Racism, Conservatism, Affirmative Action, and Intellectual Sophistication: A Matter of Principled Conservatism or Group Dominance?

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 70, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 476-490

  Sidanius, Jim ^a   Pratto, Felicia ^b   Bobo, Lawrence ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030540011     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.476     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Adorno, T., Brunswik, E., Levinson, D., & Sanford, N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper.
2. Barker, M. (1981). The new racism: Conservatives and the ideology of the tribe. London: Junction Books.
3. Berger, J., et al. (1970). Status characteristics and social interaction: An expectation-states approach. New York: Greenwood Press.
4. Blumer, H. (1961). Race prejudice as a sense of group position. In J. Masuoka & P. Valien (Eds.), Race relations: Problems and theory (pp. 217-227). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
5. Bobo, L. (1983). Whites' opposition to busing: Symbolic racism or realistic group conflict? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1196-1210.
6. Bobo, L. (1988a). Attitudes toward the black political movement: Trends, meaning and effects on racial policy preferences. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51, 287-302.
7. Bobo, L. (1988b). Group conflict, prejudice, and the paradox of contemporary racial attitudes. In P. A. Katz & D. A. Taylor (Eds.), Eliminating racism: Profiles in controversy (pp. 85-114). New York: Plenum.
8. Bobo, L., Johnson, J. H., Oliver, M. L., Sidanius, J., & Zubrinsky, C. (1992). Public opinion before and after a spring of discontent: A preliminary report on the 1992 Los Angeles County social survey. Institute For Social Science Research, Survey Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles.
9. Bobo, L., & Licari, F. (1989). Education and political tolerance: Testing the effects of cognitive sophistication and target group affect. Public Opinion Quarterly, 53, 285-308.
10. Brewer, M. B. (1986). The role of ethnocentrism in intergroup conflict. In S. Worchel & W. A. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations(pp. 88-102). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
11. Burkey, R. M. (1971). Racial discrimination and public policy in the United States. Lexington, MA: Heath.
12. Carmines, E. G., & Merriman, R. W., Jr. (1993). The changing American dilemma: Liberal values and racial policies. In P. M. Sniderman, P. E. Tetlock, & E. G. Carmines (Eds.), Prejudice, politics and the American dilemma (pp. 237-255). Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
13. Centers, R. (1949). The psychology of social classes: A study of class consciousness. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
14. Citrin, J., & Green, M. P. (1990). The self-interest motive in American public opinion. Research In Micropolitics, 3, 1-28.
15. Cohen, E. G. (1982). Expectation states and interracial interaction in school settings. Annual Review of Sociology, 8, 209-235.
16. Conover, P. J., & Feldman, S. (1981). The origins and meaning of liberal/conservative self-identifications. American Journal of Political Science, 25, 617-645.
17. Converse, P. E. (1964). The nature of beliefs systems in mass publics. In D. E. Apter (Ed.), Ideology and discontent (pp. 206-261). New York: Free Press.
18. Converse, P. E. (1980). Rejoinder to Judd and Milburn. American Sociological Review, 45, 644-646.
19. Cymrot, D. J. (1985). Does competition lessen discrimination?: Some evidence. Journal of Human Resources, 20, 605-612.
20. Darity, W., Jr. (1989). What's left of the economic theory of discrimination? In S. Shuman & W. Darity, Jr. (Eds.), The question of discrimination: Racial inequality in the U.S. labor market. (pp. 335-374). Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
21. Dator, J. A. (1969). Measuring attitudes across cultures: A factor analysis of the replies of Japanese judges to Eysenck's inventory of conservative-progressive ideology. In G. Shubert & D. J. Danelski (Eds.), Comparative judicial behavior (pp. 71-102). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
22. Ekehammar, B., Nelson, I.,& Sidanius, J. (1987). Education and ideology: Basic aspects of education related to adolescents' sociopolitical attitudes. Political Psychology, 8, 395-410.
23. Eysenck, H. J. (1951). Primary social attitudes as related to social class and political party. British Journal of Sociology, 11, 198-209.
24. Eysenck, H. J. (1971). Social attitudes and social class. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 10, 210-212.
25. Eysenck, H. J. (1976). Structure of social attitudes. Psychological Reports, 39, 463-466.
26. Eysenck, H. J., & Coulter, T. T. (1972). The personality and attitudes of working class British communists and fascists. Journal of Social Psychology, 87, 59-73.
27. Glazer, N. (1975). Affirmative discrimination, ethnic inequality and public policy. New York: Basic Books.
28. Gramsci, A. (1976). Selections from the prison notebook. In Q. Hoare & G. N. Smith (Eds.), Selections from the prison notebook. New York: International Publishers.
29. Greenwell, M., Strohm, M., & Bobo, L. (1994). Project memoranda: Non-response bias evaluation. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles.
30. Hamilton, R. F. (1972). Class and politics in the United States. New York: Wiley.
31. Herting, J. R. (1985). Multiple indicator models using LISREL. In H. M. Blalock (Ed.), Casual models in the social sciences (2nd ed., pp. 263-319). New York: Aldine.
32. Huber, J., & Form, W. H. (1973). Income and ideology. New York: Free Press.
33. Jackman, M. R. (1978). Education and policy commitment to racial integration. American Journal of Political Science, 22, 302-324.
34. Jackman, M. R. (1981). General and applied tolerance: Does education increase commitment to racial integration? American Journal of Political Science, 25, 256-269.
35. Jackman, M. R. (1991, August). Paternalism and conflict in intergroup relations. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Cincinnati, Ohio.
36. Jackman, M. R., & Muha, M. J. (1984). Education and intergroup attitudes: Moral enlightenment, superficial democratic commitment or ideological refinement? American Sociological Review, 49, 751-769.
37. Jackson, J. S., & Kirby, D. (1991, August). Models of individual outgroup rejection: Cross-national Western Europe-United States comparisons. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Cincinnati, Ohio.
38. Jacoby, T. (1994, January 24). After bigotry. The New Republic, 36-39.
39. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1988). LISREL 7: A guide to the program and its application. Chicago: SPSS.
40. Judd, C. M., Krosnick, J. A., & Milburn, M. A. (1981). Political involvement and attitude structure in the general public. American Sociological Review, 46, 660-669.
41. Judd, C. M., & Milburn, M. A. (1980). The structure of attitude systems in the general public: Comparisons of a structural equation model. American Sociological Review, 45, 627-643.
42. Katz, I., & Hass, R. G. (1988). Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 893-905.
43. Katz, I., Wackenhut, J., & Glass, D. C. (1986). An ambivalence-amplication theory of behavior toward the stigmatized. In S. Worchel & W. A. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 103-117). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
44. Kinder, D. R., & Mendelberg, T. (1991, August). Cracks in apartheid? Prejudice, policy and racial isolation in contemporary American politics. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.
45. McConahay, J. B. (1983). Modern racism and modern discrimination: The effects of race, racial attitudes and context on simulated hiring decisions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 551-558.
46. McConahay, J. B. (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence and the modern racism scale. In S. L. Gaertner & J. Dovidio (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination and racism: Theory and research. New York: Academic Press.
47. Michels, R. (1959). Political parties: A sociological study of oligarchical tendencies in modern democracy (E. C. Paul, Trans.). New York: Dover Press.
48. Milbrath, L. W., & Goel, M. L. (1977). Political participation: How and why do people get involved in politics? Chicago: Rand McNally.
49. Mosca, G. (1939). The ruling class (H. Kahn, Trans.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
50. The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. (1993). Danbury, CT: Gro-Iier Electronic Publishing.
51. Nias, D. K. B. (1972). The structuring of social attitudes in children. Child Development, 43, 211-219.
52. Nilsson, E., Ekehammer, B., & Sidanius, J. (1985). Education and sociopolitical attitudes. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 29, 1-15.
53. O'Neil, M. J. (1979). Estimating the non-response bias due to refusals in telephone surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 43, 218-232.
54. Orfield, G. (1991). The closing door: Conservative policy and black opportunity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
55. Rokeach, M. (1979). Understanding human values. New York: Free Press.
56. Pareto, V. (1943). The mind and society [A. Bongiorno & A. Livingston, Trans.]. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
57. Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. F. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 741-763.
58. Pratto, F., Stallworth, L. M., & Sidanius, J. (1994). The gender gap: Differences in political attitudes and social dominance orientation. Manuscript submitted for publication.
59. Scott, J. C. (1990). Domination and the arts of resistance: Hidden transcripts. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
60. Sears, D. O. (1988). Symbolic racism. In P. A. Katz & D. A. Taylor (Eds.), Eliminating racism: Profiles in controversy (pp. 53-84). New York: Plenum.
61. Sidanius, J. (1987). Social attitudes and political party preferences among Swedish youth. Scandinavian Political Studies, 10, 111-124.
62. Sidanius, J. (1989). Racial discrimination and job evaluation: The case of university faculty. National Journal of Sociology, 3, 223-257.
63. Sidanius, J. (1993). The psychology of group conflict and the dynamics of oppression: A social dominance perspective. In S. Iyengar & W. McGuire (Eds.), Explorations in political psychology (pp. 183-219). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
64. Sidanius, J., & Ekehammar, B. (1979). Political socialization: A multivariate analysis of Swedish political attitude and preference data. European Journal of Social Psychology, 9, 265-279.
65. Sidanius, J., Ekehammar, B., & Ross, M. (1979). Comparisons of socio-political attitudes between two democratic societies. International Journal of Psychology, 14, 225-240.
66. Sidanius, J., Liu, J., Pratto, F., & Shaw, J. (1994). Social dominance orientation, hierarchy-attenuators and hierarchy-enhancers: Social dominance theory and the criminal justice system. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 338-366.
67. Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1993a). The inevitability of oppression and the dynamics of social dominance. In P. Sniderman & P. Tetlock (Eds.), Prejudice, politics and the American dilemma (pp. 173-211). Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
68. Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1993b). Racism and support of free-market capitalism: A cross-cultural analysis. Political Psychology, 14, 381-401.
69. Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., & Bobo, L. (1994). Social dominance orientation and the political psychology of gender: A case of invariance? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 998-1011.
70. Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., Martin, M., & Stallworth, L. (1991). Consensual racism and career track: Some implications of social dominance theory. Political Psychology, 12, 691-721.
71. Smith, A. W. (1981). Racial tolerance as a function of group position. American Sociological Review, 46, 558-573.
72. Sowell, T. (1984). Civil rights: Rhetoric or reality? New York: William Morrow.
73. Sniderman, P. M., & Piazza, T. (1993). The scar of race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
74. Sniderman, P. M., Piazza, T., Tetlock, P. E., Carmines, E. G., Peterson, R. S., & Lawrence, G. R. (1991, August). The new American dilemma: Racism and racial resentment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Cincinnati, Ohio.
75. Sniderman, P. M., Piazza, T., Tetlock, P. E., & Kendrick, A. (1991). The new racism. American Journal of Political Science, 35, 423-447.
76. Stone, W. F., & Russ, R. C. (1976). Machiavellianism as tough mindedness. Journal of Social Psychology, 98, 213-220.
77. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. A. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
78. Turner, J. H., Singleton, R., Jr., & Musick, D. (1984). Oppression: A socio-history of Black-White relations in America. Chicago: Nelson Hall.
79. van den Berghe, P. L. (1967). Race and racism. New York: Wiley.
80. Weil, F. D. (1985). The variable effects of education on liberal attitudes: A comparative-historical analysis of anti-semitism using public opinion survey data. American Sociological Review, 50, 458-474.
81. Welch, S., & Foster, L. (1987). Class and conservatism in the black community. American Politics Quarterly, 4, 445-470.
82. Wellman, D. (1977). Portraits of While racism. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
83. Williamson, J. B. (1974). Beliefs about motivation of the poor and attitudes toward poverty policy. Social Problems, 21, 634-648.
84. Wilson, G. D. (1973). The psychology of conservatism. New York: Academic Press.
85. Wilson, G. D., & Bagley, C. (1973). Religion, racialism and conservatism. In G. D. Wilson (Ed.), The psychology of conservatism (pp. 117-128). London: Academic Press.
86. Wilson, G. D., & Lee, H. S. (1974). Social attitude patterns in Korea. Journal of Social Psychology, 94, 27-30.
87. Wilson, G. D., & Patterson, J. R. (1968). A new measure of conservatism. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 7, 264-269.
88. Wright, G. C. (1977). Racism and welfare policy in America. Social Science Quarterly, 57, 718-730.