Spatial attention and the detection of weak visual signals

Tutorials in Visual Cognition

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 211-259

  Smith, Philip L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84900317392     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203847305     Document Type: Chapter

References (99)

1. Ashby, F. G., & Townsend, J. T. (1986). Varieties of perceptual independence. Psychological Review, 93, 154–179.
2. Baldassi, S., & Burr, D. C. (2004). “Pop-out” of targets modulated in luminance or color: The effects of intrinsic and extrinsic uncertainty. Vision Research, 44, 1227–1233.
3. Bashinski, H. S., & Bacharach, V. R. (1980). Enhancements of perceptual sensitivity as the result of selectively attending to spatial locations. Perception & Psychophysics, 28, 241–248.
4. Blackwell, H. R. (1963). Neural theories of simple visual discriminations. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 53, 129–160.
5. Bonnel, A.-M., & Hafter, E. R. (1998). Divided attention between simultaneous auditory and visual signals. Perception & Psychophysics, 60, 179–190.
6. Boyce, W. E., & Di Prima, R. C. (1977). Elementary differential equations and boundary value problems (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
7. Brawn, P. M., & Snowden, R. J. (2000). Attention to overlapping objects: Detection and discrimination of luminance changes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26, 342–358.
8. Breitmeyer, B. G. (1984). Visual masking: An integrative approach. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
9. Broadbent, D. E. (1958). Perception and communication. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press.
10. Bundesen, C. (1990). A theory of visual attention. Psychological Review, 97, 523–547.
11. Busey, T. A., & Loftus, G. R. (1994). Sensory and cognitive components of visual information acquisition. Psychological Review, 101, 446–469.
12. Cameron, E. L., Tai, J. C., & Carrasco, M. (2002). Covert attention affects the psychometric function of contrast sensitivity. Vision Research, 42, 949–967.
13. Carrasco, M., & McElree, B. (2001). Covert attention speeds the accrual of visual information. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 98, 5363–5367.
14. Carrasco, M., Penpeci-Talgar, C., & Eckstein, M. (2000). Spatial covert attention increases contrast sensitivity across the CSF: Support for signal enhancement. Vision Research, 40, 1203–1215.
15. Cheal, M., & Lyon, D. R. (1992). Benefits from attention depend on the target type in location-precued discrimination. Acta Psychologica, 81, 243–267.
16. Cherry, E. C. (1953). Some experiments on the recognition of speech, with one and two ears. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 25, 975–979.
17. Cherry, E. C., & Taylor, W. K. (1954). Some further experiments on the recognition of speech with one and two ears. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 26, 554–559.
18. Coltheart, M. (1980). Iconic memory and visible persistence. Perception & Psychophysics, 27, 183–228.
19. Davis, E. T., Kramer, P., & Graham, N. (1983). Uncertainty about spatial frequency, spatial position, or contrast of visual patterns. Perception & Psychophysics, 33, 20–28.
20. Di Lollo, V., Enns, J. T., & Rensink, R. A. (2002). Competition for consciousness among visual events: The psychophysics of reentrant visual processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 481–507.
21. Dosher, B. A., & Lu, Z.-L. (2000). Mechanisms of perceptual attention in precuing of location. Vision Research, 40, 1269–1292.
22. Downing, C. J. (1988). Expectancy and visual-spatial attention: Effects on perceptual quality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 14, 188–202.
23. Eckstein, M. P., Thomas, J. P., Palmer, J., & Shimozaki, S., (2000). A signal detection model predicts the effects of set size on visual search accuracy for feature, conjunction, triple conjunction, and disjunction displays. Perception & Psychophysics, 62, 425–451.
24. Egeth, H. (1977). Attention and preattention. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation, 11 (pp. 277–320). New York: Academic Press.
25. Fiorentini, A., Baumgartner, G., Magnussen, S., Schiller, P., & Thomas, J. P. (1990). The perception of brightness and darkness: Relations to neuronal receptive fields. In L. Spillman & J. S. Werner (Eds.), Visual perception: The neurophysiological foundations (pp. 129–161). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
26. Foley, J. M., & Schwarz, W. (1998). Spatial attention: Effect of position uncertainty and number of distractor patterns on the threshold-versus-contrast function for contrast discrimination. Journal of the Optical Society of America, A, 15, 1036–1047.
27. Francis, G. (2000). Quantitative theories of metacontrast masking. Psychological Review, 107, 768–785.
28. Giesbrecht, B., & Di Lollo, V. (1998). Beyond the attentional blink: Visual masking by object substitution. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24, 1454–1466.
29. Gilliom, J. D., & Sorkin, R. D. (1974). Sequential vs. simultaneous two-channel signal detection: More evidence for a high-level interruption theory. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 56, 157–164.
30. Gould, I. C., Wolfgang, B. J., & Smith, P. L. (2007). Spatial uncertainty explains exogenous and endogenous attentional cuing effects in visual signal detection. Journal of Vision, 7, 13(4) 1–17.
31. Graham, N., Kramer, P., & Haber, N. (1985). Attending to the spatial frequency and spatial position of near-threshold visual patterns. In M. I. Posner & O. S. M. Marin (Eds.), Attention and performance XI (pp. 269–284). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
32. Graham, N. V. S. (1989). Visual pattern analyzers. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
33. Graham, N. V. S., Kramer, P., Yager, D. (1987). Signal detection methods for multidimensional stimuli: Probability distributions and combination rules. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 31, 366–409.
34. Green, D. M., & Swets, J. A. (1966). Signal detection theory and psychophysics. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
35. Grossberg, S. (1988). Nonlinear neural networks: Principles, mechanisms, and architectures. Neural Networks, 1, 17–61.
36. Hawkins, H. L., Hillyard, S. A., Luck, S. J., Mouloua, M., Downing, C. J., & Woodward, D. P. (1990). Visual attention modulates signal detectability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 16, 802–811.
37. Johnston, J. C., & Pashler, H. E. (1990). Close binding of identity and location in visual feature perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 16, 843–856.
38. Kadlec, H. C., & Townsend, J. T. (1992). Implications of marginal and conditional detection parameters for separabilities and independence of perceptual dimensions. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 36, 325–374.
39. Kahneman, D. (1968). Methods, findings, and theory in studies of visual masking. Psychological Bulletin, 70, 404–425.
40. Kaplan, E., Lee, B. B., & Shapley, R. M. (1990). New views of primate retinal function. In N. N. Obsborne & G. J. Chader (Eds.), Progress in retinal research (Vol. 9, pp. 273–333). Oxford, England: Pergamon Press.
41. Kawahara, J., Di Lollo, V., & Enns, J. T. (2001). Attentional requirements in visual detection and identification: Evidence from the attentional blink. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27, 969–984.
42. Kinchla, R. A. (1974). Detecting target elements in multielement visual arrays: A confusability model. Perception & Psychophysics, 25, 149–158.
43. Kinchla, R. A. (1977). The role of structural redundancy in the perception of visual targets. Perception & Psychophysics, 22, 19–30.
44. Kinchla, R. A., Chen, Z., & Evert, D. (1995). Precue effects in visual search: Data or resource limited? Perception & Psychophysics, 57, 441–450.
45. Lee, D. K., Koch, C., & Braun, J. (1997). Spatial vision thresholds in the near absence of attention. Vision Research, 37, 2409–2418.
46. Lu, Z.-L., & Dosher, B. A. (1998). External noise distinguishes attention mechanisms. Vision Research, 38, 1183–1198.
47. Lu, Z.-L., Lesmes, L. A., & Dosher, B. A. (2002). Spatial attention excludes noise at the target location. Journal of Vision, 2, 312–323.
48. Luck, S. J., Hillyard, S. A., Mouloua, M., Woldorff, M. G., Clark, V. P., & Hawkins, H. L. (1994). Effects of spatial cuing on luminance detectability: Psychophysical and electrophysical evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20, 887–904.
49. Lupp, U., Hauske, G., & Wolf, W. (1976). Perceptual latencies to sinusoidal gratings. Vision Research, 16, 969–972.
50. Macmillan, N.A., & Creelman, C.D. (1991). Detection theory: A user’s guide. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
51. Muller, H. J., & Findlay, J. M. (1987). Sensitivity and criterion effects in the spatial cuing of visual attention. Perception & Psychophysics, 42, 383–399.
52. Muller, H. J., & Humphreys, G. W., (1991). Luminance-increment detection: Capacity limited or not? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 17, 107–124.
53. Neisser, U. (1967). Cognitive psychology. New York: Appleton–Century–Crofts.
54. Palmer, J. (1994). Set-size effects in visual search: The effect of attention is independent of the stimulus for simple tasks. Vision Research, 34, 1703–1721.
55. Palmer, J. (1995). Attention in visual search: Distinguishing four causes of a set-size effect. Psychological Science, 4, 118–123.
56. Palmer, J., Ames, C. T., & Lindsey, D. T. (1993). Measuring the effect of attention on simple visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 19, 108–130.
57. Palmer, J., Verghese, P., & Pavel, M. (2000). The psychophysics of visual search. Vision Research, 40, 1227–1268.
58. Pashler, H. E. (1998). The psychology of attention. Cambridge; MA: MIT Press.
59. Pelli, D. G. (1981). Effects of visual noise. PhD dissertation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.
60. Phillips, W. A. (1974). On the distinction between sensory storage and short-term visual memory. Perception & Psychophysics, 16, 283–290.
61. Posner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32, 3–25.
62. Posner, M. I., Snyder, C. R. R., & Davidson, B. J. (1980). Attention and the detection of signals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 109, 160–174.
63. Ratcliff, R. (1978). A theory of memory retrieval. Psychological Review, 85, 59–108.
64. Ratcliff, R., & Smith, P. L. (2004). A comparison of sequential sampling models for two choice reaction time. Psychological Review, 111, 333–367.
65. Reeves, A., & Sperling, G. (1986). Attention gating in short-term visual memory. Psychological Review, 93, 180–206.
66. Rudd, M. E. (1996). A neural timing model of visual threshold. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 40, 1–29.
67. Seiffert, A. E., & Di Lollo, V. (1997). Low-level masking in the attentional blink. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 23, 1061–1073.
68. Shaw, M. L. (1980). Identifying attentional and decision-making components in information processing. In R. S. Nickerson (Ed), Attention and performance VIII. (pp. 277–296) Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
69. Shaw, M. L. (1982). Attending to multiple sources of information: I. The integration of information in decision making. Cognitive Psychology, 14, 353–409.
70. Shaw, M. L. (1984). Division of attention among spatial locations: A fundamental difference between detection of letters and the detection of luminance increments. In H. Bouma & D. G. Bouwhuis (Eds.), Attention and performance, X (pp. 109–121). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
71. Shaw, M. L., Mulligan, R., & Stone, L. (1983). A test between two-state and continuous state attention models. Perception & Psychophysics, 33, 338–354.
72. Shimozaki, S. S., Eckstein, M. P., & Abbey, C. K. (2003). Comparison of two weighted integration models for the cueing task: Linear and likelihood. Journal of Vision, 3, 209–229.
73. Shiu, L.-P. & Pashler, H. (1994). Negligible effect of spatial precuing in identification of single digits. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20, 1037-1054.
74. Smith, P. L. (1998). Attention and luminance detection: A quantitative analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24, 105–133.
75. Smith, P. L. (2000). Attention and luminance detection: Effects of cues, masks, and pedestals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26, 1401–1420.
76. Smith, P. L., & Ratcliff, R. (2009). An integrated theory of attention and decision making in visual signal detection. Psychological Review, 116, 283–317.
77. Smith, P. L., Ratcliff, R., & Wolfgang, B. J. (2004). Attention orienting and the time course of perceptual decisions: Response time distributions with masked and unmasked displays. Vision Research, 44, 1297–1320.
78. Smith, P. L., & Wolfgang, B. J. (2004). The attentional dynamics of masked detection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30, 119–136.
79. Smith, P. L., & Wolfgang, B. J., (2007). Attentional mechanisms in visual signal detection: The effects of simultaneous and delayed noise and pattern masks. Perception & Psychophysics, 69, 1093–1104.
80. Smith, P. L., Wolfgang, B. J., & Sinclair, A. (2004). Mask-dependent attentional cuing effects in visual signal detection: The psychometric function for contrast. Perception and Psychophysics, 66, 1056–1075.
81. Sorkin, R. D., & Pohlmann, L. D. (1973). Some models of observer behavior in two-channel auditory signal detection. Perception & Psychophysics, 14, 101–109.
82. Sorkin, R. D., Pohlmann, L. D., & Woods, D. D. (1976). Decision interactions between auditory channels. Perception & Psychophysics, 19, 290–295.
83. Sperling, G. (1960). The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs, 74, 1–29.
84. Sperling, G., & Dosher, B. A. (1986). Strategy and optimization in human information processing. In K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J. P. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of perception and performance (Vol. 1, pp. 1–85). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
85. Sperling, G., & Sondhi, M. M. (1968). Model for visual luminance discrimination and flicker detection. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 58, 1133–1145.
86. Swets, J. A. (1984). Mathematical models of attention. In R. Parasuraman & D. R. Davies (Eds.), Varieties of attention (pp. 183–242). New York: Academic Press.
87. Tanner, W. P. (1961). Physiological implications of psychophysical data. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 89, 752–765.
88. Telford, C. W. (1931). The refractory phase of voluntary and associative responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 14, 1–36.
89. Thomas, J. P., & Gille, J. (1979). Bandwidths of orientation channels in human vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 69, 652–660.
90. Thomas, R. D. (1999). Assessing sensitivity in a multidimensional space: Some problems and a definition of a general d′. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6, 224–238.
91. Thurstone, L. L. (1927). A law of comparative judgment. Psychological Review, 34, 273–286.
92. Treisman, A. M., Cavanagh, P., Fischer, B., Ramachandran, V. S., von der Heydt, R. (1990). Form perception and attention: Striate cortex and beyond. In L. Spillman & J. S. Werner (Eds.), Visual perception: The neurophysiological foundations (pp. 273–316). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
93. Treisman, A. M., & Gelade, G. (1980). A feature integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 97–136.
94. Tuckwell, H. C. (1988). Introduction to theoretical neurobiology, I: Linear cable theory and dendritic structure. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
95. Turvey, M. T. (1973). On peripheral and central processes in vision: Inferences from an information-processing analysis of masking with patterned stimuli. Psychological Review, 80, 1–52.
96. Vogel, E. K., Woodman, G. F., & Luck, S. J. (2006). The time course of consolidation in visual working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, 1436–1451.
97. Watt, R. (1987). Scanning from course to fine spatial scales in the human visual system after the onset of a stimulus. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 4, 2006–2021.
98. Webster, M. A., & DeValois, R. L. (1985). Relationship between spatial-frequency and orientation tuning of striate cortex cells. Journal of the Optical Society of America, A, 2, 1124–1132.
99. Welford, A. T. (1959). Evidence of a single-channel decision mechanism limiting performance in a serial reaction time task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 11, 193–210.