More beautiful and more terrible: The embrace and transcendence of racial inequality in the United States

More Beautiful and More Terrible: The Embrace and Transcendence of Racial Inequality in the United States

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-247

  Perry, Imani ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84900567973     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (226)

1. See Reynolds Farley, "Civil Rights and the Status of Black Americans," in Race, Poverty and Domestic Policy, ed. C. Michael Henry and James Tobin (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), for a discussion of how this became normalized in the second half of the twentieth century.
2. Leonard Pitts Jr., "A History of Rope and Shape," Houston Chronicle, October 15, 2007, Star section, 4.
3. Stephen Thernstrom and Abigail Thernstrom, America in Black and White: One Nation Indivisible (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 500.
4. Michael K. Brown et al., Whitewashing Race: The Myth of a Color Blind Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 40, citing a University of Chicago National Opinion Research Center poll.
5. Tanya K. Hernandez, "Multiracial Matrix: The Role of Race Ideology in the Enforcement of Anti-Discrimination Laws, a United States-Latin America Comparison," Cornell Law Review 87 (2002): 1093-1176.
6. See, for example, Mary Frances Berry, "Judging Morality: Sexual Behavior and Legal Consequences in the Late 19th Century South," The Journal of American History 78, no. 3: 835-856.
7. See, for example, Bliss Broyard's discussion of who knew about the Creole ancestry of her father, the critic Anatole Broyard, in One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life-A Story of Race and Family Secrets (New York: Little Brown, 2007).
8. Howard Winant, "Difference and Inequality: Postmodern Racial Politics in the United States," in Racism, the City and the State, ed. Malcolm Cross and Michael Keith (New York: Routledge, 1993), 110.
9. For a discussion, see Donald R. Kinder and Lynn Sanders, Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997).
10. See Margaret Chon and Donna E. Arzt, "Walking While Muslim," Law and Contemporary Problems 68, no. 215 (Spring 2005): 215-254.
11. For a disc-transcript of this series see CNN, "Out in the Open: Racism in America," December 19, 2006. Available for download at http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0612/19/pzn.01.html.
12. John McWhorter makes this argument in Losing the Race: Self-Sabotage in Black America (New York: Harper Perennial, 2001).
13. See Howard Schuman et al., Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations, rev. ed. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005).
14. Winant, "Difference and Inequality: Postmodern Racial Politics in the United States," 114.
15. See Kristen Myers, Racetalk: Racism Hiding in Plain Sight (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005).
16. Phillip Atiba Goff, Jennifer Eberhardt, and Matthew C. Jackson, "Not Yet Human:Implicit Knowledge, Historical Dehumanization and Contemporary Consequences," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94, no. 2 (2008): 292-306.
17. Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in America (New York: Free Press, 1994).
18. T. F. Pettigrew and R. W. Meertens, "Subtle and Blatant Prejudice in Western Europe," European Journal of Social Psychology 25 (1995): 57-75.
19. J. Sidanius, F. Pratto, and L. Bobo, "Racism, Conservatism, Affirmative Action and Intellectual Sophistication: A Matter of Principled Conservatism or Group Dominance?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (1996): 476-490.
20. For a many-decades-old example of this, see Daniel Katz and Kenneth Braly, "Racial Stereotypes of One Hundred College Students," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 28 (1933): 280-290.
21. Pettigrew and Meertens, "Subtle and Blatant Prejudice in Western Europe," 57-75.
22. Kinder and Sanders, Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals.
23. Larence Bobo, James Kluegel, and Ryan Smith, "Laissez Faire Racism: The Crystallization of a Kinder, Gentler, Anti-Black Ideology," in Racial Attitudes in the 1990s, ed. Steven A. Tuch and Jack Martin (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997), 15-42.
24. S. L. Gaertner and J. F. Dovidio, "The Aversive Form of Racism," in Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism, ed. J. F. Dovidio and S. L. Gaertner (Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1986).
25. See for example Alan D. Freeman, Legitimizing Discrimination through Anti-Discrimination Law: A Critical Review of Supreme Court Doctine in Antidiscrimination Law, ed. Christopher McCrudden (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1991).
26. For an extended and compelling discussion of this problem, see John L. Jackson, Real Black: Adventures in Racial Sincerity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).
27. M. R.Banaji and R. Bhaskar, "Implicit Stereotypes and Memory: The Bounded Rationality of Social Beliefs," in Memory, Brain, and Belief, ed. D. L. Schacter and E. Scarry (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 139-175.
28. James Gordon Meek, "Extremist Militias See Resurgence under Obama's Tenure," New York Daily News, August 13, 2009, 28.
29. Kwame Anthony Appiah and Amy Gutmann, Color Conscious: The Political Morality of Race (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), 78.
30. Hence Philomena Essed's aptly titled and landmark work Understanding Everyday Racism: An Interdisciplinary Theory (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1991).
31. Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge Consciousness and Empowerment (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990), 221-238.
32. See Angelo Ancheta, Race, Rights and the Asian American Experience (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995), for a discussion of this dynamic vis-à-vis Asian Americans.
33. The Tyra Banks Show, with guest Nicole Richie, September 12, 2006, The CW Network.
34. Carol Channing discusses her father's ethnicity in her memoir, Just Lucky I Guess (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002), 8.
35. Bliss Broyard, "Secret Memory," Elle, September 2007, 582.
36. Tanya K. Hernandez, "Multiracial Matrix: The Role of Race Ideology in the Enforcement of Anti-Discrimination Laws, a United States-Latin America Comparison," Cornell Law Review 87 (2002): 1093-1176.
37. Patricia Hill Collins, From Black Power to Hip Hop (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2006), 6-7.
38. Charles R. Lawrence III, "The ID, the Ego, and Equal Protection: Reckoning with Unconscious Racism," Stanford Law Review 39 (1987): 317-388 at 317, 330.
39. Jerry Kang, "Trojan Horses of Race," Harvard Law Review 118 (2005): 1489-1522.
40. See also Leonard Baynes, "Making the Case for a Compelling Governmental Interest and Re-Establishing FCC Affirmative Action in Programs for Broadcast Licensing," Rutgers Law Review 57 (2004): 235.
41. Ulf Hannerz, Cultural Complexity: Studies in the Social Organization of Meaning (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 27.
42. David Theo Goldberg, "Racial Knowledge," in Theories of Race and Racism: A Reader, ed. Les Back and John Solomos (New York: Routledge, 2000), 168.
43. See Dorothy Roberts, Shattered Bonds: The Color of Child Welfare (New York: Basic Books, 2002).
44. Robert Bullard et al., "Toxic Wastes and Race at Twenty:1987-2007 Grassroots Struggles to Dismantle Environmental Racism in the United States," report prepared for the United Church of Christ Justice and Witness Ministries, March 2007.
45. See Mark Nord et al., United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service Economic Research Report No. 29, "Household Food Security in the United States," 2005.
46. David J. Maume Jr., "Glass Ceilings and Glass Escalators: Occupational Segregation and Race and Sex Differences in Managerial Promotions," Work and Occupations 26, no. 4 (1999): 483-509.
47. See Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth Century America (New York: Norton, 2005).
48. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care (report for the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Washington, DC, March 20, 2002).
49. David Cole, "Policing Race and Class," in his No Equal Justice: Race and Class in the American Criminal Justice System (New York: New Press, 2000).
50. David Cole, "Judgment and Discrimination," in his No Equal Justice: Race and Class in the American Criminal Justice System (New York: New Press, 2000).
51. David Cole, "The Color of Punishment," in his No Equal Justice: Race and Class in the American Criminal Justice System (New York: New Press, 2000).
52. I. V. Blair, C. M. Judd, and K. M. Chapleau, "The Influence of Afrocentric Facial Features in Criminal Sentencing," Psychological Science, 15 (2004): 674-679
53. I. V. Blair, C. M. Judd, and J. L. Fallman, "The Automaticity of Race and Afrocentric Facial Features in Social Judgments," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87, no.6 (2004): 763-778.
54. Ryan S. King, "Disparity by Geography: The War on Drugs in America's Cities," The Sentencing Project Report, May 2008, http://sentencingproject.org/detail/publication. cfm?publication_id=186.
55. See Dorothy Roberts, Shattered Bonds: The Color of Child Welfare (New York: Basic Books, 2002).
56. See generally Herman Gray, Watching Race: Television and the Struggle for "Blackness" (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995).
57. See the quantitative analysis of marketplace discrimination in Ian Ayres, Pervasive Prejudice: Unconventional Evidence of Race and Gender Discrimination (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
58. Ian Ayres et al., "To Insure Prejudice: Racial Disparities in Taxicab Tipping," Yale Law Journal 114 (2005): 1613-1674.
59. Anne-Marie G. Harris, "Shopping While Black: Applying 42 U.S.C. § 1981 to Cases of Consumer Racial Profiling," Boston College Third World Law Journal 23 (Winter 2003): 1-55.
60. Lawrence D. Bobo, "Prejudice as Group Position: Microfoundations of a Sociological Approach to Racism and Race Relations," Journal of Social Issues 55, no. 3 (1999): 445-472.
61. J. F. Dovidio and S. L. Gaertner, "Aversive Racism in Selection Decisions: 1989 and 1999," Psychological Science 11 (2000): 315-319.
62. S. L. Gaertner and J. F. Dovidio, Reducing Ingroup Bias: The Common Ingroup Identity Model (Philadelphia: Psychology Press, 2000).
63. See generally Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care (report for Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Washington, DC, March 20, 2002).
64. Mark Turner, The Literary Mind (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), v.
65. Ellen Spolsky, Gaps in Nature: Literary Interpretation and the Modular Mind (Albany:State University of New York Press, 1993), 192.
66. Roland Barthes, Rustle of Language, trans. Richard Howard. (New York: Hill and Wang, 1986), 278.
67. N. Dasgupta and A. G. Greenwald, "On the Malleability of Automatic Attitudes:Combating Automatic Prejudice with Images of Admired and Disliked Individuals," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81 (2001): 800-814.
68. Roger C. Schank and Tamara R. Berman, "The Pervasive Role of Stories in Knowledge and Action," in Narrative Impact: Social and Cognitive Foundations, ed. Timothy C. Brock (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2002), 287.
69. Jeffrey J. Strange, "How Fictional Tales Wag Real-World Beliefs," in Narrative Impact: Social and Cognitive Foundations, ed. Timothy C. Brock (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2002), 276.
70. Schank and Berman, "The Pervasive Role of Stories in Knowledge and Action," 292.
71. The Oprah Winfrey Show, "Chappelle Show: Dave's Moral Dilemma," February 3, 2006.
72. Herman Gray, Watching Race: Television and the Struggle for Blackness (Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 2004), xiv.
73. Jimmie Reeves, "Re-Covering Racism: Crack Mothers, Reaganism and the Network News," in Living Color: Race and Television in the United States, ed. Sasha Torres (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998), 100.
74. Martin Gilens, "Public Misperceptions of Race and Poverty in Race, Poverty and Domestic Policy," Public Opinion Quarterly 60, no. 4: 513-535. Reprinted in Social Science Research, 2nd ed., ed. Turner C. Lomand (Los Angeles: Pyrczak, 1998), 340.
75. Howard Winant, The New Politics of Race (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004), 62.
76. Monte Piliawsky, "The Clinton Administration and African Americans," in The Politics of Race, ed. Theodore Rueter (Armonk,NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1995), 398, 399.
77. Adam D. Young, "Lubbock Judge's Charged Postings Draw Crowd of Supporters, Critics," Lubbock Avalanche-Journal, August 21, 2009, State and Regional News section, 1.
78. Roland G. Fryer and Steven D. Levitt, "The Causes and Consequences of Distinctively Black Names," Quarterly Journal of Economics 69, no. 3: 767-805.
79. Herbert Marcuse, An Essay on Liberation (Boston: Beacon Press, 1969), 74.
80. "Building Blocks for Father Involvement," U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families (June 2004), 10.
81. Solangel Maldonado, "Deadbeat or Deadbroke: Redefining Child Support for Poor Fathers," University of California Davis Law Review 39, no. 3 (1994): 991-1007.
82. Maldonado, "Deadbeat or Deadbroke," 995-1007.
83. See S. M. Stanley and F. D. Fincham, "The Effects of Divorce on Children," Couples Research and Therapy Newsletter (AABT-SIG) 8, no. 1 (2002): 7-10, for a useful overview of some of this literature.
84. Cited in Joseph Nevins, Operation Gatekeeper: The Rise of the "Illegal Alien" and the Making of the U.S.-Mexico Boundary (New York: Routledge, 2002), 96.
85. Mae Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), 8.
86. Michael Keith, "From Punishment to Discipline: Racism, Racialization and the Policing of Social Control," in Racism, the City and the State, ed. Malcolm Cross and Michael Keith (New York: Routledge 1993), 200.
87. Michael K. Brown et al., Whitewashing Race: The Myth of a Color Blind Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 150.
88. Philip Brian Harper, Are We Not Men? Masculine Anxiety and the Problem of African American Identity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 60.
89. David Theo Goldberg, "Polluting the Body Politic: Racist Discourse and Urban Location," in Racism, the City and the State, ed. Malcolm Cross and Michael Keith (New York: Routledge, 1993), 46.
90. See Joanne L. Goodwin, Gender and the Politics of Welfare Reform: Mother's Pensions in Chicago 1911-1929 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997).
91. Deborah Chambers, Representing the Family (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Press, 2001), 51.
92. Amy Kaplan, "Manifest Domesticity," American Literature 70, no. 3 (1998): 581-606 at 581.
93. Ellen Pader, "Housing Occupancy Standards: Inscribing Ethnicity and Family Relations on the Land," Journal of Architectural and Planning Research 19, no. 4 (Winter 2002): 300.
94. Linda Brent, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (Boston: Author, 1861), 224.
95. Patricia Hill Collins, Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism (New York: Routledge, 2005), 58.
96. Iris Marion Young, "Impartiality and the Civic Public: Some Implications of Feminist Critiques of Moral and Political Theory," in Feminism, the Public and the Private, ed. Joan B. Landes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
97. Catharine A. MacKinnon, "The Liberal State," in her Toward a Feminist Theory of the State (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989).
98. Patricia Hill Collins, Fighting Words: Black Women and the Search for Justice (Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 1998), 16.
99. Carol Pateman, The Disorder of Women (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989).
100. Catharine A. MacKinnon, "Prostitution and Civil Rights," Michigan Journal of Gender and Law 1 (1993): 13-31.
101. See Kristin A. Kelly, Domestic Violence and the Politics of Privacy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003).
102. Anita L. Allen, Why Privacy Isn't Everything: Feminist Reflections on Personal Accountability (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003), 39.
103. Rajiv C. Shah and Jay P. Kesan, "How Architecture Regulates," Journal of Architectural and Planning Research 24, no. 4 (2003): 350-359.
104. Irwin Altman, The Environment and Social Behavior (Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1975).
105. Robert Cover, "Violence and the Word," Yale Law Journal 95 (1986): 1601.
106. Lu-in Wang, Discrimination by Default: How Racism Becomes Routine (New York:New York University Press, 2006), 105.
107. See David A. Harris, Profiles in Injustice: Why Racial Profiling Cannot Work (New York: Norton, 2003).
108. "Threat and Humiliation: Racial Profiling, Domestic Security and Human Rights in the United States," U.S. Human Rights Program Report, Amnesty International USA, New York, 2004.
109. See Bakari Kitwana, The Hip Hop Generation: Young Blacks and the Crisis in African American Culture (New York: Basic Books, 2002), 67.
110. See Ginny Kim, "Unconstitutional Conditions: Is the Fourth Amendment for Sale in Public Housing?" American Criminal Law Review 33 (1995): 180-184.
111. See Dorothy Roberts, Shattered Bonds: The Color of Child Welfare (New York: Basic Books, 2003).
112. See C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow (New York: Oxford University Press, 1955).
113. Mark R. Rank and Thomas A. Hirschl, "The Likelihood of Poverty across the American Adult Life Span," Social Work 44 (1999): 201-216.
114. W. Paul Farmer, "Affordable Housing Crisis: The "Silent Killer," Domestic Policy Watch (report issued April 2004).
115. Mary Pattillo-McCoy, Black Picket Fences: Privileges and Peril among the Black Middle Class (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
116. Rebekah Levine Coley, Ann M. Kuta, and P. Lindsay Chase-Lansdale, "An Insider View: Knowledge and Opinions of Welfare from African American Girls in Poverty-Statistical Data Included," Journal of Social Issues 56, no. 4 (Winter 2000): 707-726.
117. Patricia Ann Boling, Privacy and the Politics of Intimate Life (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996), 104.
118. Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York: Ballantine, 1992), 15-16.
119. Alice O'Connor, Poverty Knowledge: Social Science, Social Policy and the Poor in Twentieth Century U.S. History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), 293.
120. "Public Defender's Office, Attorneys for Victims of Police Abuse Seek Independent Board to Investigate Misconduct," MacArthur Justice Center, Northwestern University Law School, Press Release, April 5, 2007.
121. Jamie Kalven, "Kicking the Pigeon #9," A View from The Ground blog archive, http://www.viewfromtheground.com/archive/2005/07/ktp-9-march-29-and-30-2004.html.
122. Robert A. Moffitt, Robert Reville, and Anne E. Winkler, "Beyond Single Mothers:Cohabitation and Marriage in the AFDC Program," Demography 35, no. 3 (August 1998):259-278.
123. Jeffrey Lehman and Sheldon Danziger, "Turning Our Backs on the New Deal: The End of Welfare in 1996," in Race Poverty and Domestic Policy, ed. C. Michael Henry (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 607.
124. See Yvonne Zylan and Sarah A. Soule, "Ending Welfare as We Know It (Again):Welfare State Retrenchment, 1989-1995," Social Forces 79, no. 2 (December 2000): 623-665.
125. See Rebekah J. Smith, "Family Caps in Welfare Reform: Their Coercive Effects and Damaging Consequences," Harvard Journal of Law and Gender 29, no. 1 (2006): 151-200.
126. See Dennis M. Rutledge, "Social Darwinism, Scientific Racism, and the Metaphysics of Race," Journal of Negro Education 64, no. 3 (1995): 35.
127. David A. Harris, Profiles in Injustice: While Racial Profiling Cannot Work (New York:New Press, 2002), 69.
128. Michael K.Brown et al., Whitewashing Race: The Myth of a Colorblind Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 140.
129. Matthew Stabley, "CASA on ICE: Agents Used Racial Profiling to Meet Quota," Associated Press February 18, 2009.
130. "The Persistence of Racial and Ethnic Profiling," 63.
131. See generally Leonard S. Rubinowitz and Imani Perry, "Crimes without Punishment:White Neighbors' Resistance to Black Entry," Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 92 (2002): 335-423.
132. See Imani Perry, "Dusky Justice: Race in United States Law and Literature, 1878-1914" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 2000).
133. Leonard Steinhorn and Barbara Diggs-Brown, By the Color of Our Skin: The Illusion of Integration and the Reality of Race (New York: Penguin, 1999), 174.
134. See Frantz Fanon, Black Skin White Masks, trans. Charles Lam Markman (New York: Grove Press, 1967), for a discussion of third-person consciousness.
135. See W. E. B. DuBois, The Souls of Black Folk (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1903), for the description of double consciousness.
136. Joseph Nevins, Operation Gatekeeper: The Rise of the "Illegal Alien" and the Making of the U.S.-Mexico Boundary (New York: Routledge, 2002), 113.
137. Bill Ong Hing, Defining America Through Immigration Policy (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2003), 201.
138. Charles Ogletree Jr., "America's Schizophrenic Immigration Policy: Race, Class, and Reason," Boston College Law Review 41, no. 4 (2000): 755-770.
139. Lizzy Ratner, "The Legacy of Guantamano," The Nation, July 16, 2003.
140. Jeffrey S. Passel, "Unauthorized Migrants: Numbers and Characteristics," Background Briefing for Taskforce on Immigration and America's Future, Pew Hispanic Center, June 14, 2005, 16.
141. Cited in Regina G. Lawrence, The Politics of Force: Media and the Construction of Police Brutality (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 58.
142. See Tera Hunter, To Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), and Perry, "Dusky Justice." 101. Nevins, Operation Gatekeeper, 163.
143. Jody David Armour, Negrophobia and Reasonable Racism: The Hidden Costs of Being Black in America (New York: New York University Press, 1997), 20.
144. Jody David Armour, Negrophobia and Reasonable Racism: The Hidden Costs of Being Black in America (New York: New York University Press, 1997), 27.
145. "Homeless Children: America's New Outcasts," National Center on Family Homelessness Report, National Family Center on Homelessness, Newton, MA, 1999.
146. E. L. Bassuk, S. Melnick, and A. Browne, "Responding to the Needs of Lowincome and Homeless Women Who Are Survivors of Family Violence," Journal of the American Medical Women's Association 53 (1998): 57-64.
147. S. L. Wenzel, B. D. Leake, and L. Gelberg, "Health of Homeless Women with Recent Experience of Rape," Journal of General Internal Medicine 15, no. 4 (2000): 265-268.
148. Margot Patterson, "Hard Truths about Prostitution," National Catholic Reporter, February 22, 2007, available at http://www.natcath.com/index0223.htm.
149. Dana Fris Hansen, "From Carrie's Kitchen Table and Beyond," Houston Contemporary Arts Museum, 1996.
150. See bell hooks, "Diasporic Landscapes of Longing," (Philadelphia: The Fabric Workshop, 1994). This essay appeared in the catalog that accompanied an exhibition of the work of Carrie Mae Weems.
151. Oscar Gandy, "African Americans and Privacy: Understanding the Black Perspective in the Emerging Policy Debate," Journal of Black Studies 24 (1993): 178-195.
152. "Issue Brief: DNA, Forensics, and the Law," Genetics and Public Policy Center, Washington, DC, July 24, 2007.
153. Troy Duster, "Explaining Differential Trust of DNA Forensic Technology:Grounded Assessment or Inexplicable Paranoia?" Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 34, no. 2 (Summer 2006): 293-300.
154. Ruth Thompson-Miller and Joe R. Feagin, "Continuing Injuries of Racism," The Counseling Psychologist 35, no. 1 (2007): 106-115.
155. See, for example, Alfredo Mirandé, "Is There a Mexican Exception to the Fourth Amendment?" University of Florida Law Review 55 (2003): 367-389.
156. David Theo Goldberg, "Polluting the Body Politic," in Racism, the City and State, ed. Malcolm Cross and Michael Keith (New York: Routledge, 1993), 53.
157. R. C. Shah and J. P. Kesan, "How Architecture Regulates," Journal of Architectural and Planning Research 24, no. 4: 350-359.
158. Leslie Rebecca Bloom and Deborah Kilgore, "The Colonization of (M)Others in Welfare to Work Education," Educational Policy 17, no. 3 (2003): 365-384.
159. Alison Young, "Into the Blue: The Cinematic Possibility of Judgment with Passion," in Laws Moving Image, ed. Leslie J. Moran (New York: Routledge, 2004), 139.
160. Bernard E. Harcourt, Illusion of Order: The False Promise of Broken Windows Policing (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2001), 23.
161. Ronald Weitzer and Steven A. Tuch, "Racially Biased Policing: Determinants of Citizen Perceptions" Social Forces 83, no. 3 (March 2005): 1009-1030.
162. W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1903).
163. Eric Lott, "The New Cosmopolitanism," Transition 72 (1996): 108-135.
164. David A. Hollinger, Postethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism (New York: Basic Books, 1995).
165. Walter Benn Michaels, Our America: Nativism, Modernism and Pluralism (Durham:Duke University Press, 1997).
166. Stanley Crouch, The All American Skin Game or the Decoy of Race: The Long and Short of It (New York: Vintage Books, 1997).
167. A. Leon Higginbotham, Shades of Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
168. Hanna Fenichel Pitkin, The Concept of Representation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967), 144.
169. Kenji Yoshino, Covering: The Hidden Assault on Our Civil Rights (New York:Random House, 2006).
170. William Petersen, "Success Story, Japanese-American Style," New York Times Magazine, January 9, 1966, 20.
171. "Success Story of One Minority Group in the U.S.," U.S. News and World Report, December 26, 1966, 73.
172. Y. L. Shek, "Asian American Masculinity: A Review of the Literature," Journal of Men's Studies 14, no. 3 (2006): 379-391.
173. A. Uchida, "The Orientalization of Asian Women in America," Women's Studies International Forum 21, no. 2 (1998): 161-174.
174. Joanne L. Rondilla and Paul Spickard, Is Lighter Better: Skintone Discrimination among Asian Americans (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007).
175. Rita J. Simon and Rhonda M. Roorda, In Their Own Voices: Transracial Adoptees Tell Their Stories (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), 160.
176. Sandra Patton, Birthmarks: Transracial Adoption in Contemporary America (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 77.
177. See Suein Hwang, "The New White Flight," Wall Street Journal, November 19, 2005, Section A, 1.
178. David Dante Troutt, "The Monkey Suit," in his The Monkey Suit and Other Short Fiction on African Americans and Justice (New York: New Press, 1999).
179. Joe R. Feagin and Melvin P. Sikes, Living with Racism: The Black Middle Class Experience (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995).
180. "African Immigrants in the United States Are the Nation's Most Highly Educated Group" Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, no. 26 (Winter 1999-2000): 60-61.
181. Mary Waters, Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).
182. Lawrence Otis Graham, Our Kind of People: Inside America's Black Upper Class (New York: Harper Perennial, 1999).
183. Emily Bernard, "Race and Power: The Real Mystery at the Heart of New England White," Slate.com, June 19, 2007.
184. S. Sue and S. Okazaki, "Asian American Educational Achievements: A Phenomenon in Search of an Explanation," American Psychologist 45, no. 8 (1990): 913-920.
185. See Heather Andrea Williams, Self -Taught: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005).
186. See Leonard S. Rubinowitz and Imani Perry, "Crimes without Punishment: White Neighbors' Resistance to Black Entry," Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 92 (2002):335-427.
187. Homi Bhabha, "Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse," in his The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994).
188. Arlene M. Davila, Latinos Inc.: The Marketing and Making of a People (Berkeley:University of California Press, 2001).
189. George M. Frederickson, "Self Made Hero," New York Review of Books 13, no. June 27, 1985, available at http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1985/jun/27/self-made-hero/?page=1.
190. See Leonard S. Rubinowitz and Imani Perry, "Crimes without Punishment: White Neighbors' Resistance to Black Entry," Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 92 (2002):335, 342.
191. Lindon Barrett, Blackness and Value: Seeing Double (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 12.
192. J. F. Dovidio and S. L. Gaertner, "Aversive Racism," in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, ed. M. P. Zanna (San Diego: Academic Press, 2004).
193. Tommie Shelby, We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005).
194. Peggy McIntosh, "White Privilege and Male Privilege: A Personal Account of Coming to See Correspondences Through Work in Womens Studies," working paper, Wellesley Center for Women, 1988.
195. David R. Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 1999).
196. Cheryl Harris, "Whiteness as Property," Harvard Law Review 106 (1993): 1709-1795, 1710-1712.
197. Jody David Armour, Negrophobia and Reasonable Racism: The Hidden Costs of Being Black in America (New York: New York University Press, 2000).
198. Thomas M. Shapiro, The Hidden Cost of Being African American (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
199. Thomas Shapiro and Melvin Oliver, Black Wealth, White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality (London: Routledge, 2006).
200. See Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth Century America (New York: Norton, 2005), chs. 4-6.
201. See generally Martin MacEwen, Housing Race and Law (London: Taylor and Francis, 2002).
202. Amartya K. Sen, "From Income Inequality to Economic Inequality," in Race, Poverty and Domestic Policy, ed. C. Michael Henry and James Tobin (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 60.
203. Dalton Conley, Being Black Living in the Red: Race Wealth and Social Policy in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999).
204. See Deborah Woo, Glass Ceilings and Asian Americans: The New Face of Workplace Barriers (Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press, 2000).
205. See Ian Ayres, Pervasive Prejudice: Unconventional Evidence of Race and Gender Discrimination (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
206. Anne-Marie G. Harris, "Shopping While Black: Applying 42 U.S.C. § 1981 to Cases of Consumer Racial Profiling," Boston College Third World Law Journal 23 (Winter 2003):1-55.
207. "Sex Workers: Perspectves in Public Health and Human Rights," Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS) Report 33, no. 2 (Spring 2005): 5-7.
208. Glen C. Loury, The Anatomy of Racial Inequality (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), 25.
209. Michael K. Brown et al., Whitewashing Race: The Myth of a Color Blind Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003).
210. "Racism out of Place: Thoughts on Whiteness and an Antiracist Geography in the New Millenium," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90, no. 2 (2000):392-403.
211. David Delaney, "The Space That Race Makes," The Professional Geographer 54, no. 1 (February 2002): 6-14.
212. Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984).
213. Kanye West, featuring Jay Z, "Diamonds from Sierra Leone," Late Registration, Island Def Jam, 2005.
214. John McKnight, "Human Service Systems," in his The Careless Society: Community and its Counterfeits (New York: Basic Books, 1996).
215. See Elijah Anderson, "The Mating Game," in Code of the Street: Decency, Violence and the Moral Life of the Inner City (New York: Norton, 1994).
216. Daryl Michael Scott, Contempt and Pity: Social Policy and the Image of the Damaged Black Psyche 1880-1996 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997).
217. Brian Grow and Keith Epstein, "The Poverty Business: Special Report," Business Week, May 21, 2007, 56-67.
218. For example Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).
219. See generally Tamara Beauboeuf-Lafontant and D. Smith Augustine, Facing Racism in Education, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Educational Review, 1996).
220. Elizabeth Anderson, "What Is the Point of Equality" Ethics 109, no. 2 (January 1999): 287-337 at 289.
221. Anderson, "What Is the Point of Equality?" 316.
222. "America's Cradle to Prison Pipeline," report, Children's Defense Fund, Washington, DC, 2007, 17.
223. Toni Terling Watt, "Factors Contributing to Differences in Substance Use among Black and White Adolescents," Youth and Society 39, no. 1 (2007): 54-74.
224. Roberto Mangabeira Unger and Cornel West, The Future of American Progressivism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998), 30.
225. See Randall Kennedy's Sellout: The Politics of Racial Betrayal (New York: Pantheon, 2008), for a discussion of this phenomenon.
226. Alan Wolfe, "Democracy versus Sociology: Boundaries and Their Political Consequences," in Cultivating Differences: Symbolic Boundaries and the Making of Inequality, ed. Michele Lamont and Marcel Fournier (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 319.