nolla-Salas J, Gracia MP, Martin JC, et al. Heatstroke during topiramate treatment. Med Clin (Barc) 2007;128:677-8
35. Gerstner T, Busing D, Bell N, et al. Valproic acid-induced pancreatitis: 16 new cases and a review of the literature. J Gastroenterol 2007;42:39-48 (Pubitemid 46357246)
36. Buzan RD, Firestone D, Thomas M, et al. Valproate-associated pancreatitis and cholecystitis in six mentally retarded adults. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56:529-32
37. Yatham LN, Goldstein JM, Vieta E, et al. Atypical antipsychotics in bipolar depression: potential mechanisms of action. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66(Suppl 5):40-8 (Pubitemid 40934073)
38. Nelson JC, Papakostas GI. Atypical antipsychotic augmentation in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. Am J Psychiatry 2009;166:980-91
39. Blier P, Szabo ST. Potential mechanisms of action of atypical antipsychotic medications in treatment-resistant depression and anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66:30-40 (Pubitemid 43004173)
40. Prieto E, Mico JA, Meana JJ, et al. Neurobiological bases of quetiapine antidepressant effect in the bipolar disorder. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 2010;38:22-32
41. Stahl SM, Shayegan DK. The psychopharmacology of ziprasidone: receptor-binding properties and real-world psychiatric practice. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64(Suppl 19):6-12
42. Sachs GS, Ice KS, Chappell PB, et al. Efficacy and safety of adjunctive oral ziprasidone for acute treatment of depression in patients with bipolar I disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2011;72:1413-22
43. Buchanan RW, Kreyenbuhl J, Kelly DL, et al. The 2009 schizophrenia PORT psychopharmacological treatment recommendations and summary statements. Schizophr Bull 2010;36:71-93
44. Gonzalez JM, Thompson PM, Moore TA. Review of the safety, efficacy, and side effect profile of asenapine in the treatment of bipolar 1 disorder. Patient Prefer Adherence 2011;5:333-41
45. Weiden PJ, Cutler AJ, Polymeropoulos MH, et al. Safety profile of iloperidone: a pooled analysis of 6-week acute-phase pivotal trials. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;28(Suppl 1):S12-19 (Pubitemid 351397672)
46. Samalin L, Garnier M, Llorca PM. Clinical potential of lurasidone in the management of schizophrenia. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2011;7:239-50
47. Cutler AJ, Kalali AH, Weiden PJ, et al. Four-week, double-blind, placebo- and ziprasidone-controlled trial of iloperidone in patients with acute exacerbations of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;28:S20-8 (Pubitemid 351397673)
48. de Leon J, Sandson NB, Cozza KL. A preliminary attempt to personalize risperidone dosing using drug-drug interactions and genetics: part I. Psychosomatics 2008;49:258-70 (Pubitemid 351668730)
49. Kane JM, Sharif ZA. Atypical antipsychotics: sedation versus efficacy. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69:18-31
50. Weiden PJ, Preskorn SH, Fahnestock PA, et al. Translating the psychopharmacology of antipsychotics to individualized treatment for severe mental illness: a roadmap. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68(Suppl 7):1-48 (Pubitemid 47122210)
51. de Leon J. Paying attention to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms to progress in the area of anticholinergic use in geriatric patients. Curr Drug Metab 2011;12:635-46
52. Thornton AE, Van Snellenberg JX, Sepehry AA, et al. The impact of atypical antipsychotic medications on long-term memory dysfunction in schizophrenia spectrum disorder: a quantitative review. J Psychopharmacol 2006;20:335-46
53. Alper K, Schwartz KA, Kolts RL, et al. Seizure incidence in psychopharmacological clinical trials: an analysis of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) summary basis of approval reports. Biol Psychiatry 2007;62:345-54 (Pubitemid 47444278)
54. Torta R, Monaco F. Atypical antipsychotics and serotoninergic antidepressants in patients with epilepsy: pharmacodynamic considerations. Epilepsia 2002;43(Suppl 2):8-13 (Pubitemid 34229480)
55. Serretti A, Chiesa A. A meta-analysis of sexual dysfunction in psychiatric patients taking antipsychotics. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2011;26:130-40
56. Curran MP, Perry CM. Amisulpride: a review of its use in the management of schizophrenia. Drugs 2001;61:2123-50 (Pubitemid 33135193)
57. Citrome L. Iloperidone, asenapine, and lurasidone: a brief overview of 3 new second-generation antipsychotics. Postgrad Med 2011;123:153-62
58. Citrome L. Lurasidone for schizophrenia: a review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved second-generation antipsychotic. Int J Clin Pract 2011;65:189-210
59. Martin-Latry K, Goumy MP, Latry P, et al. Psychotropic drug use and risk of heat-related hospitalisation. Eur Psychiatry 2007;22:335-8 (Pubitemid 47391219)
60. Citrome L, Macher JP, Salazar DE, et al. Pharmacokinetics of aripiprazole and concomitant carbamazepine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007;27:279-83
61. Nakamura A, Mihara K, Nagai G, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between carbamazepine and aripiprazole in patients with schizophrenia. Ther Drug Monit 2009;31:575-8
62. Castberg I, Spigset O. Effect of comedication on the serum level of aripiprazole: evidence from a routine therapeutic drug monitoring service. Pharmacopsychiatry 2007;40:107-10 (Pubitemid 46910381)
63. Jerling M, Lindstrom L, Bondesson U, Bertilsson L. Fluvoxamine inhibition and carbamazepine induction of the metabolism of clozapine: evidence from a therapeutic drug monitoring service. Ther Drug Monit 1994;16:368-74 (Pubitemid 24222520)
64. Tiihonen J, Bartiainen H, Hakola P. Carbamazepine-induced changes in plasma levels of neuroleptics. Pharmacopsychiatry 1995;28:26-8
65. Lucas RA, Gilfillan DJ, Bergstrom RF. A pharmacokinetic interaction between carbamazepine and olanzapine: observations on possible mechanisms. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1998;54:639-43 (Pubitemid 28531426)
66. Olesen OV, Linnet K. Olanzapine serum concentrations in psychiatric patients given standard doses: the influence of comedication. Ther Drug Monit 1999;21:87-90 (Pubitemid 29077459)
67. Linnet K, Olesen OV. Free and glucuronidated olanzapine serum concentrations in psychiatric patients: influence of carbamazepine comedication. Ther Drug Monit 2002;24:512-17 (Pubitemid 34857905)
68. Skogh E, Reis M, Dahl M, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring data on olanzapine and its N-demethyl metabolite in the naturalistic clinical setting. Ther Drug Monit 2002;24:518-26 (Pubitemid 34857906)
69. Botts S, Diaz FJ, Santoro V, et al. Estimating the effects of co-medications on plasma olanzapine concentrations by using a mixed model. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008;32:1453-8
70. Grimm SW, Richtand NM, Winter HR, et al. Effects of cytochrome P450 3A modulators ketoconazole and carbamazepine on quetiapine pharmacokinetics. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006;61:58-6
71. Hasselstrom J, Linnet K. Quetiapine serum concentrations in psychiatric patients. Ther Drug Monit 2004;26:486-91
72. Castberg I, Skogvoll E, Spigset O. Quetiapine and drug interactions: evidence from a routine therapeutic drug monitoring service. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:1540-5 (Pubitemid 350073402)
73. Santoro V, DArrigo C, Migliardi G, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of quetiapine: effect of coadministration with antiepileptic drugs in patients with psychiatric disorders. Open Clin Chem J 2008;1:17-21
74. Wittman M, Hauser H, Kostlbacher A, et al. Individual clearance and therapeutic drug monitoring of quetiapine in clinical practice. Neuroendocrinol Lett 2010;31:203-7
75. Nicki-Jockschat T, Paulzen M, Schneider F, et al. Drug interaction can lead to undetectable serum concentrations of quetiapine in the presence of carbamazepine. Clin Neuropharmacol 2009;32:5
76. de Leon J, Bork J. Risperidone and cytochrome P450 3A [letter]. J Clin Psychiatry 1997;58:450
77. Spina E, Avenoso A, Facciola G, et al. Plasma concentrations of risperidone and 9-hydroxy-risperidone effect of comedication with carbamazepine or valproate. Ther Drug Monit 2000;22:481-5 (Pubitemid 30622123)
78. Ono S, Mihara K, Suzuki A, et al. Significant pharmacokinetic interaction between risperidone and carbamazepine: its relationship with CYP2D6 genotypes. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2002;162:50-4 (Pubitemid 34639556)
79. Spina E, Scordo MG, Avenoso A, et al. Adverse drug interaction between risperidone and carbamazepine in a patient with chronic schizophrenia and deficient CYP2D6. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21:108-9 (Pubitemid 32096760)
80. Miceli JJ, Anziano RJ, Robarge L, et al. The effect of carbamazepine on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000;49:65S-70S (Pubitemid 30151056)
81. Mula M, Monaco F. Carbamazepine-risperidone interaction in patients with epilepsy. Clin Neuropharmacol 2002;25:97-100
82. Fitzgerald B, Okos A. Elevation of carbamazepine-10:11-epoxide by quetiapine. Pharmacother 2002;22:1500-3
83. Kossen M, Selten JP, Kahn RS. Elevated clozapine plasma level with lamotrigine [letter]. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:1930 (Pubitemid 33054795)
84. Tiihonen J, Hallikainen T, Ryynanen OP, et al. Lamotrigine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54:1241-8 (Pubitemid 37464870)
85. Spina E, DArrigo C, Migliardi G, et al. Effect of adjunctive lamotrigine treatment on the plasma concentrations of clozapine, risperidone and olanzapine in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Ther Drug Monit 2006;28:599-602 (Pubitemid 44564056)
86. Jann MW, Hon YY, Shamsi SA, et al. Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between lamotrigine and olanzapine in healthy volunteers. Pharmacotherapy 2006;26:627-33 (Pubitemid 43673045)
87. Sidhu J, Job S, Bullman J, et al. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of lamotrigine and olanzapine coadministered to healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006;61:420-6
88. Bienentreu SD, Kronmuller KTH. Increase in risperidone plasma level with lamotrigine [letter]. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:811-12 (Pubitemid 40489155)
89. Reimers A, Skogvoll E, Sund JK, et al. Drug interaction between lamotrigine and psychoactive drugs. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005;25:342-8
90. Schieber FC, Boulton DW, Balch AH, et al. A non-randomized study to investigate the effects of the atypical antipsychotic aripiprazole on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine in patients with bipolar I disorder. Human Psychopharmacol Clin Expert 2009;24:145-52
91. Miller DD. Effect of phenytoin on plasma clozapine concentrations in two patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1991;52:23-5
92. Lane HY, Su KP, Chang WH, et al. Elevated plasma clozapine concentrations after phenobarbital discontinuation. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59:131-3
93. Facciola G, Avenoso A, Spina E, Perucca E. Inducing effect of phenobarbital on clozapine metabolism in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Ther Drug Monit 1998;20:628-30 (Pubitemid 28544291)
94. Wong YW, Yeh C, Thyrum PT. The effects of concomitant phenytoin administration on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of quetiapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21:89-93 (Pubitemid 32096756)
95. Muscatello MR, Pacetti M, Cacciola M, et al. Plasma concentrations of risperidone and olanzapine during coadministration with oxcarbazepine. Epilepsia 2005;46:771-4 (Pubitemid 40628676)
96. Migliardi G, DArrigo C, Santoro V, et al. Effect of topiramate on plasma concentrations of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine in patients with psychotic disorders. Clin Neuropharmacol 2007;30:107-13 (Pubitemid 46581204)
97. Cerveny L, Svecova L, Anzenbacherova E, et al. Valproic acid induces CYP3A4 and MDR1 gene expression by activation of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor pathways. Drug Metab Dispos 2007;35:1032-41 (Pubitemid 46956421)
98. Citrome L, Josiassen R, Bark N, et al. Pharmacokinetics of aripiprazole and concomitant lithium and valproate. J Clin Pharmacol 2005;45:89-93
99. Centorrino F, Baldessarini RJ, Kando J, et al. Serum concentrations of clozapine and its metabolites: effects of cotreatment with fluoxetine or valproate. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:123-5 (Pubitemid 24020124)
100. Facciola G, Avenoso A, Scordo MG, et al. Small effects of valproic acid on the plasma concentrations of clozapine and its major metabolites in patients with schizophrenic or affective disorders. Ther Drug Monit 1999;21:341-5 (Pubitemid 29249530)
101. Wong JO, Leung SP, Mak T, et al. Plasma clozapine levels and clinical response in treatment-refractory Chinese schizophrenic patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006;30:251-64 (Pubitemid 43292303)
102. Finley P, Warner D. Potential impact of valproic acid therapy on clozapine disposition. Biol Psychiatry 1994;36:487-8 (Pubitemid 24308563)
103. Diaz FJ, Santoro V, Spina E, et al. Estimating the size of the effects of co-medications on plasma clozapine concentrations using a model that controls for clozapine doses and confounding variables. Pharmacopsychiatry 2008;41:81-91 (Pubitemid 351796981)
104. Gex-Fabry M, Balant-Gorgia AE, Balant LI. Therapeutic drug monitoring of olanzapine: the combined effect of age, gender, smoking, and comedication. Ther Drug Monit 2003;25:46-53 (Pubitemid 36139825)
105. Bergemann N, Kress KR, Abu-Tair F, et al. Valproate lowers plasma concentration of olanzapine [letter]. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;26:432-4 (Pubitemid 44187650)
106. Spina E, DArrigo C, Santoro V, et al. Effect of valproate on olanzapine plasma concentrations in patients with bipolar or schizoaffective disorder. Ther Drug Monit 2009;31:758-63
107. de Leon J, Diaz F, Spina E. Pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions between olanzapine and valproate need to be better studied [letter]. J Clin Psychiatry 2010;71:957-8
108. Aichhorn W, Marksteiner J, Walch T, et al. Influence of age, gender, body weight and valproate co-medication on quetiapine plasma concentrations. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;21:81-5 (Pubitemid 43740314)
109. Winter HR, DeVane CL, Figueroa C, et al. Open-label steady-state pharmacokinetic drug interaction study on co-administered quetiapine fumarate and divalproex sodium in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder. Human Psychopharmacol Clin Expert 2007;22:469-76 (Pubitemid 47611302)
110. Ravindran A, Silverstone P, Lacroix D, et al. Risperidone does not affect steady-state pharmacokinetics of divalproex sodium in patients with bipolar disorder. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004;43:733-40 (Pubitemid 39159004)
111. Gerrits MG, de Greef R, Dogterom P, et al. Valproate reduces the glucuronidation of asenapine without affecting asenapine plasma concentrations. J Clin Pharmacol 2011;published online May 13 2011; doi: 10.1177/00912700114040
112. Albers LJ, Musenga A, Raggi MA. Iloperidone: a new benzisoxazole atypical antipsychotic drug. Is it novel enough to impact the crowded atypical antipsychotic market? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008;17:61-75 (Pubitemid 351578211)
113. Meyer JM, Loebel AD, Schweizer E. Lurasidone: a new drug in development for schizophrenia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009;1:1715-26
114. Ketter TA. Monotherapy versus combined treatment with second-generation antipsychotics in bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69(Suppl 5):9-15
115. Canitano R. Clinical experience with topiramate to counteract neuroleptic induced weight gain in 10 individuals with autistic spectrum disorders. Brain Dev 2005;27:228-32 (Pubitemid 40312035)
116. US Department of Mental Health and Human Services. Statistical review and evaluation: antiepileptic drugs and suicidality, 2005. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/08/briefing/2008-4372b1-01-FDA.pdf [Last accessed 11 January 2012]
117. Bell GS, Mula M, Sander JW. Suicidality in people taking antiepileptic drugs: what is the evidence? CNS Drugs 2009;23:281-92
118. Arana A, Wentworth CE, Ayuso-Mateos JL, et al. Suicide-related events in patients treated with antiepileptic drugs. N Engl J Med 2010;363:542-51
119. Hesdorffer DC, Berg AT, Kanner AM. An update on antiepileptic drugs and suicide: are there definitive answers yet? Epilepsy Curr 2010;10:137-45
120. Harris EC, Barraclough B. Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders. A meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 1997;170:205-28 (Pubitemid 27117683)
121. Meltzer HY, Bonaccorso S, Bobo WV, et al. A 12-month randomized, open-label study of the metabolic effects of olanzapine and risperidone in psychotic patients: influence of valproic acid augmentation. J Clin Psychiatry 2011;72:1602-10
122. Rhaman A, Mican LM, Fischer C, et al. Evaluating the incidence of leukopenia and neutropenia with valproate, quetiapine, or the combination in children and adolescents. Ann Pharmacother 2009;43:822-30.