Kids, cops, and confessions: Inside the interrogation room

Kids, Cops, and Confessions: Inside the Interrogation Room

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-340

  Feld, Barry C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84900915764     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (379)

1. Aaronson, Jay D. 2007. "Brain Imaging Culpability and the Juvenile Death Penalty." Psychology, Public Policy and Law 13:115-42.
2. Abramovitch, Rona, Karen L. Higgins-Biss, and Stephen R. Biss. 1993. "Young Persons' Comprehension of Waivers in Criminal Proceedings." Canadian Journal of Criminology 35:309-22.
3. Abramovitch, Rona, Michele Peterson-Badali, and Meg Rohan. 1995. "Young People's Understanding and Assertion of Their Rights to Silence and Legal Counsel." Canadian Journal of Criminology 37:1-18.
4. Ainsworth, Janet E. 1993. "In a Different Register: The Pragmatics of Powerlessness in Police Interrogation." Yale Law Journal 103:259-322.
5. Allen v. Illinois, 478 U.S. 364 (1986).
6. Alschuler, Albert W. 1987. "Failed Pragmatism: Refl ections on the Burger Court." Harvard Law Review 100:1436-56.
7. Alschuler, Albert W. 1997. "Constraint and Confessions. "Denver University Law Review 74:957-78.
8. American Bar Association. 1980. Juvenile Justice Standards Relating to Pretrial Court Proceedings. Institute of Judicial Administration. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
9. American Bar Association. 1995. A Call for Justice: An Assessment of Access to Counsel and Quality of Representation in Delinquency Proceedings. Washington, DC: American Bar Association.
10. Anglin v. State, 259 So. 2d. 752 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1972).
11. Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279 (1991).
12. Arredondo, David E. 2003. "Child Development, Children's Mental Health and the Juvenile Justice System: Principles of Effective Decision-Making." Stanford Law & Policy Review 14:13-28.
13. Ashcraft v. Tennessee, 322 U.S. 143 (1944).
14. Baird, Abigail A., Staci A. Gruber, Deborah A. Fein, Luis C. Maas, Ronald J. Steingard, Perry F. Renshaw, Bruce M. Cohen, and Deborah A. Yurgelun-Todd. 1999. "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Facial Affect Recognition in Children and Adolescents." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 38:195-99.
15. Baldwin, John. 1993. "Police Interview Techniques: Establishing Truth or Proof ?" British Journal of Criminology 33:325-52.
16. Berghuis v. Thompkins, 130 S. Ct. 2250 (2010).
17. Beyer, Marty. 2000. "Immaturity, Culpability and Competency in Juveniles: A Study of 17 Cases." Criminal Justice 15 (2): 26-37.
18. Billings, F. James, Tanya Taylor, James Burns, Deb L. Corey, Sena Garven, and James M. Wood. 2007. "Can Reinforcement Induce Children to Falsely Incriminate Themselves?" Law and Human Behavior 31:125-39.
19. Birckhead, Tamar R. 2008. "The Age of the Child: Interrogating Juveniles after Roper v. Simmons." Washington and Lee Law Review 65:385-450.
20. Bishop, Donna M. 2005. "The Role of Race and Ethnicity in Juvenile Justice Processing." In Our Children, Their Children: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Differences in American Juvenile Justice, edited by Darnell F. Hawkins and Kimberly Kempf-Leonard, 23-82. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
21. Bishop, Donna M., and Hillary B. Farber. 2007. "Joining the Legal Significance of Adolescent Developmental Capacities with the Legal Rights Provided by In re Gault." Rutgers Law Review 60:125-73.
22. Bishop, Donna M., and Charles Frazier. 1988. "The Infl uence of Race in Juvenile Justice Processing." Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency 25:242-63.
23. Bishop, Donna M., and Charles Frazier. 1992. "Gender Bias in Juvenile Justice Processing: Implications of the JJDP Act." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 82:1162-86.
24. Bishop, Donna M., and Michael J. Leiber. 2012. "Racial and Ethnic Differences in Delinquency and Justice System Responses." The Oxford Handbook of Juvenile Crime and Juvenile Justice, edited by Barry C. Feld and Donna M. Bishop, 445-84. New York: Oxford University Press.
25. Bittner, Egon. 1976. "Policing Juveniles: The Social Context of Common Practice." In Pursuing Justice for the Child, edited by Margaret K. Rosenheim, 69-93. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
26. Black, Donald J., and Albert J. Reiss, Jr. 1970. "Police Control of Juveniles." American Sociological Review 35:63-77.
27. Blumstein, Alfred. 1996. "Youth Violence, Guns, and the Illicit-Drug Industry." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86:10-36.
28. Bonnie, Richard J., and Thomas Grisso. 2000. "Adjudicative Competence and Youthful Offenders." In Youth on Trial: A Developmental Perspective on Juvenile Justice, edited by Thomas Grisso and Robert G. Schwartz, 73-104. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
29. Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963).
30. Bray, Timothy M., Lisa L. Sample, and Kimberly Kempf-Leonard. 2005. "Justice by Geography: Racial Disparity and Juvenile Courts." In Our Children, Their Children: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Differences in American Juvenile Justice, edited by Darnell F. Hawkins and Kimberly Kempf-Leonard, 270-99. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
31. Breed v. Jones, 421 U.S. 519 (1975).
32. Bridges, George, and Sarah Steen. 1998. "Racial Disparities in Official Assessments of Juvenile Offenders: Attributional Stereotypes as Mediating Mechanisms." American Sociological Review 63:554-70.
33. Brooks v. Florida, 389 U.S. 413 (1961).
34. Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590 (1975).
35. Brown v. Mississippi, 297 U.S. 278 (1938).
36. Bull, Ray. 2010. "The Investigative Interviewing of Children and Other Vulnerable Witnesses: Psychological Research and Working/Professional Practice." Legal and Criminological Psychology 15:5-23.
37. Bull, Ray, and Becky Milne. 2004. "Attempts to Improve the Police Interviewing of Suspects." In Interrogations, Confessions, and Entrapment, edited by G. Daniel Lassiter, 181-96. New York: Kluwer Academic.
38. Bull, Ray, and Stavroula Soukara. 2010. "Four Studies of What Really Happens in Police Interviews." In Police Interrogations and False Confessions: Current Research, Practice, and Policy Recommendations, edited by G. Daniel Lassiter and Christian A. Meissner, 81-96. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
39. Burruss, George W., Jr., and Kimberly Kempf-Leonard. 2002. "The Questionable Advantage of Defense Counsel in Juvenile Court." Justice Quarterly 19:37-68.
40. Cassell, Paul G. 1996. "Miranda's Social Costs: An Empirical Reassessment." Northwestern University Law Review 90:387-499.
41. Cassell, Paul G. 1998. "Protecting the Innocent from False Confessions and Lost Confessions-And from Miranda." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 88:497-556.
42. Cassell, Paul G., and Bret S. Hayman. 1996. "Police Interrogation in the 1990s: An Empirical Study of the Effects of Miranda." UCLA Law Review 43:839-932.
43. Chao, Raymond. 2000. "Mirandizing Kids: Not as Simple as A-B-C." Whittier Law Review 21:521-56.
44. Chavez v. Martinez, 538 U.S. 760 (2003).
45. Chesney-Lind, Meda. 1988. "Girls and Status Offenses: Is Juvenile Justice Still Sexist?" Criminal Justice Abstracts 20:144-65.
46. Chesney-Lind, Meda, and Joanne Belknap. 2004. "Trends in Delinquent Girls' Aggression and Violent Behavior: A Review of the Evidence." In Aggression, Antisocial Behavior, and Violence among Girls: A Developmental Perspective, edited by Martha Putallaz and Karen L. Bierman, 203-22. New York: Guilford.
47. Chesney-Lind, Meda, and Lisa Pasko. 2004. The Female Offender: Girls, Women, and Crime. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
48. Cicourel, Aaron V. 1995. The Social Organization of Juvenile Justice. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. First published 1968.
49. Clarke, John P., and Richard E. Sykes. 1974. "Some Determinants of Police Organization and Practice in a Modern Industrial Democracy." In Handbook of Criminology, edited by Daniel Glaser, 455-94. Chicago: Rand-McNally.
50. Clymer, Stephen D. 2002. "Are Police Free to Disregard Miranda?" Yale Law Journal 112:447-552.
51. Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157 (1986).
52. Colorado v. Spring, 479 U.S. 564 (1987).
53. Commonwealth v. A Juvenile, 449 N.E.2d. 654 (Mass. 1983).
54. Cooper, Deborah K. 1997. "Juveniles' Understanding of Trial-Related Information: Are They Competent Defendants?" Behavioral Sciences & the Law 15:167-80.
55. Corbin, Juliet, and Anselm Strauss. 2008. Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
56. Corley v. United States, 129 S. Ct. 1558 (2009).
57. County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44 (1991).
58. Cowden, Vance L., and Geoffrey R. McKee. 1995. "Competency to Stand Trial in Juvenile Delinquency Proceedings: Cognitive Maturity and the Attorney-Client Relationship." University of Louisville Journal of Family Law 33:629-60.
59. Culombe v. Connecticut, 367 U.S. 568 (1961).
60. Dahl, Ronald E. 2001. "Affect Regulation, Brain Development, and Behavioral/Emotional Health in Adolescence." CNS Spectrums 6:60-72.
61. Damaska, Mirjan. 1975. "Structures of Authority and Comparative Criminal Procedure." Yale Law Journal 84:480-544.
62. Davis v. United States, 512 U.S. 452 (1994).
63. "Developments in the Law: Confessions." 1966. Harvard Law Review 79:935-1119.
64. Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428 (2000).
65. Drake, Kim E., Ray Bull, and Julian C. W. Boon. 2008. "Interrogative Suggestibility, Self-Esteem, and the Infl uence of Negative Life-Events." Legal and Criminological Psychology 13:299-307.
66. Dripps, Donald A. 1996. "Police, Plus Perjury, Equals Polygraphy." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86:693-716.
67. Drizin, Steven A., and Beth A. Colgan. 2004. "Tales from the Juvenile Confession Front: A Guide to How Standard Police Interrogation Tactics Can Produce Coerced and False Confessions from Juvenile Suspects." In Interrogations, Confessions, and Entrapment, edited by G. Daniel Lassiter, 127-62. New York: Kluwer Academic.
68. Drizin, Steven A., and Richard A. Leo. 2004. "The Problem of False Confessions in the Post-DNA World." North Carolina Law Review 82:891-1008.
69. Drizin, Steven A., and Greg Luloff. 2007. "Are Juvenile Courts a Breeding Ground for Wrongful Convictions?" Northern Kentucky Law Review 34:257-322.
70. Drizin, Steven A., and Marissa J. Reich. 2004. "Heeding the Lessons of History: The Need for Mandatory Recording of Police Interrogations to Accurately Assess the Reliability and Voluntariness of Confessions." Drake Law Review 52:619-46.
71. Drope v. Missouri, 420 U.S. 162 (1975).
72. Duckworth v. Eagan, 492 U.S. 195 (1988).
73. Dusky v. United States, 362 U.S. 402 (1960).
74. Eagan Police Department. 2006. Police Department Manual. In author's possession.
75. Emerson, Robert M. 1974. "Role Determinants in Juvenile Court." In Handbook of Criminology, edited by Daniel Glaser, 621-50. Chicago: Rand-McNally.
76. Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478 (1964).
77. Evans, Roger. 1993. The Conduct of Police Interviews with Juveniles. Royal Commission on Criminal Justice Report. London: HMSO.
78. Evans, Roger. 1994. "Police Interrogations and the Royal Commission on Criminal Justice." Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy 4:73-81.
79. Farber, Hillary B. 2004. "The Role of the Parent/Guardian in Juvenile Custodial Interrogations: Friend or Foe?" American Criminal Law Review 41:1277-1312.
80. Fare v. Michael C., 442 U.S. 707 (1979).
81. Feeney, Floyd. 2000. "Police Clearances: A Poor Way to Measure the Impact of Miranda on the Police." Rutgers Law Journal 32:1-114.
82. Feld, Barry C. 1984. "Criminalizing Juvenile Justice: Rules of Procedure for the Juvenile Court." Minnesota Law Review 69:141-276.
83. Feld, Barry C. 1988a. "The Juvenile Court Meets the Principle of Offense: Punishment, Treatment, and the Difference It Makes." Boston University Law Review 68:821-915.
84. Feld, Barry C. 1988b. "In re Gault Revisited: A Cross-State Comparison of the Right to Counsel in Juvenile Court." Crime & Delinquency 34:393-424.
85. Feld, Barry C. 1989. "The Right to Counsel in Juvenile Court: An Empirical Study of When Lawyers Appear and the Difference They Make." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 79:1185-1346.
86. Feld, Barry C. 1991. "Justice by Geography: Urban, Suburban, and Rural Variations in Juvenile Justice Administration." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 82:156-210.
87. Feld, Barry C. 1993. Justice for Children: The Right to Counsel and the Juvenile Courts. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
88. Feld, Barry C. 1995. "Violent Youth and Public Police: A Case Study of Juvenile Justice Law Reform." Minnesota Law Review 79:965-1128.
89. Feld, Barry C. 1998. "The Juvenile Court." In The Handbook of Crime and Punishment, edited by Michael Tonry, 509-41. New York: Oxford University Press.
90. Feld, Barry C. 1999. Bad Kids: Race and the Transformation of the Juvenile Court. New York: Oxford University Press.
91. Feld, Barry C. 2000. "Juveniles' Waiver of Legal Rights: Confessions, Miranda, and the Right to Counsel." In Youth on Trial: A Developmental Perspective on Juvenile Justice, edited by Thomas Grisso and Robert G. Schwartz, 105-38. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
92. Feld, Barry C. 2003a. "The Constitutional Tension between Apprendi and McKeiver: Sentence Enhancements Based on Delinquency Convictions and the Quality of Justice in Juvenile Courts." Wake Forest Law Review 38:1111-1224.
93. Feld, Barry C. 2003b. "Race, Politics, and Juvenile Justice: The Warren Court and the Conservative 'Backlash.'" Minnesota Law Review 87:1447-1577.
94. Feld, Barry C. 2006a. "Juveniles' Competence to Exercise Miranda Rights: An Empirical Study of Policy and Practice." Minnesota Law Review 91:26-100.
95. Feld, Barry C. 2006b. "Police Interrogation of Juveniles: An Empirical Study of Policy and Practice." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 97:219-316.
96. Feld, Barry C. 2008. "A Slower Form of Death: Implications of Roper v. Simmons for Juveniles Sentences to Life without Parole." Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics, and Public Policy 22:9-65.
97. Feld, Barry C. 2009. "Violent Girls or Relabeled Status Offenders? An Alternative Interpretation of the Data." Crime & Delinquency 55:241-65.
98. Feld, Barry C., and Donna M. Bishop. 2011. "Juvenile Justice." In The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Criminal Justice, edited by Michael Tonry, 627-59. New York: Oxford University Press.
99. Feld, Barry C., and Donna M. Bishop. 2012. "Transfer of Juveniles to Criminal Court." In The Oxford Handbook of Juvenile Crime and Juvenile Justice, edited by Barry C. Feld and Donna M. Bishop, 801-41. New York: Oxford University Press.
100. Feld, Barry C., and Shelly Schaefer. 2010a. "The Right to Counsel in Juvenile Court: The Conundrum of Attorneys as an Aggravating Factor at Disposition." Justice Quarterly 27:713-41.
101. Feld, Barry C., and Shelly Schaefer. 2010b. "The Right to Counsel in Juvenile Court: Law Reform to Deliver Legal Services and Reduce Justice by Geography." Criminology & Public Policy 9:327-56.
102. Frazier v. Cupp, 394 U.S. 731 (1969).
103. Furby, Lita, and Ruth Beyth-Marom. 1992. "Risk Taking in Adolescence: A Decision-Making Perspective." Developmental Review 12:1-44.
104. Gaarder, Emily, Nancy Rodriguez, and Marjorie S. Zatz. 2004. "Criers, Liars, and Manipulators: Probation Officers' Views of Girls." Justice Quarterly 21:547-78.
105. Gallegos v. Colorado, 370 U.S. 49 (1962).
106. Gardner, William. 1993. "A Life-Span Rational Choice Theory of Risk Taking." In Adolescent Risk Taking, edited by Nancy J. Bell and Robert W. Bell, 66-83. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
107. Garland, David. 2001. The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
108. Garrett, Brandon L. 2008. "Judging Innocence." Columbia Law Review 108:55-142.
109. Garrett, Brandon L. 2010. "The Substance of False Confessions." Stanford Law Review 62:1051-1118.
110. Garrett, Brandon L. 2011. Convicting the Innocent: Where Criminal Prosecutions Go Wrong. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
111. Giedd, Jay. 2002. "Inside the Teenage Brain: Interview with Jay Giedd." Frontline, PBS, March 31. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/teenbrain/interviews/giedd.html.
112. Godsey, Mark A. 2005. "Rethinking the Involuntary Confession Rule: Toward a Workable Test for Identifying Compelled Self-Incrimination." California Law Review 93:465-540.
113. Gohara, Miriam S. 2006. "A Lie for a Lie: False Confessions and the Case for Reconsidering the Legality of Deceptive Interrogation Techniques." Fordham Urban Law Journal 33:791-842.
114. Goldstein, Alan, and Naomi E. Sevin Goldstein. 2010. Evaluating Capacity to Waive Miranda Rights. New York: Oxford University Press.
115. Goldstein, Naomi E. Sevin, Lois Oberlander Condie, Rachel Kalbeitzer, Douglas Osman, and Jessica L. Geier. 2003. "Juvenile Offenders' Miranda Rights Comprehension and Self-Reported Likelihood of Offering False Confessions." Assessment 10:359-69.
116. Graham v. Florida, 130 S. Ct. 2011 (2010).
117. Graham, Fred P. 1970. The Due Process Revolution and the Warren Court's Impact on Criminal Law. New York: Hayden.
118. Grano, Joseph D. 1979. "Voluntariness, Free Will, and the Law of Confessions." Virginia Law Review 65:859-946.
119. Grano, Joseph D. 1986. "Selling the Idea to Tell the Truth: The Professional Interrogator and Modern Confessions Law." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 89:1465-98.
120. Grano, Joseph D. 1993. Confessions, Truth, and the Law. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
121. Grisso, Thomas. 1980. "Juveniles' Capacities to Waive Miranda Rights: An Empirical Analysis." California Law Review 68:1134-66.
122. Grisso, Thomas. 1981. Juveniles' Waivers of Rights: Legal and Psychological Competence. Vol. 3, Perspectives in Law & Psychology. New York: Plenum.
123. Grisso, Thomas. 1983. "Juveniles' Consent in Delinquency Proceedings." In Children's Competence to Consent, edited by Gary B. Melton, Gerald P. Koocher, and Michael J. Saks, 131-48. New York: Plenum.
124. Grisso. Thomas. 1997a. "The Competence of Adolescents as Trial Defendants." Psychology, Public Policy & Law 3:3-32.
125. Grisso, Thomas. 1997b. "Juvenile Competency to Stand Trial: Questions in an Era of Punitive Reform." Criminal Justice 12 (3): 4-11.
126. Grisso, Tomas. 1998. Instruments for Assessing Understanding and Appreciation of Miranda Rights. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press.
127. Grisso, Thomas. 2000. "What We Know about Youths' Capacities as Trial Defendants." In Youth on Trial: A Developmental Perspective on Juvenile Justice, edited by Thomas Grisso and Robert G. Schwartz, 139-72. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
128. Grisso, Thomas. 2002. "Juveniles' Competence to Stand Trial: New Questions for an Era of Punitive Juvenile Justice Reform." In More Than Meets the Eye: R ethinking, Assessment, Competency and Sentencing for a Harsher Era of Juvenile Justice, edited by Patricia Puritz, Alycia Capozello, and Wendy Shang, 23-38. Washington, DC: American Bar Association Juvenile Justice Center.
129. Grisso, Thomas. 2004. Double Jeopardy: Adolescent Offenders with Mental Disorders. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
130. Grisso, Thomas, and Carolyn Pomiciter. 1977. "Interrogation of Juveniles: An Empirical Study of Procedures, Safeguards and Rights Waiver." Law and Human Behavior 1:321-42.
131. Grisso, Thomas, and Melissa Ring. 1979. "Parents' Attitudes toward Juveniles' Right in Interrogation." Criminal Justice and Behavior 6:211-26.
132. Grisso, Thomas, Laurence Steinberg, Jennifer Woolard, Elizabeth Cauffman, Elizabeth Scott, Sandra Graham, Fran Lexcen, N. Dickon Reppucci, and Robert Schwartz. 2003. "Juveniles' Competence to Stand Trial: A Comparison of Adolescents' and Adults' Capacities as Trial Defendants." Law and Human Behavior 27:333-63.
133. Gross, Samuel R., Kristen Jacoby, Daniel J. Matheson, Nicholas Montgomery, and Sujata Patil. 2005. "Exonerations in the United States: 1989 through 2003." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 95:523-60.
134. Gruber, Staci A., and Deborah A. Yurgelun-Todd. 2006. "Neurobiology and the Law: A Role in Juvenile Justice." Ohio State. Journal of Criminal Law 3:321-40.
135. Gudjonsson, Gisli H. 1991. "Suggestibility and Compliance among Alleged False Confessors and Resisters in Criminal Trials." Medicine, Science and the Law 31:147-51.
136. Gudjonsson, Gisli H. 2003. The Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions: A Handbook. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
137. Gudjonsson, Gisli H. 2010. "The Psychology of False Confessions: A Review of the Current Evidence." In Police Interrogations and False Confessions: Current Research, Practice, and Policy Recommendations, edited by G. Daniel Lassiter and Christian A. Meissner, 32-47. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
138. Haley v. Ohio, 332 U.S. 596 (1948).
139. Handler, Joel F., and Julie Zatz, eds. 1982. Neither Angels nor Thieves: Studies in Deinstitutionalization of Status Offenders. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
140. Harris v. New York, 401 U.S. 222 (1971).
141. Hassell, Kimberly D., Jihong "Solomon" Zhao, and Edward R. Maguire. 2003. "Structural Arrangements in Large Municipal Police Organizations: Revisiting Wilson's Theory of Local Political Culture." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 26:231-50.
142. Huang, David T. 2001. "Less Unequal Footing: State Courts' Per Se Rules for Juvenile Waivers during Interrogations and the Case for Their Implementation." Cornell Law Review 86:437-82.
143. Huerter, Regina M., and Bonnie E. Saltzman. 1992. "What Do 'They' Think? The Delinquency Court Process in Colorado as Viewed by the Youth." Denver University Law Review 69:345-58.
144. Illinois v. Gates 462 U.S. 213 (1983).
145. Inbau, Fred E., John E. Reid, Joseph P. Buckley, and Brian C. Jayne. 2004. Criminal Interrogation and Confessions. 4th ed. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. First edition published 1962.
146. In re B.M.B., 955 P.2d. 1302 (Kan. 1998).
147. In re Dino, 359 So. 2d. 586 (La. 1978).
148. In re E.T.C., 449 A.2d. 937 (Vt. 1982).
149. In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967).
150. In re Jerrell C.J., 699 N.W.2d. 110 (Wis. 2005).
151. In re Omar L., 748 N.Y.S.2d. 209 (Fam. Ct. 2002).
152. In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970).
153. J.D.B. v. N. Carolina, 131 S. Ct. 2394 (2011).
154. Johnson, Matthew B., and Ronald C. Hunt. 2000. "The Psycholegal Interface in Juvenile Assessment of Miranda." American Journal of Forensic Psychology 18 (3): 17-35.
155. Jones, J. B. 2004. Access to Counsel. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
156. Kaban, Barbara, and Ann E. Tobey. 1999. "When Police Question Children, Are Protections Adequate?" Journal of the Center for Children and the Courts 1:151-60.
157. Kamisar, Yale. 1995. "On the 'Fruits' of Miranda Violations, Coerced Confessions, and Compelled Testimony." Michigan Law Review 93:929-1010.
158. Kamisar, Yale. 2007. "On the Fortieth Anniversary of the Miranda Case: Why We Needed It, How We Got It-and What Happened to It." Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 5 (1): 163-203.
159. Kassin, Saul M. 1997. "The Psychology of Confession Evidence." American Psychologist 52:221-33.
160. Kassin, Saul M. 2005. "On the Psychology of Confessions: Does Innocence Put Innocents at Risk?" American Psychologist 60:215-28.
161. Kassin, Saul M. 2008. "False Confessions: Causes, Consequences, and Implications for Reform." Current Directions in Psychological Science 17:249-53.
162. Kassin, Saul M., Steven A. Drizin, Thomas Grisso, Gisli H. Gudjonsson, Richard A. Leo, and Allison Redlich. 2009. "Police-Induced Confessions: Risk Factors and Recommendations." Law and Human Behavior 34:49-52.
163. Kassin, Saul M., and Christina T. Fong. 1999. "'I'm Innocent!': Effects of Training on Judgments of Truth and Deception in the Interrogation Room." Law and Human Behavior 23:499-516.
164. Kassin, Saul M., and Gisli H. Gudjonsson. 2004. "The Psychology of Confession Evidence: A Review of the Literature and Issues." Psychological Science in the Public Interest 5:33-67.
165. Kassin, Saul M., and Katherine L. Keichel. 1996. "The Social Psychology of False Confessions: Compliance, Internalization, and Confabulation." Psychological Science 7:125-28.
166. Kassin, Saul M., Richard A. Leo, Christian A. Meissner, Kimberly D. Richman, Lori H. Colwell, Amy-May Leach, and Dana La Fon. 2007. "Police Interviewing and Interrogation: A Self-Report Survey of Police Practices and Beliefs." Law and Human Behavior 31:381-400.
167. Kassin, Saul M., Christian A. Meissner, and Rebecca J. Norwick. 2005. "'I'd Know a False Confession If I Saw One': A Comparative Study of College Students and Police Investigators." Law and Human Behavior 29:211-27.
168. Kassin, Saul M., and Lawrence S. Wrightsman. 1985. "Confession Evidence." In The Psychology of Evidence and Trial Procedure, edited by Saul M. Kassin and Lawrence S. Wrightsman, 67-94. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
169. Kempf-Leonard, Kimberly. 2012. "The Conundrum of Girls and Juvenile Justice Processing." In The Oxford Handbook of Juvenile Crime and Juvenile Justice, edited by Barry C. Feld and Donna M. Bishop, 485-525. New York: Oxford University Press.
170. Kempf-Leonard, Kimberly, and Pernilla Johansson. 2007. "Gender and Runaways: Risk Factors, Delinquency, and Juvenile Justice Experiences." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 5:308-27.
171. Kempf-Leonard, Kimberly, and Lisa L. Sample. 2000. "Disparity Based on Sex: Is Gender-Specific Treatment Warranted?" Justice Quarterly 17:89-128.
172. King, Kenneth J. 2006. "Waiving Childhood Goodbye: How Juvenile Courts Fail to Protect Children from Unknowing, Unintelligent, and Involuntary Waivers of Miranda Rights." Wisconsin Law Review 2006:431-78.
173. King, Lesley, and Brent Snook. 2009. "Peering inside the Canadian Interrogation Room: An Examination of the Reid Model of Interrogation, Infl uence Tactics, and Coercive Strategies." Criminal Justice and Behavior 36:674-94.
174. Klein, Susan R. 2007. "Lies, Omissions, and Concealment: The Golden Rule in Law Enforcement and the Federal Criminal Code." Texas Tech Law Review 39:1321-53.
175. Kochel, Tammy R., David B. Wilson, and Stephen D. Mastrofski. 2011. "Effect of Suspect Race on Officers' Arrest Decisions." Criminology 49 (2): 473-512.
176. Koocher, Gerald P. 1992. "Different Lenses: Psycho-Legal Perspectives on Children's Rights." Nova Law Review 16:711-32.
177. Kostelnik, Jessica O., and N. Dickon Reppucci. 2009. "Reid Training and Sensitivity to Developmental Maturity in Interrogation: Results from a National Survey of Police." Behavioral Sciences & the Law 27:361-79.
178. Krzewinski, Lisa M. 2002. "But I Didn't Do It: Protecting the Rights of Juveniles during Interrogation." Boston College Third World Law Journal 22:355-88.
179. LaFave, Wayne R. 1965. Arrest. Boston: Little, Brown.
180. LaFave, Wayne R., Jerold H. Israel, Nancy J. King, and Orin S. Kerr. 2009. Criminal Procedure. 5th ed. St. Paul, MN: Thomson Reuters.
181. Larson, Kimberly. 2003. "Improving the 'Kangaroo Courts': A Proposal for Reform in Evaluating Juveniles' Waiver of Miranda." Villanova Law Review 48:629-68.
182. Lassiter, G. Daniel, Shari Seidman Diamond, Heather C. Schmidt, and Jennifer K. Elek. 2007. "Evaluating Videotaped Confessions: Expertise Provides No Defense against the Camera-Perspective Effect." Psychological Science 18:224-26.
183. Lassiter, G. Daniel, and Andrew L. Geers. 2004. "Bias and Accuracy in the Evaluation of Confession Evidence." In Interrogations, Confessions, and Entrapment, edited by G. Daniel Lassiter, 197-214. New York: Kluwer Academic.
184. Leiber, Michael J. 2003. The Contexts of Juvenile Justice Decision Making: When Race Matters. Albany: SUNY Press.
185. Leiken, Lawrence S. 1970. "Police Interrogation in Colorado: The Implementation of Miranda." Denver Law Journal 47:1-53.
186. Leo, Richard A. 1992. "From Coercion to Deception: The Changing Nature of Police Interrogation in America." Crime, Law, and Social Change 18:35-59.
187. Leo, Richard A. 1996a. "The Impact of Miranda Revisited." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86:621-92.
188. Leo, Richard A. 1996b. "Inside the Interrogation Room." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86:266-303.
189. Leo, Richard A. 1996c. "Miranda's Revenge: Police Interrogation as a Confidence Game." Law & Society Review 30:259-88.
190. Leo, Richard A. 2004. "The Third Degree and the Origins of Psychological Interrogation in the United States." In Interrogations, Confessions, and Entrapment, edited by G. Daniel Lassiter, 37-84. New York: Kluwer Academic.
191. Leo, Richard A. 2008. Police Interrogation and American Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
192. Leo, Richard A. 2009. "False Confessions: Causes, Consequences and Implications." Journal of American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 37:332-43.
193. Leo, Richard A., and Steven A. Drizin. 2010. "The Three Errors: Pathways to False Confession and Wrongful Conviction." In Police Interrogations and False Confessions: Current Research, Practice, and Policy Recommendations, edited by G. Daniel Lassiter and Christian A. Meissner, 9-30. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
194. Leo, Richard, Steven A. Drizin, Peter J. Neufeld, Bradley R. Hall, and Amy Vatner. 2006. "Bringing Reliability Back In: False Confessions and Legal Safeguards in the Twenty-First Century." Wisconsin Law Review 2006:479-539.
195. Leo, Richard A., and Richard J. Ofshe. 1998. "The Consequences of False Confessions: Deprivations of Liberty and Miscarriages of Justice in the Age of Psychological Interrogation." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 88:429-96.
196. Leo, Richard A., and Welsh S. White. 1999. "Adapting to Miranda: Modern Interrogators' Strategies for Dealing with the Obstacles Posed by Miranda." Minnesota Law Review 84:397-472.
197. Lyon, Thomas D. 1999. "The New Wave in Children's Suggestibility Research: A Critique." Cornell Law Review 84:1004-87.
198. Magid, Laurie. 2001. "Deceptive Police Interrogation Practices: How Far Is Too Far?" Michigan Law Review 99:1168-1210.
199. Mallory v. United States, 354 U.S. 449 (1957).
200. Malone, Patrick. 1986. "You Have the Right to Remain Silent: Miranda after Twenty Years." American Scholar 55:367-89.
201. Manning, Peter K. 1997. Police Work: The Social Organization of Policing. 2nd ed. Long Grove, IL: Waveland.
202. Maroney, Terry A. 2009. "The False Promise of Adolescent Brain Science in Juvenile Justice." Notre Dame Law Review 85:89-176.
203. Massiah v. United States 377 U.S. 201 (1964).
204. Matza, David. 1964. Delinquency and Drift. New York: Wiley.
205. Maxson, Cheryl L., and Malcolm W. Klein. 1997. Responding to Troubled Youth. New York: Oxford University Press.
206. McCarthy, Francis Barry. 1981. "Pre-adjudicatory Rights in Juvenile Court: An Historical and Constitutional Analysis." University of Pittsburgh Law Review 42:457-514.
207. McCord, Joan, Cathy Spatz Widom, and Nancy A. Crowell. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington DC: National Academy Press.
208. McKeiver v. Pennsylvania 403 U.S. 528 (1971).
209. McMullen, Patrick M. 2005. "Questioning the Questions: The Impermissibility of Police Deception in Interrogations of Juveniles." Northwestern University Law Review 99:971-1006.
210. McNabb v. United States, 318 U.S. 332 (1943).
211. Medalie, Richard J. 1968. "Custodial Police Interrogation in Our Nation's Capital: The Attempt to Implement Miranda." Michigan Law Review 66:1347-1422.
212. Meehan, Albert J. 1993. "Internal Police Records and the Control of Juveniles." British Journal of Criminology 33:504-24.
213. Meehan, Albert J. 2000. "The Organizational Career of Gang Statistics: The Politics of Policing Gangs." Sociological Quarterly 41:337-70.
214. Meissner, Christian A., and Saul M. Kassin. 2002. "'He's Guilty!': Investigator Bias in Judgments of Truth and Deception." Law and Human Behavior 26:469-80.
215. Meissner, Christian A., and Saul M. Kassin. 2004. "'You're Guilty, So Just Confess!': Cognitive and Behavioral Confirmation Biases in the Interrogation Room." In Interrogations, Confessions, and Entrapment, edited by G. Daniel Lassiter, 85-106. New York: Kluwer Academic.
216. Meissner, Christian A., Melissa B. Russano, and Fadia M. Narchet. 2010. "The Importance of Laboratory Science for Improving the Diagnostic Value of Confession Evidence." In Police Interrogations and False Confessions: Current Research, Practice, and Policy Recommendations, edited by G. Daniel Lassiter and Christian A. Meissner, 49-66. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
217. Meyer, Jessica R., and Dickon N. Reppucci. 2007. "Police Practices and Perceptions Regarding Juvenile Interrogation and Interrogative Suggestibility." Behavioral Sciences & the Law 25:757-80.
218. Michigan v. Tucker, 417 U.S. 433 (1974).
219. Miller v. Fenton, 474 U.S. 104 (1985).
220. Miller, Susan L. 2005. Victims as Offenders: The Paradox of Women's Violence in Relationships. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
221. Milne, Rebecca, and Ray Bull. 1999. Investigative Interviewing: Psychology and Practice. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
222. "Minnesota Police Departments." 2010. USA Cops: The Nation's Law Enforcement Website. http://www.usacops.com/mn/(accessed July 1, 2010).
223. Minow, Martha L. 1990. Making All the Difference: Inclusion, Exclusion, and American Law. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
224. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
225. Missouri v. Seibert, 542 U.S. 600 (2004).
226. Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412 (1986).
227. Morse, Stephen J. 1997. "Immaturity and Irresponsibility." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 88:15-67.
228. Morse, Stephen J. 2004. "New Neuroscience, Old Problems." In Neuroscience and the Law: Brain, Mind and the Scales of Justice, edited by Brent Garland, 157-98. New York: Dana.
229. Morse, Stephen J. 2006. "Brain Overclaim Syndrome and Criminal Responsibility: A Diagnostic Note." Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 3:397-412.
230. Mosteller, Robert P. 2007. "Police Deception before Miranda Warnings: The Case for Per Se Prohibition of an Entirely Unjustified Practice at the Most Critical Moment." Texas Tech Law Review 39:1239-74.
231. Murphy v. Waterfront Comm'n, 378 U.S. 52 (1964).
232. Nardulli, Peter F., James Eisenstein, and Roy B. Fleming. 1988. The Tenor of Justice: Criminal Courts and the Guilty Plea Process. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
233. National Juvenile Defender Center. 2011. "National Juvenile Defender Centers Assessments." http://www.njdc.info/assessments.php (accessed February 11, 2011).
234. Nelson, Neil. 2006. Strategies for the Recorded Interview. St. Paul, MN: St. Paul Police Department.
235. Neubauer, David W. 1974. "Confessions in Prairie City: Some Causes and Effects." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 65:103-12.
236. Oberlander, Lois B., and Naomi E. Goldstein. 2001. "A Review and Update of the Practice of Evaluating Miranda Comprehension." Behavioral Sciences & the Law 19:453-71.
237. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Protection. 2011. "Easy Access to Juvenile Populations: 1990-2008." http://www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org/ojstatbb/ezapop/.
238. Ofshe, Richard J., and Richard A. Leo. 1997a. "The Decision to Confess Falsely: Rational Choice and Irrational Action." Denver University Law Review 74:979-1122.
239. Ofshe, Richard J. and Richard A. Leo. 1997b. "The Social Psychology of Police Interrogation: The Theory and Classification of True and False Confessions." Studies in Law, Politics and Society 16:189-251.
240. Oregon v. Bradshaw, 462 U.S. 1039 (1983).
241. Owen-Kostelnik, Jessica, N. Dickon Reppucci, and Jessica R. Meyer. 2006. "Testimony and Interrogation of Minors: Assumptions about Maturity and Morality." American Psychologist 61:286-304.
242. Packer, Herbert L. 1964. "Two Models of the Criminal Process." University of Pennsylvania Law Review 113:1-68.
243. Packer, Herbert L. 1968. The Limits of the Criminal Sanction. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
244. Paoline, Eugene A., III. 2003. "Taking Stock: Toward a Richer Understanding of Police Culture." Journal of Criminal Justice 31:199-214.
245. Paoline, Eugene A., III, and William Terrill. 2005. "The Impact of Police Culture on Traffic Stop Searches: An Analysis of Attitudes and Behavior." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 28:455-72.
246. Paus, Tomáš, Alex Zijdenbos, Keith Worsley, D. Louis Collins, Jonathan Blumenthal, Jay N. Giedd, Judith L. Rapoport, and Alan C. Evans. 1999. "Structural Maturation of Neural Pathways in Children and Adolescents: In Vivo Study." Science 283:1908-11.
247. Pearse, John, and Gisli H. Gudjonsson. 1996. "Police Interview Techniques at Two South London Police Stations." Psychology, Crime & Law 3:63-74.
248. Pearse, John, and Gisli H. Gudjonsson. 2003. "The Identification and Measurement of 'Oppressive' Police Interviewing Tactics in Britain." In The Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions: A Handbook, by Gisli H. Gudjonsson, 75-114. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
249. Pearse, John, Gisli H. Gudjonsson, I. C. H. Clare, and S. Rutter. 1998. "Police Interviewing and Psychological Vulnerabilities: Predicting the Likelihood of a Confession." Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 8:1-21.
250. Pennsylvania v. Muniz, 496 U.S. 582 (1990).
251. Peterson-Badali, Michele, Rona Abramovitch, Christopher J. Koegl, and Martin D. Ruck. 1999. "Young People's Experience of the Canadian Youth Justice System: Interacting with Police and Legal Counsel." Behavioral Sciences and the Law 17:455-65.
252. Piliavin, Irving, and Scott Briar. 1964. "Police Encounters with Juveniles." American Journal of Sociology 7:206-14.
253. Podkopacz, Marcy Rasmussen, and Barry C. Feld. 1996. "The End of the Line: An Empirical Study of Judicial Waiver." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86:449-92.
254. Podkopacz, Marcy Rasmussen, and Barry C. Feld. 2001. "The Back-Door to Prison, Waiver Reform, 'Blended Sentencing,' and the Law of Unintended Consequences." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 91:997-1072.
255. Poe-Yamagata, Eileen, and Michael A Jones. 1999. And Justice for Some. Washington, DC: Building Blocks of Youth.
256. Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE). 1984. c. 60, pt. V (Eng.) (revised 1991).
257. Pope, Carl E. 1994. "Racial Disparities in the Juvenile Justice System." Overcrowded Times 5:1-4.
258. Postell v. State, 383 So. 2d. 1159 (Fl. Ct. App. 1980).
259. Puritz, Patricia, Sue Burrell, Robert Schwartz, Mark Soler, and Loren Warboys. 1995. A Call for Justice: An Assessment of Access to Counsel and Quality of Representation in Delinquency Proceedings. Washington, DC: American Bar Association, Juvenile Justice Center.
260. Reba, Stephen M., Randee J. Waldman, and Barbara Bennett Woodhouse. 2011. "'I Want to Talk to My Mom': The Role of Parents in Police Interrogation of Juveniles." In Justice for Kids: Keeping Kids Out of the Juvenile Justice System, edited by Nancy E. Dowd, 219-38. New York: NYU Press.
261. Redding, Richard E., and Lynda E. Frost. 2001. "Adjudicative Competence in the Modern Juvenile Court." Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law 9:353-409.
262. Redlich, Allison D. 2004. "Mental Illness, Police Interrogations, and the Potential for False Confessions." Psychiatric Services 55:19-21.
263. Redlich, Allison D. 2007. "Double Jeopardy in the Interrogation Room: Young Age and Mental Illness." American Psychologist 62:609-11.
264. Redlich, Allison D. 2010. "False Confessions, False Guilty Pleas: Similarities and Differences." In Police Interrogations and False Confessions: Current Research, Practice, and Policy Recommendations, edited by G. Daniel Lassiter and Christian A. Meissner, 49-66. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
265. Redlich, Allison D., and Steven Drizin. 2007. "Police Interrogation of Youth." In The Mental Health Needs of Young Offenders: Forging Paths toward Reintegration and Rehabilitation, edited by Carol L. Kessler and Louis J. Kraus, 61-78. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
266. Redlich, Allison D., and Gail S. Goodman. 2003. "Taking Responsibility for an Act Not Committed: The Infl uence of Age and Suggestibility." Law and Human Behavior 27:141-56.
267. Redlich, Allison D., and Christian A. Meissner. 2009. "Techniques and Controversies in the Interrogation of Suspects." In Psychological Science in the Courtroom: Consensus and Controversy, edited by Jennifer L. Skeem, Kevin S. Douglas, and Scott O. Lilienfeld, 124-48. New York: Guilford.
268. Redlich, Allison D., Melissa Silverman, Julie Chen, and Hans Steiner. 2004. "The Police Interrogation of Children and Adolescents." In Interrogations, Confessions, and Entrapment, edited by G. Daniel Lassiter, 107-26. New York: Kluwer Academic.
269. Redlich, Allison, Melissa Silverman, and Hans Steiner. 2003. "Pre-adjudicative and Adjudicative Competence in Juveniles and Young Adults." Behavioral Sciences & the Law 21:393-410.
270. Reid, Christopher M. 2010. "Voluntary Confessions: An Examination of the Need to Restore a Pure Voluntary Confession Rule in Corley v. United States, 129 S. Ct. 1558 (2009)." Nebraska Law Review 89:184-217.
271. Reppucci, N. Dickon, Jessica Meyer, and Jessica Kostelnik. 2010. "Custodial Interrogation of Juveniles: Results of a National Survey of Police." In Police Interrogations and False Confessions: Current Research, Practice, and Policy Recommendations, edited by G. Daniel Lassiter and Christian A. Meissner, 67-80. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
272. Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291 (1980).
273. Richardson, Graeme, Gisli H. Gudjonsson, and Thomas P. Kelly. 1995. "Interrogative Suggestibility in an Adolescent Forensic Population." Journal of Adolescence 18:211-16.
274. Rogers, Richard. 2008. "A Little Knowledge Is a Dangerous Thing.. Emerging Miranda Research and Professional Roles for Psychologists." American Psychologist 63:776-87.
275. Rogers, Richard, Kimberly S. Harrison, Daniel W. Schuman, Kenneth W. Sewell, and Lisa L. Hazelwood. 2007. "An Analysis of Miranda Warnings and Waivers: Comprehension and Coverage." Law and Human Behavior 31:177-92.
276. Rogers, Richard, Lisa L. Hazelwood, Kenneth W. Sewell, Kimberly S. Harrison, and Daniel W. Schuman. 2008. "The Language of Miranda Warnings in American Jurisdictions: A Replication and Vocabulary Analysis." Law and Human Behavior 32:124-36.
277. Rogers, Richard, Lisa L. Hazelwood, Kenneth W. Sewell, Daniel W. Schuman, and Hayley L. Blackwood. 2008. "The Comprehensibility and Content of Juvenile Miranda Warnings." Psychology, Public Policy and Law 14:63-87.
278. Rogers v. Richmond 365 U.S. 534 (1961).
279. Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005).
280. Rosenberg, Irene Merker. 1980. "The Constitutional Rights of Children Charged with Crime: Proposal for a Return to the Not So Distant Past." UCLA Law Review 27:656-721.
281. Rothman, David. 1980. Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternative in Progressive America. Boston: Little, Brown.
282. Ruback, R. Barry, and Paula J. Vardaman. 1997. "Decision Making in Delinquency Cases: The Role of Race and Juveniles' Admission/Denial of the Crime." Law and Human Behavior 21:47-69.
283. Rubenstein, Jonathan. 1973. City Police. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
284. Russano, Melissa B., Christian A. Meissner, Fadia M. Narchet, and Saul M. Kassin. 2005. "Investigating True and False Confessions within a Novel Experimental Paradigm." Psychological Science 16:481-86.
285. Ryerson, Ellen. 1978. The Best-Laid Plans: America's Juvenile Court Experiment. New York: Hill and Wang.
286. Safford v. Redding, 557 U.S. 364 (2009).
287. Sampson, Robert J., and John Laub. 1993. "Structural Variations in Juvenile Court Processing: Inequality, the Underclass, and Social Control." Law & Society Review 27:285-311.
288. Sampson, Robert J., and Janet L. Lauritsen. 1997. "Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Crime and Criminal Justice Research in the United States." Crime and Justice: A Review of Research 23:311-74.
289. Saywitz, Karen, Carol Jaenicke, and Lorinda Camparo. 1990. "Children's Knowledge of Legal Terminology." Law and Human Behavior 14:523-35.
290. Scheck, Barry, Peter Neufeld, and J. Dwyer. 2000. Actual Innocence. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
291. Schlam, Lawrence. 1995. "Police Interrogation of Children and State Constitutions: Why Not Videotape the MTV Generation?" University of Toledo Law Review 26:901-36.
292. Schlossman, Steven L. 1977. Love and the American Delinquent: The Theory and Practice of "Progressive" Juvenile Justice, 1825-1920. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
293. Schlossman, Steven L., and Stephanie Wallach. 1978. "The Crime of Precocious Sexuality: Female Juvenile Delinquency in the Progressive Era." Harvard Educational Review 48:655-94.
294. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218 (1973).
295. Schulhofer, Stephen J. 1981. "Confessions and the Court." Michigan Law Review 79:865-928.
296. Schulhofer, Stephen J. 1987. "Reconsidering Miranda." University of Chicago Law Review 54:435-61.
297. Schulhofer, Stephen J. 1996. "Miranda's Practical Effect: Substantial Benefits and Vanishingly Small Social Costs." Northwestern University Law Review 90:500-563.
298. Schwartz, Ira M. 1989. (In)Justice for Juveniles: Rethinking the Best Interests of the Child. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
299. Schwartz, Ira M., Martha W. Steketee, and Victoria W. Schneider. 1990. "Federal Juvenile Justice Policy and the Incarceration of Girls." Crime & Delinquency 36:511-20.
300. Scott, Elizabeth S. 1992. "Judgment and Reasoning in Adolescent Decisionmaking." Villanova Law Review 37:1607-69.
301. Scott, Elizabeth S. 2000. "The Legal Construction of Childhood." Hofstra Law Review 29:541-88.
302. Scott, Elizabeth S., and Thomas Grisso. 1997. "The Evolution of Adolescence: A Developmental Perspective on Juvenile Justice Reform." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 88:137-89.
303. Scott, Elizabeth S., and Thomas Grisso. 2005. "Developmental Incompetence, Due Process, and Juvenile Justice Policy." North Carolina Law Review 83:793-846.
304. Scott, Elizabeth S., Dickon Reppucci, and Jennifer L. Woolard. 1995. "Evaluating Adolescent Decision Making in Legal Contexts." Law and Human Behavior 19:221-44.
305. Scott, Elizabeth S., and Laurence Steinberg. 2003. "Blaming Youth." Texas Law Review 81:799-840.
306. Scott, Elizabeth S., and Laurence Steinberg. 2008. Rethinking Juvenile Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
307. Seeburger, Richard H., and R. Stanton Wettick, Jr. 1967. "Miranda in Pittsburgh-A Statistical Study." University of Pittsburgh Law Review 29:1-26.
308. Sharpe v. United States, 470 U.S. 675 (1985).
309. Simon, David. 1991. Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets. New York: Holt.
310. Singh, Krishna, and Gisli H. Gudjonsson. 1992. "Interrogative Suggestibility among Adolescent Boys and its Relationship with Intelligence, Memory, and Cognitive Set." Journal of Adolescence 15:155-61.
311. Skolnick, Jerome H. 1967. Justice without Trial: Law Enforcement in Democratic Society. New York: Wiley.
312. Skolnick, Jerome H., and Richard A. Leo. 1992. "The Ethics of Deceptive Interrogation." Criminal Justice Ethics 11:3-12.
313. Slobogin, Christopher. 2003. "Toward Taping." Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 1:309-22.
314. Slobogin, Christopher. 2007. "Lying and Confessing." Texas Tech Law Review 39:1275-92.
315. Slobogin, Christopher, and Mark R. Fondacaro. 2011. Juveniles at Risk: A Plea for Preventive Justice. New York: Oxford University Press.
316. Smith, Trudie. 1985. "Law Talk: Juveniles' Understanding of Legal Language." Journal of Criminal Justice 13:339-53.
317. Snyder, Howard, and Melissa Sickmund. 2006. Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
318. Soukara, Stavroula, Ray Bull, Aldert Vrij, Michael Turner, and Julie Cherryman. 2009. "What Really Happens in Police Interviews of Suspects? Tactics and Confessions." Psychology, Crime & Law 15:493-506.
319. Sowell, Elizabeth R., Paul M. Thompson, Colin J. Holmes, Terry L. Jernigan, and Arthur W. Toga. 1999. "In Vivo Evidence for Post-Adolescent Brain Maturation in Frontal and Striatal Regions." Nature Neuroscience 2:859-61.
320. Sowell, Elizabeth R., Paul M. Thompson, Kevin D. Tessner, and Arthur W. Toga. 2001. "Mapping Continued Brain Growth and Gray Matter Density Reduction in Dorsal Frontal Cortex: Inverse Relationships during Postadolescent Brain Maturation." Journal of Neuroscience 21:8819-29.
321. Spear, L. P. 2000. "The Adolescent Brain and Age-Related Behavioral Manifestations." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 24:417-63.
322. Stahl, A., S. Livsey, and W. Kang. 2006. "Easy Access to State and County Juvenile Court Case Counts, 2003." http://www.ojjdp.ncjrs.gov/ojstatbb/ezaco/.
323. State v. Burrell, 697 N.W.2d. 579 (Minn. 2005).
324. State v. Cayward, 552 So. 2d. 971 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1989).
325. State v. Hogan, 212 N.W. 2d. 664 (Minn. 1973).
326. State v. Loyd, 212 N.W.2d. 671 (Minn. 1973).
327. State v. Nunn, 297 N.W.2d. 752 (Minn. 1980).
328. State v. Patton, 826 A.2d. 783 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2003).
329. State v. Presha, 748 A.2d. 1108 (N.J. 2000).
330. State v. Scales, 518 N.W.2d. 587 (Minn. 1994).
331. Steffensmeier, Darrell, Jennifer Schwartz, Sara Hua Zhong, and Jeffery Ackerman. 2005. "An Assessment of Recent Trends in Girls' Violence Using Diverse Longitudinal Sources: Is the Gender Gap Closing?" Criminology 43:355-405.
332. Steinberg, Laurence. 2005. "Cognitive and Affective Development in Adolescence." Trends in Cognitive Science 9:69-74.
333. Steinberg, Laurence, and Elizabeth Cauffman. 1996. "Maturity of Judgment in Adolescence: Psychosocial Factors in Adolescent Decision-Making." Law and Human Behavior 20:249-72.
334. Steinberg, Laurence, and Elizabeth Cauffman. 1999. "The Elephant in the Courtroom: A Developmental Perspective on the Adjudication of Youthful Offenders." Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law 6:389-418.
335. Steinberg, Laurence, Sandra Graham, Lia O'Brien, Jennifer Woolard, Elizabeth Cauff-man, and Marie Banich. 2009. "Age Differences in Future Orientation and Delay Discounting. Child Development 80:28-44.
336. Steinberg, Laurence, and Elizabeth Scott. 2003. "Less Guilty by Reason of Adolescence: Developmental Immaturity, Diminished Responsibility, and the Juvenile Death Penalty." American Psychologist 58:1009-18.
337. Stephan v. State, 711 P.2d. 1156 (Alaska. 1985).
338. Stone, Geoffrey R. 1977. "The Miranda Doctrine in the Burger Court." Supreme Court Review 1977:99.
339. Sullivan, Thomas P. 2004. Police Experiences with Recording Custodial Interrogations. Chicago: Northwestern University School of Law.
340. Sullivan, Thomas P. 2006. "The Time Has Come for Law Enforcement Recordings of Custodial Interviews, Start to Finish." Golden Gate University Law Review 37:175-90.
341. Sullivan, Thomas P. 2010. "The Wisdom of Custodial Recording." In Police Interrogations and False Confessions: Current Research, Practice, and Policy Recommendations, edited by G. Daniel Lassiter and Christian A. Meissner, 127-42. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
342. Sutton, John. 1988. Stubborn Children: Controlling Delinquency in the United Sates, 1640-1981. Berkeley: University of California Press.
343. Sykes, Gresham M., and David Matza. 1957. "Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency." American Sociology Review 22:664-70.
344. Tanenhaus, David S. 2004. Juvenile Justice in the Making. New York: Oxford University Press.
345. Tanenhaus, David S., and Steven A. Drizin. 2002. "'Owing to the Extreme Youth of the Accused': The Changing Legal Response to Juvenile Homicide." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 92:641-706.
346. Tepfer, Joshua A., Laura H. Nirider, and Lynda M. Tricarico. 2010. "Arresting Development: Convictions of Innocent Youth." Rutgers Law Review 62:887-941.
347. Terrill, William, Eugene A. Paoline III, and Peter K. Manning. 2003. "Police Culture and Coercion." Criminology 41:1003-34.
348. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968).
349. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 51.095(a)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2005).
350. Thomas, George C. 1996. "Is Miranda a Real-World Failure? A Plea for More (and Better) Empirical Evidence." UCLA Law Review 43:821-38.
351. Thomas, George C. 2007. "Regulating Police Deception during Interrogation." Texas Tech Law Review 39:1293-1319.
352. Tobey, Ann, Thomas Grisso, and Robert G. Schwartz. 2000. "Youths' Trial Participation as Seen by Youths and Their Attorneys: An Exploration of Competence-Based Issues." In Youth on Trial: A Developmental Perspective on Juvenile Justice, edited by Thomas Grisso and Robert G. Schwartz, 225-42. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
353. Tonry, Michael. 2011. Punishing Race: A Continuing American Dilemma. New York: Oxford University Press.
354. United States v. Patane, 542 U.S. 630 (2004).
355. U.S. General Accounting Office. 1995. Juvenile Justice: Representation Rates Varied as Did Counsel's Impact on Court Outcomes. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
356. Viljoen, Jodi, Jessica Klaver, and Ronald Roesch. 2005. "Legal Decisions of Preadolescent and Adolescent Defendants: Predictors of Confessions, Pleas, Communication with Attorneys, and Appeals." Law and Human Behavior 29:253-78.
357. Viljoen, Jodi, and Ronald Roesch. 2005. "Competence to Waive Interrogation Rights and Adjudicative Competence in Adolescent Defendants: Cognitive Development, Attorney Contact, and Psychological Symptoms." Law and Human Behavior 29:723-42.
358. Viljoen, Jodi, Patricia Zapf, and Ronald Roesch. 2007. "Adjudicative Competence and Comprehension of Miranda Rights in Adolescent Defendants: A Comparison of Legal Standards." Behavioral Sciences & the Law 25:1-19.
359. Vrij, Aldert, Samantha Mann, and Ronald P. Fisher. 2006. "An Empirical Test of the Behavior Analysis Interview." Law and Human Behavior 30:329-45.
360. Wald, Michael, Richard Ayres, David W. Hess, Mark Schantz, and Charles H. Whitebread II. 1967. "Interrogations in New Haven: The Impact of Miranda." Yale Law Journal 76:1519-1648.
361. Watts v. Indiana, 338 U.S. 49, 49 (54).
362. Weisselberg, Charles D. 1998. "Saving Miranda." Cornell Law Review 84:109-92.
363. Weisselberg, Charles D. 2008. "Mourning Miranda." California Law Review 96:1519-1601.
364. West v. United States, 399 F.2d. 467 (5th Cir. 1968).
365. Westley, William A. 1970. Violence and the Police: A Sociological Study of Law, Custom, and Morality. Cambridge: MIT Press.
366. White, Welsh S. 1997. "False Confessions and the Constitution: Safeguards against Unworthy Confessions." Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 17:105-58.
367. White, Welsh S. 1998. "What Is an Involuntary Confession Now?" Rutgers Law Review 50:2001-58.
368. White, Welsh S. 2001. "Miranda's Failure to Restrain Pernicious Interrogation Practices." Michigan Law Review 99:1211-47.
369. White, Welsh S. 2003. Miranda's Waning Protections: Police Interrogation Practices after Dickerson. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
370. Wilson, James Q. 1968a. "The Police and the Delinquent in Two Cities." In Controlling Delinquents, edited by Stanton Wheeler, 9-30. New York: Wiley.
371. Wilson, James Q. 1968b. Varieties of Police Behavior: The Management of Law and Order in Eight Communities. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
372. Witt, James W. 1973. "Non-coercive Interrogation and the Administration of Criminal Justice: The Impact of Miranda on Police Effectuality." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 64:320-33.
373. Woolard, Jennifer L., Hayley M. D. Cleary, Samantha A. S. Harvell, and Rusan Chen. 2008. "Examining Adolescents' and their Parents' Conceptual and Practical Knowledge of Police Interrogation: A Family Dyad Approach." Journal Youth Adolescence 37:685-98.
374. Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652 (2004).
375. Young, Deborah. 1998. "Unnecessary Evil: Police Lying in Interrogations." Connecticut Law Review 28:425-78.
376. Zahn, Margaret A., ed. 2009. The Delinquent Girl. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
377. Zhao, Jihong, Ling Ren, and Nicholas Lovrich. 2010. "Wilson's Theory of Local Political Culture Revisited in Today's Police Organizations: Findings from Longitudinal Panel Study." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 33:287-304.
378. Zimring, Franklin E. 1981. "Kids, Groups, and Crime: Some Implications of a Well-Known Secret." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 72:867-85.
379. Zimring, Franklin E. 1998. American Youth Violence. New York: Oxford University Press.