Helicobacter pylori and the risk and management of associated diseases: Gastritis, ulcer disease, atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer

Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 11, Issue SUPPL. 1, 1997, Pages 71-88

  Kuipers, E J ^a,b  

^a VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OMEPRAZOLE;

BACTERIAL INFECTION; CONFERENCE PAPER; GASTRITIS; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; PEPTIC ULCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STOMACH ACID SECRETION; STOMACH CANCER; STOMACH ULCER;

CHRONIC DISEASE; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; GASTRIC ACID; GASTRITIS; GASTRITIS, ATROPHIC; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMANS; MALE; PEPTIC ULCER; RECURRENCE; RISK FACTORS; STOMACH NEOPLASMS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0030980115     PISSN: 02692813     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.11.s1.5.x     Document Type: Article

References (193)

1. Dooley CP, Cohen H, Fitzgibbons PL, et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and histologic gastritis in asymptomatic persons. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1562-6.
2. Kuipers EJ, Uyterlinde AM, Peña AS, et al. Long term sequelae of Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Lancet 1995; 345: 1525-8.
3. Kuipers EJ, Thijs JC, Festen HPM. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995; 9 (Suppl. 2): 59-69.
4. Bayerdörffer E, Miehlke S, Neubauer A, Stolte, M. MALT-lymphoma and H. pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997; 11 (Suppl. 1): 89-94.
5. Gledhill T, Leicester RJ, Addis B, et al. Epidemic hypochlorhydria. Br Med J 1985; 290: 1383-6.
6. Ramsey EJ, Carey KV, Peterson WL, et al. Epidemic gastritis with hypochlorhydria. Gastroenterology 1979; 76: 1449-57.
7. Marshall BJ, Armstrong JA, McGechie DB, Glancy RJ. Attempt to fulfil Koch's postulates for pyloric Campylobacter. Med J Austr 1985; 142: 436-9.
8. Graham DY, Alpert LC, Smith JL, Yoshimura HH. Iatrogenic Campylobacter pylori infection is a cause of epidemic achlorhydria. Am J Gastroenterol 1988; 83: 974-80.
9. Morris A, Nicholson G. Ingestion of Campylobacter pyloridis causes gastritis and raised fasting gastric pH. Am J Gastroenterol 1987; 82: 192-9.
10. Sobala GM, Crabtree JE, Dixon MF, et al. Acute Helicobacter pylori infection: clinical features, local and systemic immune response, gastric mucosal histology, and gastric juice ascorbic acid concentrations. Gut 1991; 32: 1415-8.
11. Genta RM, Hamner HW, Graham DY. Gastric lymphoid follicles in Helicobacter pylori infection: frequency, distribution and response to triple therapy. Hum Pathol 1993; 24: 577-83.
12. Fox JG, Otto G, Taylor NS, Rosenblad W, Murphy JC. Helicobacter mustelae-induced gastritis and elevated gastric pH in the ferret (Mustelae putorius furo). Infect Immun 1991; 59: 1875-80.
13. Matysiak-Budnik T, Briet F, Heyman M, Mégraud F. Laboratory-acquired Helicobacter pylori infection. Lancet 1995; 346: 1489-90.
14. Figura N. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and Helicobacter pylori infection. Lancet 1996; 347: 1342.
15. Stolte M, Eidt S, Ohnsman A. Differences in expression of Helicobacter pylori in the antrum and body of the stomach. Z Gastroenterol 1990; 28: 229-33.
16. Fiocca R, Villani L, Luinetti O, et al. Helicobacter colonization and histopathological profile of chronic gastritis in patients with or without dyspepsia, mucosal erosion and peptic ulcer: a morphological approach to the study of ulcerogenesis in man. Virchows Archiv A Pathol Anat 1992; 420: 489-98.
17. Morris A, Maher K, Thomsen L, et al. Distribution of Campylobacter pylori in the human stomach obtained at post mortem. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23: 257-64.
18. Wyatt JI, Rathbone BJ. Immune response of the gastric mucosa to Campylobacter pylori. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23(Suppl. 142): 44-9.
19. Stolte M, Eidt S. Lymphoid follicles in antral mucosa: immune response to Campylobacter pylori? J Clin Pathol 1989; 42: 1269-71.
20. Chan WY, Hui PK, Leung KM, Thomas TMM. Modes of Helicobacter pylori colonization and gastric epithelial damage. Histopathology 1992; 21: 521-8.
21. Hui PK, Chan WY, Cheung PS, Chan JKC, NG CS. Pathologic changes of gastric mucosa colonized by Helicobacter pylori. Hum Pathol 1992; 23: 548-56.
22. Ruiz B, Correa P, Fontham ETH, Ramakrishnan T. Antral atrophy, Helicobacter pylori colonization, and gastric pH. Am J Clin Pathol 1996; 105: 96-101.
23. Satoh K, Kimura K, Yoshida Y, et al. A topographical relationship between Helicobacter pylori and gastritis: quantitative assessment ofHelicobacter pylori and the gastric mucosa. Am J Gastroenterol 1991; 86: 285-91.
24. Karttunen T, Niemelä S, Lehtola J. Helicobacter pylori in dyspeptic patients: quantitative association with severity of gastritis, intragastric pH, and serum gastrin concentration. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26(Suppl. 186): 124-34.
25. Khulusi S, Mendall MA, Patel P, Levy J, Badve S, Northfield TC. Helicobacter pylori infection density and gastric inflammation in duodenal ulcer and non-ulcer subjects. Gut 1995; 37: 319-24.
26. Taylor DE, Eaton M, Chang N, Salama SM. Construction of a Helicobacter pylori genome map and demonstration of diversity at the genome level. J Bact 1992; 174: 6800-6.
27. Jiang Q, Hiratsuka K, Taylor DE. Variability of gene order in different Helicobacter pylori strains contributes to genome diversity. Mol Microbiol 1996; 20: 833-42.
28. Akopyants NS, Kersulyte D, Berg DE. CagII, a new multigene locus associated with virulence in Helicobacter pylori. Gut 1995; 37(Suppl. 1): A1.
29. Crabtree JE, Farmery SM. Helicobacter pylori and gastric mucosal cytokines: evidence that cagA-positive strains are more virulent. Lab Invest 1995; 73: 742-5.
30. Peek RM, Miller GG, Tham KT, et al. Heightened inflammatory response and cytokine expression in vivo to cagA + Helicobacter pylori strains. Lab Invest 1995; 73: 760-70.
31. Sharma SA, Tummuru MKR, Miller GG, Blaser MJ. Interleukin-8 response of gastric epithelial cell lines to Helicobacter pylori. Infect Immun 1995; 63: 1681-7.
32. Crabtree JE, Taylor JD, Wyatt JI, et al. Mucosal IgA recognition of Helicobacter pylori 120 kDa protein, peptic ulceration, and gastric pathology. Lancet 1991; 338: 332-5.
33. Oderda G, Figura N, Bayeli PF, et al. Serologic IgG recognition of Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin-associated protein, peptic ulcer and gastroduodenal pathology in childhood. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1993; 5: 695-9.
34. Kuipers EJ, Pérez-Pérez GI, Meuwissen SGM, Blaser MJ. Helicobacter pylori and atrophic gastritis; importance of the cagA status. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 1777-80.
35. Tummuru MKR, Cover TL, Blaser MJ. Cloning and expression of a high molecular mass major antigen of Helicobacter pylori: evidence of linkage to cytotoxin production. Infect Immun 1993; 61: 1799-1809.
36. Covacci A, Censini S, Bugnoli M, et al. Molecular characterization of the 128-kDa immunodominant antigen of Helicobacter pylori associated with cytotoxicity and duodenal ulcer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 5791-5.
37. Tummuru MR, Cover TL, Blaser MJ. Mutation of the cytotoxin-associated cagA gene does not affect the vacuolating cytotoxin activity of Helicobacter pylori. Infect Imm 1994; 62: 2609-13.
38. Atherton JC, Cao P, Peek RM, et al. Mosaicism in vacuolating cytotoxin alleles of Helicobacter pylori. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 17771-7.
39. Peek RM, Thompson SA, Atherton JC, Blaser MJ, Miller GG. Expression of a novel ulcer-associated H. pylori gene, iceA, following adherence to gastric epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 1996; 110(4): A225.
40. Malaty HM, Engstrand L, Pedersen NL, Graham DY. Helicobacter pylori infection: genetic and environmental influences. A study of twins. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120: 982-6.
41. Azuma T, Konishi J, Tanaka Y, et al. Contribution of HLA-DQA gene to host's response to Helicobacter pylori. Lancet 1994; 343: 542-3.
42. Clyne M, Labigne A, Drumm B. Helicobacter pylori requires an acidic environment to survive in the presence of urea. Inf Immun 1995; 63: 1669-73.
43. Kangatharalingam N, Amy PS. Helicobacter pylori comb. nov. exhibits facultative acidophilism and obligate microaerophilism. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60: 2176-9.
44. McGowan CC, Cover TL, Blaser MJ. Helicobacter pylori and gastric acid: biological and therapeutic implications. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 926-38.
45. Quigley EMM, Turnberg LA. pH of the microclimate lining human gastric and duodenal mucosa in vivo. Gastroenterology 1987; 92: 1876-83.
46. Kuipers EJ, Bloemena E, Hazenberg HJA, et al. Changes of Helicobacter pylori associated corpus gastritis during acid suppressive therapy. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: A112.
47. Logan RPH, Walker MM, Misiewicz JJ, et al. Changes in the intragastric distribution of Helicobacter pylori during treatment with omeprazole. Gut 1995; 36: 12-6.
48. Solcia E, Villani L, Fiocca R, et al. Effects of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on gastritis in duodenal ulcer patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994; 29(Suppl. 201): 28-34.
49. Vigneri S, Termini R, Scialabba A, et al. Omeprazole long-term treatment for duodenal ulcer: effects on the gastric distribution of Helicobacter pylori. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 1993; 56(Suppl.): 147.
50. Fukuda Y. Suppression of Helicobacter pylori colonization with omeprazole. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996; 31(Suppl. 214): 54-5.
51. Danon SJ, O'Rourke JL, Moss ND, Lee A. The importance of local acid production in the distribution of Helicobacter felis in the mouse stomach. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 1386-95.
52. Kuipers EJ, Uyterlinde AM, Peña AS, et al. Increase of Helicobacter pylori associated corpus gastritis during acid suppressive therapy: Implications for long-term safety. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90: 1401-6.
53. Miehlke S, Bayerdörffer E, Lehn N, et al. Risk prediction of duodenal ulcer relapse. Gastroenterology 1995; 108(4): A167.
54. Meikle DD, Taylor KB, Truelove SC, Whitehead R. Gastritis duodenitis, and circulating levels of gastrin in duodenal ulcer patients before and after vagotomy. Gut 1976; 17: 719-28.
55. Äärimaa M, Söderström KO, Kalimo H, Inberg M. Morphology and function of the parietal cells after proximal selective vagotomy in duodenal ulcer patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 1984; 19: 787-97.
56. Jorde R, Johnson JA, Bostad LH, Burhol PG. An endoscopic study of ulcer recurrence and mucosal changes following vagotomy and excision of gastric ulcer. Acta Chir Scand 1987; 153: 297-302.
57. Roland M, Berstad A, Liavåg I. A histological study of gastric mucosa before and after proximal gastric vagotomy in duodenal ulcer patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 1975; 10: 181-6.
58. Stolte M, Bethke B, Blum AL, Sulser E, Stadelmann O. Antacid treatment has a deleterious effect on the severity and activity of gastritis of the corpus mucosa. Ir J Med Sc 1992; 161(Suppl. 10): 6.
59. Louw JA, Falck V, van Rensburg C, et al. Distribution of Helicobacter pylori colonisation and associated gastric inflammatory changes: difference between patients with duodenal and gastric ulcers. J Clin Pathol 1993; 46: 754-6.
60. Mégraud F, Neman-Simha V, Brügmann D. Further evidence of the toxic effect of ammonia produced by Helicobacter pylori urease on human epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1992; 60: 1858-63.
61. Suzuki M, Miura S, Suematsu M, et al. Helicobacter pylori-associated ammonia production enhances neutrophil-dependent gastric mucosal injury. Am J Physiol 1992; 263: G719-25.
62. Tsujii M, Kawano S, Tsuji S, Mechanisms of gastric mucosal damage by ammonia. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 1881-8.
63. Strickland RG, Mackay IR. A reappraisal of the nature and significance of chronic atrophic gastritis. Am J Dig Dis 1973; 18: 426-40.
64. Whitehead R. The classification of chronic gastritis: current status. J Clin Gastroenterol 1995; 21(Suppl. 1): S131-4.
65. Price AB. The Sydney system: histological division. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991; 6: 209-22.
66. Tytgat GNJ. The Sydney system: endoscopic division. Endoscopic appearance in gastritis/duodenitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991; 6: 223-34.
67. Faber K. Chronic gastritis in relation to achylia and ulcer. Lancet 1927; i: 901.
68. Whitehead R, Truelove SC, Gear MWL. The histological diagnosis of chronic gastritis in fibreoptic gastroscope biopsy specimens. J Clin Pathol 1972; 25: 1-11.
69. Kekki M, Siurala M, Varis K, et al. Classification principles and genetics of chronic gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987; 22(Suppl. 141): 1-28.
70. Correa P, Yardley JH. Grading and classification of chronic gastritis: one American response to the Sydney system. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 355-9.
71. Rubin CE. Histological classification of chronic gastritis: an iconoclastic view. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 360-1.
72. Dixon MF, Genta RM, Yardley J, Correa P. Classification and grading of gastritis. The up-dated Sydney system. Am J Surg Pathol 1996; 20: 1161-81.
73. Andrew A, Wyatt JI, Dixon MF. Observer variation in the assessment of chronic gastritis according to the Sydney system. Histopathology 1994; 25: 317-22.
74. Rauws EAJ, Langenberg W, Houthoff HJ, Zanen HC, Tytgat GNJ. Campylobacter pyloridis-associated chronic active antral gastritis. A prospective study of its prevalence and the effects of antibacterial and antiulcer treatment. Gastroenterology 1988; 94: 33-40.
75. Genta RM, Lew GM, Graham DY. Changes in the gastric mucosa following eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Modern Pathol 1993; 6: 288-9.
76. Ashorn M, Ruuska T, Karikoski R, Miettinen A, Maki M. Helicobacter pylori gastritis in dyspeptic children - a long-term follow-up after treatment with colloidal bismuth subcitrate and tinidazole. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994; 29: 203-8.
77. Witteman EM, Mravunac M, Becx MJCM, et al. Improvement of gastric inflammation and resolution of epithelial damage one year after eradication of Helicobacter pylori. J Clin Pathol 1995; 48: 250-6.
78. Jaskiewicz K, Louw JA, Marks IN. Long-term histological consequences of suppression/eradication of Helicobacter pylori in antral mucosa. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1993; 5: 701-5.
79. Valle J, Seppälä K, Sipponen P, Kosunen TU. Disappearance of gastritis after eradication of Helicobacter pylori: a morphometric study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26: 1057-65.
80. Cayla R, Carles B, de Mascarel A, Zerbib F, Lamouliatte H. Long term follow-up of chronic gastritis after persistent Helicobacter pylori eradication in duodenal ulcer patients. Gastroenterology 1995; 108(4): A68.
81. Daw MA, O'Moore R, O'Morain C. Detection of phospholipases and cytotoxic activities of Helicobacter pylori. In: Pajares JM, Peña AS, Malfertheiner P, eds. Helicobacter Pylori and Gastroduodenal Pathology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1993: 101-6.
82. Slomiany BL, Murty VLN, Piotrowski J, Grabska M, Slomiany A. Glycosulfatase activity of H. pylori toward human gastric mucin: effect of sucralfate. Am J Gastroenterol 1992; 87: 1132-7.
83. Ando T, Kusugami K, Ohsuga M, et al. Interleukin-8 activity correlates with histological severity in Helicobacter pylori-associated antral gastritis. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 1150-6.
84. Mai UEH, Perez-Perez GI, Allen JB, et al. Surface proteins from Helicobacter pylori exhibit chemotactic activity for human leucocytes and are present in gastric mucosa. J Exp Med 1992; 175: 517-25.
85. Davies GR, Banatvala N, Collins CE, et al. Relationship between infective load of Helicobacter pylori and reactive oxygen metabolite production in antral mucosa. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994; 29: 419-24.
86. Dekigai H, Murakami M, Kita T. Mechanism of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric mucosal injury. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40: 1332-9.
87. Banerjee S, Hawksby C, Miller S, Dahill S, Beattie AD, McColl K. Effect of Helicobacter pylori and its eradication on gastric juice ascorbic acid. Gut 1994; 35: 317-22.
88. Sobala GM, Schorah CJ, Sanderson M, et al. Ascorbic acid in the human stomach. Gastroenterology 1989; 97: 357-63.
89. Ødum L, Andersen LP. Investigation of Helicobacter pylori ascorbic acid oxidating activity. FEMS Immunol Microbiol 1995; 10: 289-94.
90. Mårdh S, Song YH. The occurrence of auto-antibodies in patients with gastric-duodenal lesions. J Intern Med 1990; 228(Suppl. 1): 77-82.
91. Faller G, Steininger H, Eck M, Hensen J, Hahn EG, Kirchner T. Antigastric autoantibodies in Helicobacter pylori gastritis: prevalence, in-situ binding sites and clues for clinical relevance. Virchows Arch 1996; 427: 483-6.
92. Negrini R, Lisato L, Zanella I, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection induces antibodies cross-reacting with human gastric mucosa. Gastroenterology 1991; 101: 437-45.
93. Sherburne R, Taylor DE. Helicobacter pylori expresses a complex surface carbohydrate, Lewis X. Infect Immun 1995; 63: 4564-8.
94. Appelmelk BJ, Simoons-Smit I, Negrini R, et al. Molecular mimicry between Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide and host Lewis blood group antigens. Role in autoimmunity. Infect Immun 1996; 64: 2031-40.
95. Kobayashi K, Sakamoto J, Kito T, et al. Lewis blood group-related antigen expression in normal gastric epithelium, intestinal metaplasia, gastric adenoma, and gastric carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 919-24.
96. Kosunen TU, Seppälä K, Sarna S, Sipponen P. Diagnostic value of decreasing IgG, IgA and IgM antibody titres after eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Lancet 1992; 339: 893-5.
97. Veenendaal RA, Peña AS, Meijer JL, et al. Long term serological surveillance after treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 1991; 32: 1291-4.
98. Thijs JC, van Zwet AA, Meyer BC, Berrelkamp RJP. Serology to monitor the efficacy of anti-Helicobacter pylori treatment. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994; 6: 579-83.
99. Meuwissen SGM, Ridwan BU, Hasper HJ, Innemee G. Hypertrophic protein-losing gastropathy. A retrospective analysis of 40 cases in The Netherlands. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992; 27(Suppl. 194): 1-7.
100. Groisman GM, George J, Berman D, Harpaz N. Resolution of protein-losing hypertrophic lymphocytic gastritis with therapeutic eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Am J Gastroenterol 1994; 89: 1548-51.
101. Yasunaga Y, Shinomura Y, Kanayama S, et al. Improved fold width and increased acid secretion after eradication of the organism in Helicobacter pylori-associated enlarged fold gastritis. Gut 1994; 35: 1571-4.
102. Stolte M, Batz CH, Bayerdorffer E, Eidt S. Helicobacter pylori eradication in the treatment and differential diagnosis of giant folds in the corpus and fundus of the stomach. Zeitschr Gastroenterol 1995; 33: 198-201.
103. Valle J, Kekki M, Sipponen P, Ihamäki T, Siurala M. Long-term course and consequences of Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996; 31: 546-50.
104. Schrager J, Spink R, Mitra S. The antrum in patients with duodenal and gastric ulcers. Gut 1967; 8: 497-508.
105. Tatsuta M, Okuda S. Location, healing, and recurrence of gastric ulcers in relation to fundal gastritis. Gastroenterology 1975; 69: 897-902.
106. Figura N. Helicobacter pylori exotoxins and gastroduodenal diseases associated with cytotoxic strain infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1996; 10(Suppl. 1): 79-96.
107. Weel JFL, van der Hulst RWM, Gerrits Y, et al. The interrelationship between cytotoxin-associated gene A, vacuolating cytotoxin, and Helicobacter pylori-related diseases. J Infect Dis 1996; 173: 1171-5.
108. Olbe L, Hamlet A, Dalenbäck J, Fändriks L. A mechanism by which Helicobacter pylori infection of the antrum contributes to the development of duodenal ulcer. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 1386-94.
109. Hamlet A, Olbe L. The influence of Helicobacter pylori infection on postprandial duodenal acid load and duodenal bulb pH in humans. Gastroenterology 1996; 111: 391-400.
110. El-Omar EM, Penman ID, Ardill JES, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and abnormalities of acid secretion in patients with duodenal ulcer disease. Gastroenterology 1995; 109: 681-91.
111. Hogan DL, Rapier RC, Dreilinger A, et al. Duodenal bicarbonate secretion: eradication of Helicobacter pylori and duodenal structure and function in humans. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 705-16.
112. Hopkins RJ, Girardi LS, Turney EA. Relationship between anti-Helicobacter pylori eradication and reduced duodenal and gastric ulcer recurrence. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 1244-52.
113. O'Connor HJ, Kanduru C, Bhutta AS, Meehan JM, Feeley KM, Cunnane K. Effect of Helicobacter pylori on peptic ulcer healing. Postgrad Med J 1995; 71: 90-3.
114. NIH Consensus Conference. Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer disease. J Am Med Assoc 1994; 272: 65-9.
115. Goh KL, Navaratnam P, Peh SC, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication with short-term therapy leads to duodenal ulcer healing without the need for continued acid suppression therapy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8: 421-3.
116. Labenz J, Borsch G. Role of Helicobacter pylori in the prevention of peptic ulcer bleeding relapse. Digestion 1994; 55: 19-23.
117. Graham DY, Hepps KS, Ramirez FC, Lew GM, Saeed ZA. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori reduces the rate of rebleeding in peptic ulcer disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1993; 28: 939-42.
118. Rokkas T, Karameris A, Mavrogeorgis A, Rallis E, Giannikos N. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori reduces the possibility of rebleeding in peptic ulcer disease. Gastrointest Endosc 1995; 41: 1-4.
119. Jaspersen D, Koerner T, Schorr W, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication reduces the rate of rebleeding in ulcer haemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc 1995; 41: 5-7.
120. Laine LA. Helicobacter pylori and complicated ulcer disease. Am J Med 1996; 100(Suppl. 5A): 52S-59S.
121. Chan FKL, Sung JY, Leung VKS, et al. Does eradication of H. pylori prevent NSAID-induced ulcers? A prospective randomized study. Gastroenterology 1996; 110(4): A79.
122. Craanen ME, Blok P, Dekker W, Ferwerda J, Tytgat GNJ. Prevalence of subtypes of intestinal metaplasia in gastric antral mucosa. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36: 1529-36.
123. Fennerty MB, Emerson JC, Sampliner RE, et al. Gastric intestinal metaplasia in ethnic groups in the Southwestern United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 1992; 1: 293-6.
124. Sipponen P, Kekki M, Siurala M. The Sydney system: epidemiology and natural history of chronic gastritis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991; 6: 244-51.
125. Correa P, Haenszel W, Cuello C, et al. Gastric precancerous process in a high risk population: cross-sectional studies. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 4731-6.
126. Cheli R, Simon L, Aste H, et al. Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in asymptomatic Hungarian and Italian populations. Endoscopy 1980; 12: 105-8.
127. Kawaguchi H, Haruma K, Komoto K, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection is the major risk factor for atrophic gastritis. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 959-62.
128. Craanen ME, Dekker W, Blok P, Ferwerda J, Tytgat GNJ. Intestinal metaplasia and Helicobacter pylori: an endoscopic bioptic study of the gastric antrum. Gut 1992; 33: 16-20.
129. Correa P, Haenszel W, Cuello C, Tannenbaum S, Archer M. A model for gastric cancer epidemiology. Lancet 1975; ii: 58-9.
130. Villako K, Kekki M, Maaroos HI, et al. Chronic gastritis: progression of inflammation and atrophy in a six-year endoscopic follow-up of a random sample of 142 Estonian urban subjects. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26(Suppl. 186): 135-41.
131. Correa P, Haenszel W, Cuello C, et al. Gastric precancerous process in a high risk population: cohort follow-up. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 4737-40.
132. Ihamäki T, Kekki M, Sipponen P, Siurala M. The sequelae and course of chronic gastritis during a 30 to 34 year bioptic follow-up study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1985; 20: 485-91.
133. Villako K, Kekki M, Maaroos HI, et al. A 12-year follow-up study of chronic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori in a population-based random sample. Scand J Gastroenterol 1995; 30: 964-7.
134. Crabtree JE, Wyatt JI, Perry S, et al. CagA seropositive Helicobacter pylori infected non-ulcer patients have increased frequency of intestinal metaplasia. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: A85.
135. Negrini R, Savio A, Poiesi C, et al. Antigenic mimicry between Helicobacter pylori and gastric mucosa in the pathogenesis of body atrophic gastritis. Gastroenterology 1996; 111: 655-65.
136. Beales ILP, Davey NJ, Pusey CD, Lechler RI, Calam J. Long-term sequelae of Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Lancet 1995; 346: 381-2.
137. Kneller RW, You W-C, Chang Y-S, et al. Cigarette smoking and other risk factors for progression of precancerous stomach lesions. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992; 84: 1261-6.
138. Kuipers EJ, Lee A, Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Meuwissen SGM. Review article: The development of atrophic gastritis-Helicobacter pylori and the effects of acid suppressive therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Therap 1995; 9: 331-40.
139. Maaroos III, Salupere V, Uibo R, Kekki M, Sipponen P. Seven-year follow-up study of chronic gastritis in gastric ulcer patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 1985; 20: 198-204.
140. Jönsson KÅ, Ström M, Bodemar G, Norrby K. Histologic changes in the gastroduodenal mucosa after long-term medical treatment with cimetidine or parietal cell vagotomy in patients with juxtapyloric ulcer disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23: 433-41.
141. Peetsalu A, Maaroos HI, Sipponen P, Peetsalu M. Long-term effect of vagotomy on gastric mucosa and Helicobacter pylori in duodenal ulcer patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26(Suppl. 186): 77-83.
142. Solcia E, Fiocca R, Havu N, Dalväg A, Carlsson R. Gastric endocrine cells and gastritis in patients receiving long-term omeprazole treatment. Digestion 1992; 51(Suppl. 1): 82-92.
143. Lamberts R, Creutzfeldt W, Strüber HG, Brunner G, Solcia E. Long-term omeprazole therapy in peptic ulcer disease: gastrin, endocrine cell growth, and gastritis. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 1356-70.
144. Kuipers EJ, Lundell L, Klinkenberg-Knol EC, et al. Atrophic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with reflux esophagitis treated with omeprazole or fundoplication. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1018-22.
145. Labenz J, Tillenburg B, Peitz U, et al. Helicobacter pylori augments the pH-increasing effect of omeprazole in patients with duodenal ulcer. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 725-32.
146. Cave DR, Vargas M. Effect of Campylobacter pylori protein on acid secretion by parietal cells. Lancet 1989; ii: 187-9.
147. Genta RM. Recognizing atrophy: another step toward a classification of gastritis. Am J Surg Pathol 1996; 20(Suppl. 1): S23-30.
148. Filipe MI, Jass JR. Intestinal metaplasia subtypes and gastric cancer risk. In: Filipe MI, Jass JR, eds Gastric Carcinoma. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1986: 97-115.
149. Recavarren-Arce S, Léon-Barúa R, Cok J, et al. Helicobacter pylori and progressive gastric pathology that predisposes to gastric cancer. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26(Suppl. 181): 51-7.
150. Borody TJ, Andrews P, Jankiewicz E, Ferch N, Carroll M. Apparent reversal of early gastric mucosal atrophy after triple therapy of Helicobacter pylori. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 1266-8.
151. Hack HM, Fennerty MB, Sampliner R, et al. Reversal of intestinal metaplasia after treatment of H. pylori infection. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: A87.
152. Uemura N, Mukai T, Okamoto S, et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication inhibits the growth of intestinal type of gastric cancer in initial stage. Gastroenterology 1996; 110(4): A282.
153. O'Connor F, Buckley M, Sweeney E, O'Morain C. Intestinal metaplasia and the gastric cancer cascade. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: A214.
154. Borody TJ, Clark IW, Andrews P, Hugh TB, Shortis NP. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori may not reverse severe gastric dysplasia. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90: 498-9.
155. Sakaki N. Endoscopic diagnosis of gastritis in relation to Helicobacter pylori infection and subjective symptoms. J Clin Gastroenterol 1995; 21(Suppl. 1): S135-9.
156. Fung WP, Papadimitriou JM, Matz LR. Endoscopic, histological and ultrastructural correlations in chronic gastritis. Am J Gastroenterol 1979; 71: 269-79.
157. Khakoo SI, Lobo AJ, Shepherd NA, Wilkinson SP. Histological assessment of the Sydney classification of endoscopic gastritis. Gut 1994; 35: 1172-5.
158. Westerveld BD, Pals G, Lamers CBHW, et al. Clinical significance of pepsinogen A isozymogens, serum pepsinogen A and C levels, and serum gastrin levels. Cancer 1987; 59: 952-8.
159. Knight T, Wyatt J, Wilson A, et al. Helicobacter pylori gastritis and serum pepsinogen levels in healthy population: development of a biomarker strategy for gastric atrophy in high-risk groups. Br J Cancer 1996; 73: 819-24.
160. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, Vol 61, Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. Lyon: 1994.
161. Forman D, Newell DG, Fullerton F, et al. Association between infection with Helicobacter pylori and risk of gastric cancer: evidence from a prospective investigation. Br Med J 1991; 302: 1302-5.
162. Nomura A, Stemmermann GN, Chyou P, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinoma among Japanese Americans in Hawaii. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1132-6.
163. Parsonnet J, Friedman GD, Vandersteen DP, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1127-31.
164. Forman D, Webb P, Parsonnet J. Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer. Lancet 1994; 343: 243-4.
165. Watanabe Y, Mizuno S, Inokuchi H, Mild K, Kawai K. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer: a nested case-control study in a rural area, Japan. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: A293.
166. Blaser MJ, Pérez-Pérez GI, Kleanthous H, et al. Infection with Helicobacter pylori strains possessing cagA is associated with an increased risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 2111-5.
167. Parsonnet J, Friedman GD, Orentreich N, Vogelman JH. Infection with the type I phenotype of H. pylori increases the risk for gastric cancer independent of corpus atrophy. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: A221.
168. Ponzetto A, DeGiuli M, Sanseverino P, Soldati T, Bazzoli F. Helicobacter pylori and atrophic gastritis: importance of the cagA status. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88: 465-6.
169. Lee JE, Lowy AM, Thompson WA, et al. Association of gastric adenocarcinoma with the HLA class II gene DQB1*0301. Gastroenterology 1996; 111: 426-32.
170. Hansson LE, Nyrén O, Hsing AW, et al. The risk of stomach cancer in patients with gastric or duodenal ulcer disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 242-9.
171. Lee S, Iida M, Yao T, et al. Risk of gastric cancer in patients with non-surgically treated peptic ulcer. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990; 25: 1223-6.
172. Norfleet RG, Johnson SE. Strange bedfellows: duodenal ulcer and cancer of the stomach. J Clin Gastroenterol 1989; 11: 382-5.
173. Hirohata T. Mortality from gastric cancer and other causes after medical or surgical treatment for gastric ulcer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1968; 41: 895-908.
174. Hole DJ, Quigley EMM, Gillis CR, Watkinson G. Peptic ulcer and cancer: examination of the relationship between chronic peptic ulcer and gastric carcinoma. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987; 22: 17-23.
175. Ditlevsen S. Survival after vagotomy: results of the Aarhus County Vagotomy trial. World J Surg 1989; 13: 776-80.
176. Caygill CPJ, Knowles RL, Hall R. Increased risk of cancer mortality after vagotomy for peptic ulcer: a preliminary analysis. Eur J Cancer Prev 1991; 1: 35-7.
177. Fisher SG, Davis F, Nelson R, Weber L, Goldberg J, Haenszel W. A cohort study of stomach cancer risk in men after gastric surgery for benign disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 1303-10.
178. Lundegardh G, Ekbom A, McLaughlin JK, Nyrén O. Gastric cancer risk after vagotomy. Gut 1994; 35: 946-9.
179. La Vecchia C, Negri E, D'Avanzo B, Franceschi S. Histamine-2-receptor antagonists and gastric cancer risk. Lancet 1990; 336:355-7.
180. Colin Jones DG, Langman MJ, Lawson DH, et al. Post-marketing surveillance of the safety of cimetidine: 10 year mortality report. Gut 1992; 33: 1280-4.
181. Møller H, Nissen A, Mosbech J. Use of cimetidine and other peptic ulcer drugs in Denmark 1977-1990 with analysis of the risk of gastric cancer among cimetidine users. Gut 1992; 33: 1166-9.
182. Craanen ME, Dekker W, Ferwerda J, Blok P, Tytgat GNJ. Early gastric cancer. A clinicopathologic study. J Clin Gastroenterol 1991; 13:274-83.
183. Parsonnet J, Harris RA, Hack HM, Owens DK. Modelling cost-effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori screening to prevent gastric cancer: a mandate for clinical trials. Lancet 1996; 348: 150-4.
184. Forman D. Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996; 31(Suppl. 215): 48-51.
185. Cheli R, Santi L, Ciancamerla G, Canciani G. A clinical and statistical follow up of atrophic gastritis. Am J Digest Dis 1973; 18: 1061-6.
186. Kato I, Tominaga S, Ito Y, et al. A prospective study of atrophic gastritis and stomach cancer risk. Jpn J Cancer Res 1992; 83: 1137-42.
187. Hsing AW, Hansson LE, McLaughlin JK, et al. Pernicious anemia and subsequent cancer. Cancer 1993; 71: 745-50.
188. Tatsuta M, Iishi H, Nakaizumi A, et al. Fundal atrophic gastritis as a risk factor for gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 1993; 53: 70-4.
189. Filipe MI, Muñoz N, Matko I, et al. Intestinal metaplasia types and the risk of gastric cancer: a cohort study in Slovenia. Int J Cancer 1994; 57: 324-9.
190. Verdu EF, Armstrong D, Idström J-P, et al. Effect of curing Helicobacter pylori infection on intragastric pH during treatment with omeprazole. Gut 1995; 37: 743-8.
191. Houben G, de Bruine A, Hameeteman W, Stockbrügger R. Subtypes of intestinal metaplasia in patients with gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: A532.
192. Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Festen HPM, Jansen JBMJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of long-term treatment with omeprazole for refractory reflux esophagitis. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121: 161-7.
193. Castell DO. Omeprazole works best when used properly. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8: 413-4.