Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: Current status and future concepts

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 20, Issue 18, 2014, Pages 5283-5293

  Yang, Jyh Chin ^a   Lu, Chien Wei ^a   Lin, Chun Jung ^a  

^a NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Antimicrobial agents; Campylobacter pyloridis; Helicobacter pylori; Proton pump inhibitor

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; BISMUTH; CATECHIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; CYTOCHROME P450 2C19; CYTOCHROME P450 3A4; ESOMEPRAZOLE; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; LANSOPRAZOLE; LEVOFLOXACIN; METRONIDAZOLE; OMEPRAZOLE; PANTOPRAZOLE; PROBIOTIC AGENT; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; RABEPRAZOLE; RIFABUTIN; ROXITHROMYCIN; SIALIC ACID; SULFONAMIDE; TETRACYCLINE; TINIDAZOLE; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GROWTH; CHINESE MEDICINE; DISEASE ERADICATION; DRUG EFFICACY; GENE MUTATION; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HELICOBACTER INFECTION; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; ANIMAL; DRUG ADMINISTRATION; DRUG COMBINATION; DRUG EFFECTS; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; MICROBIOLOGY; PATHOGENICITY; TIME;

ANIMALS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; DRUG RESISTANCE, BACTERIAL; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMANS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PROBIOTICS; PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS; TIME FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84900385855     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i18.5283     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Marshall BJ, Warren JR. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet 1984; 1: 1311-1315 [PMID: 6145023 DOI: 10.1016/ S0140-6736(84)91816-6]
2. Amieva MR, El-Omar EM. Host-bacterial interactions in Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 2008; 134: 306-323 [PMID: 18166359 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.11.009]
3. Scott D, Weeks D, Melchers K, Sachs G. The life and death of Helicobacter pylori. Gut 1998; 43 Suppl 1: S56-S60 [PMID: 9764042 DOI: 10.1136/gut.43.2008.S56]
4. Brown LM. Helicobacter pylori: epidemiology and routes of transmission. Epidemiol Rev 2000; 22: 283-297 [PMID: 11218379 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a018040]
5. Vale FF, Vítor JM. Transmission pathway of Helicobacter pylori: does food play a role in rural and urban areas? Int J Food Microbiol 2010; 138: 1-12 [PMID: 20122750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.01.016]
6. Peura DA, Crowe CE. Helicobacter pylori. In: Feldman M FL, Brandt LJ, editors. Feldman: Sleisenger and Fordtran' s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2010: 833-845 [DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-6189-2.0 0050-0]
7. Fock KM, Ang TL. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer in Asia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25: 479-486 [PMID: 20370726 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1440-1746.2009.06188.x]
8. Wotherspoon AC, Ortiz-Hidalgo C, Falzon MR, Isaacson PG. Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis and primary B-cell gastric lymphoma. Lancet 1991; 338: 1175-1176 [PMID: 1682595 DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)92035-Z]
9. Kuipers EJ. Helicobacter pylori and the risk and management of associated diseases: gastritis, ulcer disease, atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997; 11 Suppl 1: 71-88 [PMID: 9146793 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.11. s1.5.x]
10. Sipponen P, Hyvärinen H. Role of Helicobacter pylori in the pathogenesis of gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1993; 196: 3-6 [PMID: 8341988 DOI: 10.3109/00365529309098333]
11. Uemura N, Okamoto S, Yamamoto S, Matsumura N, Yamaguchi S, Yamakido M, Taniyama K, Sasaki N, Schlemper RJ. Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 784-789 [PMID: 11556297 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa001999]
12. Infection with Helicobacter pylori. In: IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risks to humans. Vol. 61. Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. Lyon, France: Interantional Agency for Research on Cancer, 1994: 177-240
13. Fock KM, Katelaris P, Sugano K, Ang TL, Hunt R, Talley NJ, Lam SK, Xiao SD, Tan HJ, Wu CY, Jung HC, Hoang BH, Kachintorn U, Goh KL, Chiba T, Rani AA. Second Asia-Pacific Consensus Guidelines for Helicobacter pylori infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 24: 1587-1600 [PMID: 19788600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.05982.x]
14. World Gastroenterology Organisation. World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guideline: Helicobacter pylori in developing countries. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 45: 383-388 [PMID: 21415768 DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31820fb8f6]
15. Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O'Morain CA, Atherton J, Axon AT, Bazzoli F, Gensini GF, Gisbert JP, Graham DY, Rokkas T, El-Omar EM, Kuipers EJ. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection--the Maastricht IV/ Florence Consensus Report. Gut 2012; 61: 646-664 [PMID: 22491499 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302084]
16. Chey WD, Wong BC. American College of Gastroenterology guideline on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 1808-1825 [PMID: 17608775 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01393.x]
17. Iwao E, Yokoyama Y, Yamamoto K, Hirayama F, Haga K. In vitro and in vivo anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of Y-904, a new fluoroquinolone. J Infect Chemother 2003; 9: 165-171 [PMID: 12825117 DOI: 10.1007/s10156-003-0240-z]
18. Irie Y, Tateda K, Matsumoto T, Miyazaki S, Yamaguchi K. Antibiotic MICs and short time-killing against Helicobacter pylori: therapeutic potential of kanamycin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 40: 235-240 [PMID: 9301989 DOI: 10.1093/ jac/40.2.235]
19. Hoffman PS, Goodwin A, Johnsen J, Magee K, Veldhuyzen van Zanten SJ. Metabolic activities of metronidazole-sensitive and-resistant strains of Helicobacter pylori: repression of pyruvate oxidoreductase and expression of isocitrate lyase activity correlate with resistance. J Bacteriol 1996; 178: 4822-4829 [PMID: 8759844]
20. Mégraud F, Lehours P. Helicobacter pylori detection and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20: 280-322 [PMID: 17428887 DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00033-06]
21. The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 3.1, 2013. Available from: URL: http://www.eucast.org
22. Craig WA. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters: rationale for antibacterial dosing of mice and men. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 1-10; quiz 11-2 [PMID: 9455502 DOI: 10.1086/516284]
23. Berry V, Jennings K, Woodnutt G. Bactericidal and morphological effects of amoxicillin on Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 1859-1861 [PMID: 7486933 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.39.8.1859]
24. Megraud F, Trimoulet Pascale H, Boyanova L. Bactericidal effect of amoxicillin on Helicobacter pylori in an in vitro model using epithelial cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35: 869-872 [PMID: 1854168 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.35.5.869]
25. Lambert JR, Midolo P. The actions of bismuth in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997; 11 Suppl 1: 27-33 [PMID: 9146788]
26. Sörberg M, Hanberger H, Nilsson M, Nilsson LE. Pharmacodynamic effects of antibiotics and acid pump inhibitors on Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 2218-2223 [PMID: 9333051]
27. Davis R, Bryson HM. Levofloxacin. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 1994; 47: 677-700 [PMID: 7516863 DOI: 10.2165/00003 495-199447040-00008]
28. Dore MP, Osato MS, Realdi G, Mura I, Graham DY, Sepulveda AR. Amoxycillin tolerance in Helicobacter pylori. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43: 47-54 [PMID: 10381100 DOI: 10.1093/jac/43.1.47]
29. van Zwet AA, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Thijs JC, van der Wouden EJ, Gerrits MM, Kusters JG. Stable amoxicillin resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Lancet 1998; 352: 1595 [PMID: 9843107 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)00064-6]
30. Kwon DH, Dore MP, Kim JJ, Kato M, Lee M, Wu JY, Graham DY. High-level beta-lactam resistance associated with acquired multidrug resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 2169-2178 [PMID: 12821464 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.47.7.2169-2178.2003]
31. Mégraud F. H pylori antibiotic resistance: prevalence, importance, and advances in testing. Gut 2004; 53: 1374-1384 [PMID: 15306603 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2003.022111]
32. Cattoir V, Nectoux J, Lascols C, Deforges L, Delchier JC, Megraud F, Soussy CJ, Cambau E. Update on fluoroquinolone resistance in Helicobacter pylori: new mutations leading to resistance and first description of a gyrA polymorphism associated with hypersusceptibility. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 29: 389-396 [PMID: 17303392 DOI: 10.1016/ j.ijantimicag.2006.11.007]
33. Moore RA, Beckthold B, Wong S, Kureishi A, Bryan LE. Nucleotide sequence of the gyrA gene and characterization of ciprofloxacin-resistant mutants of Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 107-111 [PMID: 7695290 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.39.1.107]
34. Goodwin A, Kersulyte D, Sisson G, Veldhuyzen van Zanten SJ, Berg DE, Hoffman PS. Metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori is due to null mutations in a gene (rdxA) that encodes an oxygen-insensitive NADPH nitroreductase. Mol Microbiol 1998; 28: 383-393 [PMID: 9622362 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00806.x]
35. Jenks PJ, Edwards DI. Metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002; 19: 1-7 [PMID: 11814762 DOI: 10.1016/S0924-8579(01)00468-X]
36. Kwon DH, El-Zaatari FA, Kato M, Osato MS, Reddy R, Yamaoka Y, Graham DY. Analysis of rdxA and involvement of additional genes encoding NAD(P)H flavin oxidoreductase (FrxA) and ferredoxin-like protein (FdxB) in metronidazole resistance of Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 2133-2142 [PMID: 10898687 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.44.8.2133-2142.2000]
37. Heep M, Beck D, Bayerdörffer E, Lehn N. Rifampin and rifabutin resistance mechanism in Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43: 1497-1499 [PMID: 10348780]
38. Heep M, Rieger U, Beck D, Lehn N. Mutations in the beginning of the rpoB gene can induce resistance to rifamycins in both Helicobacter pylori and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 1075-1077 [PMID: 10722516]
39. Suzuki S, Suzuki H, Nishizawa T, Kaneko F, Ootani S, Muraoka H, Saito Y, Kobayashi I, Hibi T. Past rifampicin dosing determines rifabutin resistance of Helicobacter pylori. Digestion 2009; 79: 1-4 [PMID: 19142036 DOI: 10.1159/000191204]
40. Gisbert JP, Calvet X. Review article: rifabutin in the treatment of refractory Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 209-221 [PMID: 22129228 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04937.x]
41. Lambert JR. Pharmacology of bismuth-containing compounds. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13 Suppl 8: S691-S695 [PMID: 1925310 DOI: 10.1093/clinids/13. Supplement_8.S691]
42. Goodwin CS, Marshall BJ, Blincow ED, Wilson DH, Blackbourn S, Phillips M. Prevention of nitroimidazole resistance in Campylobacter pylori by coadministration of colloidal bismuth subcitrate: clinical and in vitro studies. J Clin Pathol 1988; 41: 207-210 [PMID: 3280609 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.41.2.207]
43. Sachs G, Shin JM, Briving C, Wallmark B, Hersey S. The pharmacology of the gastric acid pump: the H+, K+ ATPase. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1995; 35: 277-305 [PMID: 7598495 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pa.35.040195.001425]
44. Besancon M, Simon A, Sachs G, Shin JM. Sites of reaction of the gastric H, K-ATPase with extracytoplasmic thiol reagents. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 22438-22446 [PMID: 9278394 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.36.22438]
45. Huber R, Kohl B, Sachs G, Senn-Bilfinger J, Simon WA, Sturm E. Review article: the continuing development of proton pump inhibitors with particular reference to pantoprazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995; 9: 363-378 [PMID: 8527612 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.1995.tb00394.x]
46. Sohn DR, Kobayashi K, Chiba K, Lee KH, Shin SG, Ishizaki T. Disposition kinetics and metabolism of omeprazole in extensive and poor metabolizers of S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation recruited from an Oriental population. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992; 262: 1195-1202 [PMID: 1527724]
47. Yasuda S, Horai Y, Tomono Y, Nakai H, Yamato C, Manabe K, Kobayashi K, Chiba K, Ishizaki T. Comparison of the kinetic disposition and metabolism of E3810, a new proton pump inhibitor, and omeprazole in relation to S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation status. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 58: 143-154 [PMID: 7648764 DOI: 10.1016/0009-9236(95)90192-2]
48. Sohn DR, Kwon JT, Kim HK, Ishizaki T. Metabolic disposition of lansoprazole in relation to the S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation phenotype status. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997; 61: 574-582 [PMID: 9164419 DOI: 10.1016/S0009-9236(97)90137-5]
49. Tanaka M, Ohkubo T, Otani K, Suzuki A, Kaneko S, Sugawara K, Ryokawa Y, Hakusui H, Yamamori S, Ishizaki T. Metabolic disposition of pantoprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, in relation to S-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation phenotype and genotype. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997; 62: 619-628 [PMID: 9433390 DOI: 10.1016/S0009-9236(97)90081-3]
50. Sakai T, Aoyama N, Kita T, Sakaeda T, Nishiguchi K, Nishitora Y, Hohda T, Sirasaka D, Tamura T, Tanigawara Y, Kasuga M, Okumura K. CYP2C19 genotype and pharmacokinetics of three proton pump inhibitors in healthy subjects. Pharm Res 2001; 18: 721-727 [PMID: 11474773]
51. Tanaka M, Ohkubo T, Otani K, Suzuki A, Kaneko S, Sugawara K, Ryokawa Y, Ishizaki T. Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, in extensive and poor metabolizers of S-mephenytoin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001; 69: 108-113 [PMID: 11240974 DOI: 10.1067/ mcp.2001.113723]
52. Abelö A, Andersson TB, Antonsson M, Naudot AK, Skånberg I, Weidolf L. Stereoselective metabolism of omeprazole by human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2000; 28: 966-972 [PMID: 10901708]
53. Kang JM, Kim N, Lee DH, Park YS, Kim JS, Chang IJ, Song IS, Jung HC. Effect of the CYP2C19 polymorphism on the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori infection by 7-day triple therapy with regular proton pump inhibitor dosage. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23: 1287-1291 [PMID: 18637061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05392.x]
54. Hunfeld NG, Touw DJ, Mathot RA, van Schaik RH, Kuipers EJ. A comparison of the acid-inhibitory effects of esomeprazole and rabeprazole in relation to pharmacokinetics and CYP2C19 polymorphism. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 810-818 [PMID: 22324425 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05014. x]
55. Product Information: DEXILANT(R) delayed release oral capsules, dexlansoprazole delayed release oral capsules. Deerfield, IL: Takeda Pharmaceuticals America Inc., 2010
56. Nakao M, Malfertheiner P. Growth inhibitory and bactericidal activities of lansoprazole compared with those of omeprazole and pantoprazole against Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 1998; 3: 21-27 [PMID: 9546114 DOI: 10.1046/ j.1523-5378.1998.08024.x]
57. Kawakami Y, Akahane T, Yamaguchi M, Oana K, Takahashi Y, Okimura Y, Okabe T, Gotoh A, Katsuyama T. In vitro activities of rabeprazole, a novel proton pump inhibitor, and its thioether derivative alone and in combination with other antimicrobials against recent clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 458-461 [PMID: 10639386 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.44.2.458-461.2000]
58. Lin J, Huang WW. A systematic review of treating Helicobacter pylori infection with Traditional Chinese Medicine. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 4715-4719 [PMID: 19787835 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.4715]
59. Vítor JM, Vale FF. Alternative therapies for Helicobacter pylori: probiotics and phytomedicine. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2011; 63: 153-164 [PMID: 22077218 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1574-695X.2011.00865.x]
60. Yang JC, Shun CT, Chien CT, Wang TH. Effective prevention and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection using a combination of catechins and sialic acid in AGS cells and BALB/c mice. J Nutr 2008; 138: 2084-2090 [PMID: 18936202 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.090985]
61. Yang JC, Yang HC, Shun CT, Wang TH, Chien CT, Kao JY. Catechins and Sialic Acid Attenuate Helicobacter pylori-Triggered Epithelial Caspase-1 Activity and Eradicate Helicobacter pylori Infection. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013; 2013: 248585 [PMID: 23653660 DOI: 10.1155/2013/248585]
62. Cremonini F, Di Caro S, Covino M, Armuzzi A, Gabrielli M, Santarelli L, Nista EC, Cammarota G, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A. Effect of different probiotic preparations on antihelicobacter pylori therapy-related side effects: a parallel group, triple blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 2744-2749 [PMID: 12425542 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1572-0241.2002.07063.x]
63. Cindoruk M, Erkan G, Karakan T, Dursun A, Unal S. Efficacy and safety of Saccharomyces boulardii in the 14-day triple anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy: a prospective randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Helicobacter 2007; 12: 309-316 [PMID: 17669103 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2007.00516. x]
64. Hurduc V, Plesca D, Dragomir D, Sajin M, Vandenplas Y. A randomized, open trial evaluating the effect of Saccharomyces boulardii on the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Acta Paediatr 2009; 98: 127-131 [PMID: 18681892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00977.x]
65. Armuzzi A, Cremonini F, Bartolozzi F, Canducci F, Candelli M, Ojetti V, Cammarota G, Anti M, De Lorenzo A, Pola P, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A. The effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus GG on antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal side-effects during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15: 163-169 [PMID: 11148433 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.00923.x]
66. Canducci F, Armuzzi A, Cremonini F, Cammarota G, Bartolozzi F, Pola P, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A. A lyophilized and inactivated culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus increases Helicobacter pylori eradication rates. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14: 1625-1629 [PMID: 11121911 DOI: 10.1046/ j.1365-2036.2000.00885.x]
67. Sachdeva A, Nagpal J. Effect of fermented milk-based probiotic preparations on Helicobacter pylori eradication: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 21: 45-53 [PMID: 19060631 DOI: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e32830d0eff]
68. Graham DY, Lu H, Yamaoka Y. A report card to grade Helicobacter pylori therapy. Helicobacter 2007; 12: 275-278 [PMID: 17669098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2007.00518.x]
69. Graham DY, Fischbach L. Helicobacter pylori treatment in the era of increasing antibiotic resistance. Gut 2010; 59: 1143-1153 [PMID: 20525969 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2009.192757]
70. Furuta T, Shirai N, Kodaira M, Sugimoto M, Nogaki A, Kuriyama S, Iwaizumi M, Yamade M, Terakawa I, Ohashi K, Ishizaki T, Hishida A. Pharmacogenomics-based tailored versus standard therapeutic regimen for eradication of H. pylori. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 81: 521-528 [PMID: 17215846 DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100043]
71. Zullo A, Rinaldi V, Winn S, Meddi P, Lionetti R, Hassan C, Ripani C, Tomaselli G, Attili AF. A new highly effective short-term therapy schedule for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14: 715-718 [PMID: 10848654 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00766.x]
72. Zullo A, Vaira D, Vakil N, Hassan C, Gatta L, Ricci C, De Francesco V, Menegatti M, Tampieri A, Perna F, Rinaldi V, Perri F, Papadìa C, Fornari F, Pilati S, Mete LS, Merla A, Potì R, Marinone G, Savioli A, Campo SM, Faleo D, Ierardi E, Miglioli M, Morini S. High eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori with a new sequential treatment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17: 719-726 [PMID: 12641522 DOI: 10.1046/ j.1365-2036.2003.01461.x]
73. Gatta L, Vakil N, Leandro G, Di Mario F, Vaira D. Sequential therapy or triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in adults and children. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 3069-379; quiz 1080 [PMID: 19844205 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2009.555]
74. Greenberg ER, Anderson GL, Morgan DR, Torres J, Chey WD, Bravo LE, Dominguez RL, Ferreccio C, Herrero R, Lazcano-Ponce EC, Meza-Montenegro MM, Peña R, Peña EM, Salazar-Martínez E, Correa P, Martínez ME, Valdivieso M, Goodman GE, Crowley JJ, Baker LH. 14-day triple, 5-day concomitant, and 10-day sequential therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection in seven Latin American sites: a randomised trial. Lancet 2011; 378: 507-514 [PMID: 21777974 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60825-8]
75. Okada M, Oki K, Shirotani T, Seo M, Okabe N, Maeda K, Nishimura H, Ohkuma K, Oda K. A new quadruple therapy for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Effect of pretreatment with omeprazole on the cure rate. J Gastroenterol 1998; 33: 640-645 [PMID: 9773927 DOI: 10.1007/s005350050150]
76. Treiber G, Ammon S, Schneider E, Klotz U. Amoxicillin/ metronidazole/omeprazole/clarithromycin: a new, short quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Helicobacter 1998; 3: 54-58 [PMID: 9546119 DOI: 10.1046/ j.1523-5378.1998.08019.x]
77. Essa AS, Kramer JR, Graham DY, Treiber G. Meta-analysis: four-drug, three-antibiotic, non-bismuth-containing "concomitant therapy" versus triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Helicobacter 2009; 14: 109-118 [PMID: 19298338 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00671.x]
78. Wu DC, Hsu PI, Wu JY, Opekun AR, Kuo CH, Wu IC, Wang SS, Chen A, Hung WC, Graham DY. Sequential and concomitant therapy with four drugs is equally effective for eradication of H pylori infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 8: 36-41. e1 [PMID: 19804842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2009.09.030]
79. Cammarota G, Cianci R, Cannizzaro O, Cuoco L, Pirozzi G, Gasbarrini A, Armuzzi A, Zocco MA, Santarelli L, Arancio F, Gasbarrini G. Efficacy of two one-week rabeprazole/ levofloxacin-based triple therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14: 1339-1343 [PMID: 11012480 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00846.x]
80. Liou JM, Lin JT, Chang CY, Chen MJ, Cheng TY, Lee YC, Chen CC, Sheng WH, Wang HP, Wu MS. Levofloxacinbased and clarithromycin-based triple therapies as first-line and second-line treatments for Helicobacter pylori infection: a randomised comparative trial with crossover design. Gut 2010; 59: 572-578 [PMID: 20427390 DOI: 10.1136/ gut.2009.198309]
81. Yang JC, Lin CJ. CYP2C19 genotypes in the pharmacokinetics/ pharmacodynamics of proton pump inhibitor-based therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6: 29-41 [PMID: 19968574 DOI: 10.1517/1 7425250903386251]
82. Yang JC, Wang HL, Chern HD, Shun CT, Lin BR, Lin CJ, Wang TH. Role of omeprazole dosage and cytochrome P450 2C19 genotype in patients receiving omeprazole-amoxicillin dual therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Pharmacotherapy 2011; 31: 227-238 [PMID: 21361732 DOI: 10.1592/ phco.31.3.227]
83. Sugimoto M, Furuta T, Shirai N, Kajimura M, Hishida A, Sakurai M, Ohashi K, Ishizaki T. Different dosage regimens of rabeprazole for nocturnal gastric acid inhibition in relation to cytochrome P450 2C19 genotype status. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004; 76: 290-301 [PMID: 15470328 DOI: 10.1016/ j.clpt.2004.06.008]
84. Sugimoto M, Shirai N, Nishino M, Kodaira C, Uotani T, Yamade M, Sahara S, Ichikawa H, Sugimoto K, Miyajima H, Furuta T. Rabeprazole 10 mg q.d.s. decreases 24-h intragastric acidity significantly more than rabeprazole 20 mg b.d. or 40 mg o.m., overcoming CYP2C19 genotype. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36: 627-634 [PMID: 22882464 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12014]
85. Hwang IR, Kodama T, Kikuchi S, Sakai K, Peterson LE, Graham DY, Yamaoka Y. Effect of interleukin 1 polymorphisms on gastric mucosal interleukin 1beta production in Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 1793-1803 [PMID: 12454835 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.37043]
86. Furuta T, Shirai N, Xiao F, El-Omar EM, Rabkin CS, Sugimura H, Ishizaki T, Ohashi K. Polymorphism of interleukin-1beta affects the eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori by triple therapy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 2: 22-30 [PMID: 15017629 DOI: 10.1016/S1542-3565(03)00288-X]
87. Sugimoto M, Furuta T, Shirai N, Ikuma M, Hishida A, Ishizaki T. Influences of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine polymorphisms on eradication rates of clarithromycin-sensitive strains of Helicobacter pylori by triple therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006; 80: 41-50 [PMID: 16815316 DOI: 10.1016/j.clpt.2006.03.007]
88. Horiki N, Omata F, Uemura M, Suzuki S, Ishii N, Iizuka Y, Fukuda K, Fujita Y, Katsurahara M, Ito T, Cesar GE, Imoto I, Takei Y. Annual change of primary resistance to clarithromycin among Helicobacter pylori isolates from 1996 through 2008 in Japan. Helicobacter 2009; 14: 86-90 [PMID: 19751432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00714.x]
89. De Francesco V, Giorgio F, Hassan C, Manes G, Vannella L, Panella C, Ierardi E, Zullo A. Worldwide H. pylori antibiotic resistance: a systematic review. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2010; 19: 409-414 [PMID: 21188333]
90. Wu W, Yang Y, Sun G. Recent Insights into Antibiotic Resistance in Helicobacter pylori Eradication. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2012; 2012: 723183 [PMID: 22829809]
91. Glupczynski Y, Mégraud F, Lopez-Brea M, Andersen LP. European multicentre survey of in vitro antimicrobial resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001; 20: 820-823 [PMID: 11783701 DOI: 10.1007/s100960100611]
92. Megraud F, Coenen S, Versporten A, Kist M, Lopez-Brea M, Hirschl AM, Andersen LP, Goossens H, Glupczynski Y. Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in Europe and its relationship to antibiotic consumption. Gut 2013; 62: 34-42 [PMID: 22580412 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302254]
93. Fischbach L, Evans EL. Meta-analysis: the effect of antibiotic resistance status on the efficacy of triple and quadruple first-line therapies for Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 26: 343-357 [PMID: 17635369 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1365-2036.2007.03386.x]
94. Frenck RW, Clemens J. Helicobacter in the developing world. Microbes Infect 2003; 5: 705-713 [PMID: 12814771 DOI: 10.1016/S1286-4579(03)00112-6]
95. Gao W, Cheng H, Hu F, Li J, Wang L, Yang G, Xu L, Zheng X. The evolution of Helicobacter pylori antibiotics resistance over 10 years in Beijing, China. Helicobacter 2010; 15: 460-466 [PMID: 21083752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2010.00788.x]
96. Murakami K, Fujioka T, Okimoto T, Sato R, Kodama M, Nasu M. Drug combinations with amoxycillin reduce selection of clarithromycin resistance during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002; 19: 67-70 [PMID: 11814770 DOI: 10.1016/S0924-8579(01)00456-3]
97. Toracchio S, Marzio L. Primary and secondary antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated in central Italy during the years 1998-2002. Dig Liver Dis 2003; 35: 541-545 [PMID: 14567457 DOI: 10.1016/S1590-8658(03)00265-2]
98. Unge P, Gad A, Gnarpe H, Olsson J. Does omeprazole improve antimicrobial therapy directed towards gastric Campylobacter pylori in patients with antral gastritis? A pilot study. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1989; 167: 49-54 [PMID: 2617169 DOI: 10.3109/00365528909091311]
99. Bayerdörffer E, Miehlke S, Mannes GA, Sommer A, Höchter W, Weingart J, Heldwein W, Klann H, Simon T, Schmitt W. Double-blind trial of omeprazole and amoxicillin to cure Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with duodenal ulcers. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 1412-1417 [PMID: 7729633 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90689-4]
100. Furuta T, Shirai N, Takashima M, Xiao F, Hanai H, Nakagawa K, Sugimura H, Ohashi K, Ishizaki T. Effects of genotypic differences in CYP2C19 status on cure rates for Helicobacter pylori infection by dual therapy with rabeprazole plus amoxicillin. Pharmacogenetics 2001; 11: 341-348 [PMID: 11434512 DOI: 10.1097/00008571-200106000-00009]
101. Asrat D, Kassa E, Mengistu Y, Nilsson I, Wadström T. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from adult dyspeptic patients in Tikur Anbassa University Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J 2004; 42: 79-85 [PMID: 16895024]
102. Chung JW, Lee GH, Jeong JY, Lee SM, Jung JH, Choi KD, Song HJ, Jung HY, Kim JH. Resistance of Helicobacter pylori strains to antibiotics in Korea with a focus on fluoroquinolone resistance. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27: 493-497 [PMID: 21793912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06874.x]
103. Debets-Ossenkopp YJ, Reyes G, Mulder J, aan de Stegge BM, Peters JT, Savelkoul PH, Tanca J, Peña AS, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM. Characteristics of clinical Helicobacter pylori strains from Ecuador. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 51: 141-145 [PMID: 12493799 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkg023]
104. Lwai-Lume L, Ogutu EO, Amayo EO, Kariuki S. Drug susceptibility pattern of Helicobacter pylori in patients with dyspepsia at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. East Afr Med J 2005; 82: 603-608 [PMID: 16619703]
105. Mendonça S, Ecclissato C, Sartori MS, Godoy AP, Guerzoni RA, Degger M, Pedrazzoli J. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori resistance to metronidazole, clarithromycin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, and furazolidone in Brazil. Helicobacter 2000; 5: 79-83 [PMID: 10849055 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-5378.2000.00011. x]
106. Ndip RN, Malange Takang AE, Ojongokpoko JE, Luma HN, Malongue A, Akoachere JF, Ndip LM, MacMillan M, Weaver LT. Helicobacter pylori isolates recovered from gastric biopsies of patients with gastro-duodenal pathologies in Cameroon: current status of antibiogram. Trop Med Int Health 2008; 13: 848-854 [PMID: 18384477 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1365-3156.2008.02062.x]
107. Sherif M, Mohran Z, Fathy H, Rockabrand DM, Rozmajzl PJ, Frenck RW. Universal high-level primary metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori isolated from children in Egypt. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 4832-4834 [PMID: 15472354 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.42.10.4832-4834.2004]
108. Smith SI, Oyedeji KS, Arigbabu AO, Atimomo C, Coker AO. High amoxycillin resistance in Helicobacter pylori isolated from gastritis and peptic ulcer patients in western Nigeria. J Gastroenterol 2001; 36: 67-68 [PMID: 11211216 DOI: 10.1007/s005350170158]
109. Tanih NF, Okeleye BI, Naidoo N, Clarke AM, Mkwetshana N, Green E, Ndip LM, Ndip RN. Marked susceptibility of South African Helicobacter pylori strains to ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin: clinical implications. S Afr Med J 2010; 100: 49-52 [PMID: 20429489]
110. Miehlke S, Kirsch C, Schneider-Brachert W, Haferland C, Neumeyer M, Bästlein E, Papke J, Jacobs E, Vieth M, Stolte M, Lehn N, Bayerdörffer E. A prospective, randomized study of quadruple therapy and high-dose dual therapy for treatment of Helicobacter pylori resistant to both metronidazole and clarithromycin. Helicobacter 2003; 8: 310-319 [PMID: 12950604 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-5378.2003.00158.x]
111. Furuta T, Shirai N, Takashima M, Xiao F, Hanai H, Sugimura H, Ohashi K, Ishizaki T, Kaneko E. Effect of genotypic differences in CYP2C19 on cure rates for Helicobacter pylori infection by triple therapy with a proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001; 69: 158-168 [PMID: 11240980 DOI: 10.1067/mcp.2001.113959]
112. Shirai N, Sugimoto M, Kodaira C, Nishino M, Ikuma M, Kajimura M, Ohashi K, Ishizaki T, Hishida A, Furuta T. Dual therapy with high doses of rabeprazole and amoxicillin versus triple therapy with rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and metronidazole as a rescue regimen for Helicobacter pylori infection after the standard triple therapy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 63: 743-749 [PMID: 17565490 DOI: 10.1007/ s00228-007-0302-8]
113. Graham DY, Javed SU, Keihanian S, Abudayyeh S, Opekun AR. Dual proton pump inhibitor plus amoxicillin as an empiric anti-H. pylori therapy: studies from the United States. J Gastroenterol 2010; 45: 816-820 [PMID: 20195646 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-010-0220-x]
114. Kim SY, Jung SW, Kim JH, Koo JS, Yim HJ, Park JJ, Chun HJ, Lee SW, Choi JH. Effectiveness of three times daily lansoprazole/ amoxicillin dual therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection in Korea. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 73: 140-143 [PMID: 21689141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04048.x]
115. Goh KL, Manikam J, Qua CS. High-dose rabeprazole-amoxicillin dual therapy and rabeprazole triple therapy with amoxicillin and levofloxacin for 2 weeks as first and second line rescue therapies for Helicobacter pylori treatment failures. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012 Mar 8; Epub ahead of print [PMID: 22404486]