Animal models of enterovirus 71 infection: Applications and limitations

Journal of Biomedical Science

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Wang, Ya Fang ^a,b   Yu, Chun Keung ^a,c  

^a NATIONAL CHENG KUNG UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^b NATIONAL HEALTH RESEARCH INSTITUTES   (Taiwan)

^c NATIONAL APPLIED RESEARCH LABORATORIES   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Animal models; Enterovirus 71; Pathogenesis

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT; DNA VACCINE; INACTIVATED VIRUS VACCINE; LACTOFERRIN; LIVE VACCINE; PLECONARIL; RIBAVIRIN; RUPINTRIVIR; VIRUS ANTIBODY;

CLINICAL FEATURE; ENTEROVIRUS 71; ENTEROVIRUS 71 INFECTION; ENTEROVIRUS INFECTION; HOST PARASITE INTERACTION; HUMAN; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PATHOGENESIS; PRIMATE MODEL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TRANSGENIC MOUSE; ANIMAL; DISEASE MODEL; DRUG EFFECT; ENTEROVIRUS; GENETICS; IMMUNOLOGY; MOUSE; PATHOGENICITY; PATHOLOGY; VIRUS REPLICATION;

ANIMALIA; HUMAN ENTEROVIRUS 71; MUS MUSCULUS; PRIMATES;

ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, VIRAL; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; ENTEROVIRUS A, HUMAN; ENTEROVIRUS INFECTIONS; HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; MICE; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 84900420876     PISSN: 10217770     EISSN: 14230127     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-21-31     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Family Picornaviridae. Stanway G, Brown F, Christian P, Hovi T, Hyypia T, King AMQ, Knowles NJ, Lemon SM, Minor PD, Pallansch MA, Palmenberg AC, Skern T, Virus Taxonomy Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press, Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA, 2005 757 778
2. An apparently new enterovirus isolated from patients with disease of the central nervous system. Schmidt NJ, Lennette EH, Ho HH, J Infect Dis 1974 129 304 309 10.1093/infdis/129.3.304 4361245
3. An epidemic of enterovirus 71 infection in Taiwan. Taiwan Enterovirus Epidemic Working Group. Ho M, Chen ER, Hsu KH, Twu SJ, Chen KT, Tsai SF, Wang JR, Shih SR, N Engl J Med 1999 341 929 935 10.1056/NEJM199909233411301 10498487 (Pubitemid 29441546)
4. Fatal enterovirus type 71 infection: rapid detection and diagnostic pitfalls. Landry ML, Fonseca SN, Cohen S, Bogue CW, Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995 14 1095 1100 10.1097/00006454-199512000-00013 8745025
5. Deaths of children during an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in sarawak, malaysia: clinical and pathological characteristics of the disease. For the Outbreak Study Group. Chan LG, Parashar UD, Lye MS, Ong FG, Zaki SR, Alexander JP, Ho KK, Han LL, Pallansch MA, Suleiman AB, Jegathesan M, Anderson LJ, Clin Infect Dis 2000 31 678 683 10.1086/314032 11017815 (Pubitemid 32295486)
6. A mouse-adapted enterovirus 71 strain causes neurological disease in mice after oral infection. Wang YF, Chou CT, Lei HY, Liu CC, Wang SM, Yan JJ, Su IJ, Wang JR, Yeh TM, Chen SH, Yu CK, J Virol 2004 78 7916 7924 10.1128/JVI.78.15. 7916-7924.2004 15254164 (Pubitemid 38944277)
7. An overview of the evolution of enterovirus 71 and its clinical and public health significance. McMinn PC, FEMS Microbiol Rev 2002 26 91 107 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00601.x 12007645 (Pubitemid 34454778)
8. Heart rate variability monitoring in the detection of central nervous system complications in children with enterovirus infection. Lin MT, Wang JK, Lu FL, Wu ET, Yeh SJ, Lee WL, Wu JM, Wu MH, J Crit Care 2006 21 280 286 10.1016/j.jcrc.2006.02.005 16990099 (Pubitemid 44389948)
9. Neonatal rhesus monkey is a potential animal model for studying pathogenesis of EV71 infection. Liu L, Zhao H, Zhang Y, Wang J, Che Y, Dong C, Zhang X, Na R, Shi H, Jiang L, Wang L, Xie Z, Cui P, Xiong X, Liao Y, Zhao S, Gao J, Tang D, Li Q, Virology 2011 412 91 100 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.058 21262515
10. Chapter 14: Picornaviridae. Hsiung GD, Hsiung's Diagnostic Virology Yale University Press: New Haven, Hsiung GD, Fong CKY, Landry ML, 4 1994 119 140
11. The discovery of the enteroviruses and the classification of poliovirus among them. Melnick JL, Biologicals 1993 21 305 309 10.1006/biol.1993.1088 8024744 (Pubitemid 24106883)
12. Enterovirus 71 isolated from cases of epidemic poliomyelitis-like disease in Bulgaria. Chumakov M, Voroshilova M, Shindarov L, Lavrova I, Gracheva L, Koroleva G, Vasilenko S, Brodvarova I, Nikolova M, Gyurova S, Gacheva M, Mitov G, Ninov N, Tsylka E, Robinson I, Frolova M, Bashkirtsev V, Martiyanova L, Rodin V, Arch Virol 1979 60 329 340 10.1007/BF01317504 228639 (Pubitemid 9221445)
13. Isolation of enterovirus type 71 from the vesicle fluid of an adult patient with hand-foot-mouth disease in China. Zheng ZM, Zhang JH, Zhu WP, He PJ, Virol Sin 1989 4 375 382
14. Neurovirulence in cynomolgus monkeys of enterovirus 71 isolated from a patient with hand, foot and mouth disease. Hashimoto I, Hagiwara A, Kodama H, Arch Virol 1978 56 257 261 10.1007/BF01317855 205198 (Pubitemid 8303880)
15. A murine oral enterovirus 71 infection model with central nervous system involvement. Chen YC, Yu CK, Wang YF, Liu CC, Su IJ, Lei HY, J Gen Virol 2004 85 69 77 10.1099/vir.0.19423-0 14718621 (Pubitemid 38128871)
16. Acute chemokine response in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of children with enterovirus 71-associated brainstem encephalitis. Wang SM, Lei HY, Yu CK, Wang JR, Su IJ, Liu CC, J Infect Dis 2008 198 1002 1006 10.1086/591462 18710325
17. Cytokine immunopathogenesis of enterovirus 71 brain stem encephalitis. Wang SM, Lei HY, Liu CC, Clin Dev Immunol 2012 2012 876241 22956971
18. Clinical spectrum of enterovirus 71 infection in children in southern Taiwan, with an emphasis on neurological complications. Wang SM, Liu CC, Tseng HW, Wang JR, Huang CC, Chen YJ, Yang YJ, Lin SJ, Yeh TF, Clin Infect Dis 1999 29 184 190 10.1086/520149 10433583
19. Neurologic complications in children with enterovirus 71 infection. Huang CC, Liu CC, Chang YC, Chen CY, Wang ST, Yeh TF, N Engl J Med 1999 341 936 942 10.1056/NEJM199909233411302 10498488 (Pubitemid 29441547)
20. The 1998 enterovirus 71 outbreak in Taiwan: pathogenesis and management. Lin TY, Chang LY, Hsia SH, Huang YC, Chiu CH, Hsueh C, Shih SR, Liu CC, Wu MH, Clin Infect Dis 2002 34 Suppl 2 52 S57 11938497
21. Pathogenicity of a poliomyelitis-like disease in monkeys infected orally with enterovirus 71: a model for human infection. Hashimoto I, Hagiwara A, Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1982 8 149 156 10.1111/j.1365-2990.1982.tb00269.x 7048123 (Pubitemid 12045034)
22. Pyramidal and extrapyramidal involvement in experimental infection of cynomolgus monkeys with enterovirus 71. Nagata N, Shimizu H, Ami Y, Tano Y, Harashima A, Suzaki Y, Sato Y, Miyamura T, Sata T, Iwasaki T, J Med Virol 2002 67 207 216 10.1002/jmv.2209 11992581 (Pubitemid 34493434)
23. Differential localization of neurons susceptible to enterovirus 71 and poliovirus type 1 in the central nervous system of cynomolgus monkeys after intravenous inoculation. Nagata N, Iwasaki T, Ami Y, Tano Y, Harashima A, Suzaki Y, Sato Y, Hasegawa H, Sata T, Miyamura T, Shimizu H, J Gen Virol 2004 85 2981 2989 10.1099/vir.0.79883-0 15448361 (Pubitemid 39360042)
24. Neurogenic pulmonary oedema and enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis. Lum LC, Wong KT, Lam SK, Chua KB, Goh AY, Lancet 1998 352 1391 (Pubitemid 28510938)
25. Enterovirus 71 infection and neurologic complications. Wong KT, Lum LC, Lam SK, N Engl J Med 2000 342 356 358 10660401
26. Pathologic studies of fatal cases in outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease, Taiwan. Shieh WJ, Jung SM, Hsueh C, Kuo TT, Mounts A, Parashar U, Yang CF, Guarner J, Ksiazek TG, Dawson J, Goldsmith C, Chang GJ, Oberste SM, Pallansch MA, Anderson LJ, Zaki SR, Emerg Infect Dis 2001 7 146 148 10.3201/eid0701.700146 11266307 (Pubitemid 32173346)
27. Clinical features and risk factors of pulmonary oedema after enterovirus-71-related hand, foot, and mouth disease. Chang LY, Lin TY, Hsu KH, Huang YC, Lin KL, Hsueh C, Shih SR, Ning HC, Hwang MS, Wang HS, Lee CY, Lancet 1999 354 1682 1686 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)04434-7 10568570 (Pubitemid 29533058)
28. Enterovirus 71: the virus, its infections and outbreaks. Ho M, J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2000 33 205 216 11269363 (Pubitemid 32046397)
29. Temperature-sensitive mutants of enterovirus 71 show attenuation in cynomolgus monkeys. Arita M, Shimizu H, Nagata N, Ami Y, Suzaki Y, Sata T, Iwasaki T, Miyamura T, J Gen Virol 2005 86 1391 1401 10.1099/vir.0.80784-0 15831951 (Pubitemid 40613257)
30. An attenuated strain of enterovirus 71 belonging to genotype a showed a broad spectrum of antigenicity with attenuated neurovirulence in cynomolgus monkeys. Arita M, Nagata N, Iwata N, Ami Y, Suzaki Y, Mizuta K, Iwasaki T, Sata T, Wakita T, Shimizu H, J Virol 2007 81 9386 9395 10.1128/JVI.02856-06 17567701 (Pubitemid 47311481)
31. Pathogenesis study of enterovirus 71 infection in rhesus monkeys. Zhang Y, Cui W, Liu L, Wang J, Zhao H, Liao Y, Na R, Dong C, Wang L, Xie Z, Gao J, Cui P, Zhang X, Li Q, Lab Invest 2011 91 1337 1350 10.1038/labinvest.2011.82 21555996
32. The effect of enterovirus 71 immunization on neuropathogenesis and protein expression profiles in the thalamus of infected rhesus neonates. Chen H, Zhang Y, Yang E, Liu L, Che Y, Wang J, Zhao H, Tang D, Dong C, Yang L, Shen D, Wang X, Liao Y, Wang L, Na R, Liang Y, Li Q, Virology 2012 432 417 426 10.1016/j.virol.2012.06.026 22819834
33. Neutralizing antibody provided protection against enterovirus type 71 lethal challenge in neonatal mice. Yu CK, Chen CC, Chen CL, Wang JR, Liu CC, Yan JJ, Su IJ, J Biomed Sci 2000 7 523 528 10.1007/BF02253368 11060501
34. A non-mouse-adapted enterovirus 71 (EV71) strain exhibits neurotropism, causing neurological manifestations in a novel mouse model of EV71 infection. Khong WX, Yan B, Yeo H, Tan EL, Lee JJ, Ng JK, Chow VT, Alonso S, J Virol 2012 86 2121 2131 10.1128/JVI.06103-11 22130542
35. The molecular basis of mouse adaptation by human enterovirus 71. Chua BH, Phuektes P, Sanders SA, Nicholls PK, McMinn PC, J Gen Virol 2008 89 1622 1632 10.1099/vir.0.83676-0 18559932
36. Cooperative effect of the attenuation determinants derived from poliovirus sabin 1 strain is essential for attenuation of enterovirus 71 in the NOD/SCID mouse infection model. Arita M, Ami Y, Wakita T, Shimizu H, J Virol 2008 82 1787 1797 10.1128/JVI.01798-07 18057246 (Pubitemid 351206928)
37. Transgenic mouse model for the study of enterovirus 71 neuropathogenesis. Fujii K, Nagata N, Sato Y, Ong KC, Wong KT, Yamayoshi S, Shimanuki M, Shitara H, Taya C, Koike S, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013 110 14753 14758 10.1073/pnas.1217563110 23959904
38. Retrograde axonal transport: a major transmission route of enterovirus 71 in mice. Chen CS, Yao YC, Lin SC, Lee YP, Wang YF, Wang JR, Liu CC, Lei HY, Yu CK, J Virol 2007 81 8996 9003 10.1128/JVI.00236-07 17567704 (Pubitemid 47311443)
39. Pathologic characterization of a murine model of human enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis. Ong KC, Badmanathan M, Devi S, Leong KL, Cardosa MJ, Wong KT, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2008 67 532 542 10.1097/NEN.0b013e31817713e7 18520772 (Pubitemid 351787080)
40. Type I interferons protect mice against enterovirus 71 infection. Liu ML, Lee YP, Wang YF, Lei HY, Liu CC, Wang SM, Su IJ, Wang JR, Yeh TM, Chen SH, Yu CK, J Gen Virol 2005 86 3263 3269 10.1099/vir.0.81195-0 16298971 (Pubitemid 41685158)
41. Enterovirus 71 blocks selectively type I interferon production through the 3C viral protein in mice. Lee YP, Wang YF, Wang JR, Huang SW, Yu CK, J Med Virol 2012 84 1779 1789 10.1002/jmv.23377 22997081
42. A single nucleotide in stem loop II of 5′-untranslated region contributes to virulence of enterovirus 71 in mice. Yeh MT, Wang SW, Yu CK, Lin KH, Lei HY, Su IJ, Wang JR, PLoS One 2011 6 27082 10.1371/journal.pone.0027082 22069490
43. Mutations in VP2 and VP1 capsid proteins increase infectivity and mouse lethality of enterovirus 71 by virus binding and RNA accumulation enhancement. Huang SW, Wang YF, Yu CK, Su IJ, Wang JR, Virology 2012 422 132 143 10.1016/j.virol.2011.10.015 22078110
44. A mouse muscle-adapted enterovirus 71 strain with increased virulence in mice. Wang W, Duo J, Liu J, Ma C, Zhang L, Wei Q, Qin C, Microbes Infect 2011 13 862 870 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.04.004 21612764
45. Adaptation of enterovirus 71 to adult interferon deficient mice. Caine EA, Partidos CD, Santangelo JD, Osorio JE, PLoS One 2013 8 59501 10.1371/journal.pone.0059501 23527208
46. Enterovirus 71-induced neurological disorders in young gerbils. Meriones unguiculatus: development and application of a neurological disease model. Yao PP, Qian L, Xia Y, Xu F, Yang ZN, Xie RH, Li X, Liang WF, Huang XX, Zhu ZY, Zhu HP, PLoS One 2012 7 51996 10.1371/journal.pone.0051996 23284845
47. Receptors. JM B, The Picornavirus Washington, DC: ASM Press, Ehrenfeld E, Domingo E, Roos RP, 2010 73 86
48. Human P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is a functional receptor for enterovirus 71. Nishimura Y, Shimojima M, Tano Y, Miyamura T, Wakita T, Shimizu H, Nat Med 2009 15 794 797 10.1038/nm.1961 19543284
49. Scavenger receptor B2 is a cellular receptor for enterovirus 71. Yamayoshi S, Yamashita Y, Li J, Hanagata N, Minowa T, Takemura T, Koike S, Nat Med 2009 15 798 801 10.1038/nm.1992 19543282
50. Sialylated glycans as receptor and inhibitor of enterovirus 71 infection to DLD-1 intestinal cells. Yang B, Chuang H, Yang KD, Virol J 2009 6 141 10.1186/1743-422X-6-141 19751532
51. Annexin II binds to capsid protein VP1 of enterovirus 71 and enhances viral infectivity. Yang SL, Chou YT, Wu CN, Ho MS, J Virol 2011 85 11809 11820 10.1128/JVI.00297-11 21900167
52. Transgenic expression of human P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is not sufficient for enterovirus 71 infection in mice. Liu J, Dong W, Quan X, Ma C, Qin C, Zhang L, Arch Virol 2012 157 539 543 10.1007/s00705-011-1198-2 22187102
53. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is broadly expressed in cells of myeloid, lymphoid, and dendritic lineage and in some nonhematopoietic cells. Laszik Z, Jansen PJ, Cummings RD, Tedder TF, McEver RP, Moore KL, Blood 1996 88 3010 3021 8874199 (Pubitemid 26357383)
54. Human SCARB2 transgenic mice as an infectious animal model for enterovirus 71. Lin YW, Yu SL, Shao HY, Lin HY, Liu CC, Hsiao KN, Chitra E, Tsou YL, Chang HW, Sia C, Chong P, Chow YH, PLoS One 2013 8 57591 10.1371/journal.pone.0057591 23451246
55. An outbreak of enterovirus 71 infection in Taiwan, 1998: epidemiologic and clinical manifestations. Liu CC, Tseng HW, Wang SM, Wang JR, Su IJ, J Clin Virol 2000 17 23 30 10.1016/S1386-6532(00)00068-8 10814935 (Pubitemid 30256288)
56. Cerebrospinal fluid cytokines in enterovirus 71 brain stem encephalitis and echovirus meningitis infections of varying severity. Wang SM, Lei HY, Su LY, Wu JM, Yu CK, Wang JR, Liu CC, Clin Microbiol Infect 2007 13 677 682 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01729.x 17441979 (Pubitemid 46909344)
57. Inhibition of fibrin-induced neurogenic pulmonary edema by previous unilateral left-vagotomy correlates with increased levels of brain nitric oxide synthase in the nucleus tractus solitarii of rats. Feng GG, Nishiwaki K, Kondo H, Shimada Y, Ishikawa N, Auton Neurosci 2002 102 1 7 10.1016/S1566-0702(01) 00394-0 12492129 (Pubitemid 35305000)
58. Acute hypertension after the local injection of kainic acid into the nucleus tractus solitarii of rats. Talman WT, Perrone MH, Reis DJ, Circ Res 1981 48 292 298 10.1161/01.RES.48.2.292 7460203 (Pubitemid 11191043)
59. Exogenous interleukin-6, interleukin-13, and interferon-gamma provoke pulmonary abnormality with mild edema in enterovirus 71-infected mice. Huang SW, Lee YP, Hung YT, Lin CH, Chuang JI, Lei HY, Su IJ, Yu CK, Respir Res 2011 12 147 10.1186/1465-9921-12-147 22054060
60. Risks associated with the use of live-attenuated vaccine poliovirus strains and the strategies for control and eradication of paralytic poliomyelitis. Pliaka V, Kyriakopoulou Z, Markoulatos P, Expert Rev Vaccines 2012 11 609 628 10.1586/erv.12.28 22827246
61. Immunoprotection elicited by an enterovirus type 71 experimental inactivated vaccine in mice and rhesus monkeys. Dong C, Liu L, Zhao H, Wang J, Liao Y, Zhang X, Na R, Liang Y, Wang L, Li Q, Vaccine 2011 29 6269 6275 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.044 21722686
62. Formaldehyde-inactivated human enterovirus 71 vaccine is compatible for co-immunization with a commercial pentavalent vaccine. Chen CW, Lee YP, Wang YF, Yu CK, Vaccine 2011 29 2772 2776 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.094 21315698
63. Formalin-inactivated vaccine provokes cross-protective immunity in a mouse model of human enterovirus 71 infection. Bek EJ, Hussain KM, Phuektes P, Kok CC, Gao Q, Cai F, Gao Z, McMinn PC, Vaccine 2011 29 4829 4838 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.070 21550375
64. Formaldehyde-inactivated whole-virus vaccine protects a murine model of enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis against disease. Ong KC, Devi S, Cardosa MJ, Wong KT, J Virol 2010 84 661 665 10.1128/JVI.00999-09 19864378
65. Recombinant VP1 protein expressed in Pichia pastoris induces protective immune responses against EV71 in mice. Wang M, Jiang S, Wang Y, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013 430 387 393 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.035 23159634
66. Immunogenicity of a truncated enterovirus 71 VP1 protein fused to a Newcastle disease virus nucleocapsid protein fragment in mice. Ch'ng WC, Saw WT, Yusoff K, Shafee N, Acta Virol 2011 55 227 233 10.4149/av-2011-03-227 21978156
67. Recombinant baculovirus associated with bilosomes as an oral vaccine candidate against HEV71 infection in mice. Premanand B, Prabakaran M, Kiener TK, Kwang J, PLoS One 2013 8 55536 10.1371/journal.pone.0055536 23390538
68. Enterovirus type 71 neutralizing antibodies in the serum of macaque monkeys immunized with EV71 virus-like particles. Lin YL, Yu CI, Hu YC, Tsai TJ, Kuo YC, Chi WK, Lin AN, Chiang BL, Vaccine 2012 30 1305 1312 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.081 22214888
69. DNA vaccine constructs against enterovirus 71 elicit immune response in mice. Tung WS, Bakar SA, Sekawi Z, Rosli R, Genet Vaccines Ther 2007 5 6 10.1186/1479-0556-5-6 17445254
70. Protection against lethal enterovirus 71 infection in newborn mice by passive immunization with subunit VP1 vaccines and inactivated virus. Wu CN, Lin YC, Fann C, Liao NS, Shih SR, Ho MS, Vaccine 2001 20 895 904 10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00385-1 11738755 (Pubitemid 34015831)
71. Combined peptides of human enterovirus 71 protect against virus infection in mice. Liu JN, Wang W, Duo JY, Hao Y, Ma CM, Li WB, Lin SZ, Gao XZ, Liu XL, Xu YF, Xu WB, Qin C, Zhang LF, Vaccine 2010 28 7444 7451 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010. 08.080 20831911
72. Protection of neonatal mice from lethal enterovirus 71 infection by maternal immunization with attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing VP1 of enterovirus 71. Chiu CH, Chu C, He CC, Lin TY, Microbes Infect 2006 8 1671 1678 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.01.021 16815726 (Pubitemid 44128870)
73. Immunity to avirulent enterovirus 71 and coxsackie A16 virus protects against enterovirus 71 infection in mice. Wu TC, Wang YF, Lee YP, Wang JR, Liu CC, Wang SM, Lei HY, Su IJ, Yu CK, J Virol 2007 81 10310 10315 10.1128/JVI.00372-07 17626076 (Pubitemid 47463306)
74. Protective efficacy of VP1-specific neutralizing antibody associated with a reduction of viral load and pro-inflammatory cytokines in human SCARB2-transgenic mice. Chang HW, Lin YW, Ho HM, Lin MH, Liu CC, Shao HY, Chong P, Sia C, Chow YH, PLoS One 2013 8 69858 10.1371/journal.pone.0069858 23936115
75. Methylene blue-mediated photodynamic inactivation as a novel disinfectant of enterovirus 71. Wong TW, Huang HJ, Wang YF, Lee YP, Huang CC, Yu CK, J Antimicrob Chemother 2010 65 2176 2182 10.1093/jac/dkq301 20719762
76. Antibody dependent enhancement infection of enterovirus 71 in vitro and in vivo. Han JF, Cao RY, Deng YQ, Tian X, Jiang T, Qin ED, Qin CF, Virol J 2011 8 106 10.1186/1743-422X-8-106 21385398
77. Subneutralizing antibodies to enterovirus 71 induce antibody-dependent enhancement of infection in newborn mice. Chen IC, Wang SM, Yu CK, Liu CC, Med Microbiol Immunol 2013 202 259 265 10.1007/s00430-013-0289-y 23408291
78. Partial protection against enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection in a mouse model immunized with recombinant Newcastle disease virus capsids displaying the EV71 VP1 fragment. Ch'ng WC, Stanbridge EJ, Ong KC, Wong KT, Yusoff K, Shafee N, J Med Virol 2011 83 1783 1791 10.1002/jmv.22198 21837796
79. Treatment of potentially life-threatening enterovirus infections with pleconaril. Rotbart HA, Webster AD, Clin Infect Dis 2001 32 228 235 10.1086/318452 11170912 (Pubitemid 32524792)
80. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of ribavirin and pleconaril antiviral activity against enterovirus 71 infection. Zhang G, Zhou F, Gu B, Ding C, Feng D, Xie F, Wang J, Zhang C, Cao Q, Deng Y, Hu W, Yao K, Arch Virol 2012 157 4 669 679 10.1007/s00705-011-1222-6 22245989
81. Ribavirin reduces mortality in enterovirus 71-infected mice by decreasing viral replication. Li ZH, Li CM, Ling P, Shen FH, Chen SH, Liu CC, Yu CK, Chen SH, J Infect Dis 2008 197 854 857 10.1086/527326 18279075 (Pubitemid 351417008)
82. Rupintrivir is a promising candidate for treating severe cases of enterovirus-71 infection: evaluation of antiviral efficacy in a murine infection model. Zhang X, Song Z, Qin B, Chen L, Hu Y, Yuan Z, Antiviral Res 2013 97 264 269 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.12.029 23295352
83. Synergistic inhibition of enterovirus 71 replication by interferon and rupintrivir. Hung HC, Wang HC, Shih SR, Teng IF, Tseng CP, Hsu JT, J Infect Dis 2011 203 1784 1790 10.1093/infdis/jir174 21536800
84. Inhibition of enterovirus 71 in virus-infected mice by RNA interference. Tan EL, Tan TM, Tak Kwong Chow V, Poh CL, Mol Ther 2007 15 1931 1938 10.1038/sj.mt.6300287 17712333 (Pubitemid 350011732)
85. The physiology of lactoferrin. Brock JH, Biochem Cell Biol 2002 80 1 6 10.1139/o01-212 (Pubitemid 34194221)
86. Lactoferrin inhibits enterovirus 71 infection of human embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cells in vitro. Lin TY, Chu C, Chiu CH, J Infect Dis 2002 186 1161 1164 10.1086/343809 12355368 (Pubitemid 35177120)
87. Lactoferrin inhibits enterovirus 71 infection by binding to VP1 protein and host cells. Weng TY, Chen LC, Shyu HW, Chen SH, Wang JR, Yu CK, Lei HY, Yeh TM, Antiviral Res 2005 67 31 37 10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.03.005 15916817 (Pubitemid 40798916)
88. Recombinant porcine lactoferrin expressed in the milk of transgenic mice protects neonatal mice from a lethal challenge with enterovirus type 71. Chen HL, Wang LC, Chang CH, Yen CC, Cheng WT, Wu SC, Hung CM, Kuo MF, Chen CM, Vaccine 2008 26 891 898 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.12.013 18207613
89. Recent advances in the molecular epidemiology and control of human enterovirus 71 infection. McMinn PC, Curr Opin Virol 2012 2 199 205 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.02.009 22482716
90. Efficacy, safety, and immunology of an inactivated alum-adjuvant enterovirus 71 vaccine in children in China: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Zhu FC, Meng FY, Li JX, Li XL, Mao QY, Tao H, Zhang YT, Yao X, Chu K, Chen QH, Hu YM, Wu X, Liu P, Zhu LY, Gao F, Jin H, Chen YJ, Dong YY, Liang YC, Shi NM, Ge HM, Liu L, Chen SG, Ai X, Zhang ZY, Ji YG, Luo FJ, Chen XQ, Zhang Y, Zhu LW, Liang ZL, Shen XL, Lancet 2013 381 2024 2032 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61049-1 23726161
91. Reemergence of enterovirus 71 in 2008 in taiwan: dynamics of genetic and antigenic evolution from 1998 to 2008. Huang SW, Hsu YW, Smith DJ, Kiang D, Tsai HP, Lin KH, Wang SM, Liu CC, Su IJ, Wang JR, J Clin Microbiol 2009 47 3653 3662 10.1128/JCM.00630-09 19776232
92. The association of recombination events in the founding and emergence of subgenogroup evolutionary lineages of human enterovirus 71. McWilliam Leitch EC, Cabrerizo M, Cardosa J, Harvala H, Ivanova OE, Koike S, Kroes AC, Lukashev A, Perera D, Roivainen M, Susi P, Trallero G, Evans DJ, Simmonds P, J Virol 2012 86 2676 2685 10.1128/JVI.06065-11 22205739