A Comparison of Sequential Sampling Models for Two-Choice Reaction Time

Psychological Review

Volumn 111, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 333-367

  Ratcliff, Roger ^a   Smith, Philip L ^b  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DECISION MAKING; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HUMAN; REACTION TIME; STATISTICAL MODEL; THEORETICAL MODEL;

CHOICE BEHAVIOR; HUMANS; MODELS, STATISTICAL; MODELS, THEORETICAL; REACTION TIME; SAMPLING STUDIES;

EID: 1942507523     PISSN: 0033295X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.111.2.333     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Ashby, F. G. (1983). A biased random walk model of two choice reaction times. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 27, 277-297.
2. Audley, R. J., & Mercer, A. (1968). The relation between decision time and the relative response frequency in a blue-green discrimination. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 21, 183-192.
3. Audley, R. J., & Pike, A. R. (1965). Some alternate stochastic models of choice. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 18, 207-225.
4. Buonocore, A., Giorno, V., Nobile, A. G., & Ricciardi, L. (1990). On the two-boundary first-crossing-time problem for diffusion processes. Journal of Applied Probability, 27, 102-114.
5. Burbeck, S. L., & Luce, R. D. (1982). Evidence from auditory simple reaction times for both change and level detectors. Perception & Psychophysics, 32, 117-133.
6. Busemeyer, J. R., & Townsend, J. T. (1992). Fundamental derivations from decision field theory. Mathematical Social Sciences, 23, 255-282.
7. Busemeyer, J. R., & Townsend, J. T. (1993). Decision field theory: A dynamic-cognitive approach to decision making in an uncertain environment, Psychological Review, 100, 432-459.
8. Cox, D. R., & Miller, H. D. (1965). The theory of stochastic processes. London and New York: Chapman & Hall.
9. Diederich, A. (1995). Intersensory facilitation of reaction time: Evaluation of counter and diffusion coactivation models. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 41, 260-274.
10. Diederich, A. (1997). Dynamic stochastic models for decision making under time constraints. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 41, 260-274.
11. Dosher, B. A. (1976). The retrieval of sentences from memory: A speed-accuracy study. Cognitive Psychology, 8, 291-310.
12. Dosher, B. A. (1984). Discriminating preexperimental (semantic) from learned (episodic) associations: A speed-accuracy study. Cognitive Psychology, 16, 519-555.
13. Falmagne, J. C. (1965). Stochastic models for choice reaction time with applications to experimental results. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 12, 77-124.
14. Falmagne, J. C. (1968). Note on a simple fixed-point property of binary mixtures. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 21, 131-132.
15. Feller, W. (1968). An introduction to probability theory and its applications. New York: Wiley.
16. Fortet, R. (1943). Les fonctions aléatoires du type Markoff associées à certaines équations linéares aux derivées partielles du type parabolique [Random Markov functions associated with certain linear, parabolic partial differential equations]. Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées, 22, 177-243.
17. Gilden, D. L. (2001). Cognitive emissions of 1/f noise. Psychological Review, 108, 33-56.
18. Gillund, G., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1984). A retrieval model for both recognition and recall. Psychological Review, 91, 1-67.
19. Gold, J. I., & Shadlen, M. N. (2001). Neural computations that underlie decisions about sensory stimuli. Trends in Cognitive Science, 5, 10-16.
20. Green, D. M., & Swets, J. A. (1966). Signal detection theory and psychophysics. New York: Wiley.
21. Heath, R. A. (1992). A general nonstationary diffusion model for two choice decision making. Mathematical Social Sciences, 23, 283-309.
22. Heuer, H. (1987). Visual discrimination and response programming. Psychological Research, 49, 91-98.
23. Hintzman, D. (1986). "Schema abstraction" in a multiple-trace memory model. Psychological Review, 93, 411-428.
24. Jeffreys, H. (1961). Theory of probability (3rd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
25. Johnson, N. L., & Kotz, S. (1970). Continuous univariate distributions 1. New York: Wiley.
26. Kirby, N. (1980). Sequential effects in choice reaction time. In A. T. Welford (Ed.), Reaction times (pp. 129-172). London: Academic Press.
27. Kučera, H., & Francis, W. (1967). Computational analysis of present-day American English. Providence, RI: Brown University Press.
28. LaBerge, D. A. (1962). A recruitment theory of simple behavior. Psychometrika, 27, 375-396.
29. LaBerge, D. A. (1994). Quantitative models of attention and response processes in shape identification tasks. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 38, 198-243.
30. Laming, D. R. J. (1968). Information theory of choice reaction time. New York: Wiley.
31. Laming, D. R. J. (1969). Subjective probability in choice-reaction experiments. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 6, 81-120.
32. Link, S. W. (1975). The relative judgement theory of two choice response time. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 12, 114-135.
33. Link, S. W., & Heath, R. A. (1975). A sequential theory of psychological discrimination. Psychometrika, 40, 77-105.
34. Luce, R. D. (1986). Response times. New York: Oxford University Press.
35. Murdock, B. B. (1982). A theory for the storage and retrieval of item and associative information. Psychological Review, 89, 609-626.
36. Murdock, B. B., & Anderson, R. E. (1975). Encoding, storage, and retrieval of item information. In R. L. Solso (Ed.), Information processing and cognition: The Loyola symposium (pp. 145-194). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
37. Nelder, J. A., & Mead, R. (1965). A simplex method for function minimization. Computer Journal, 7, 308-313.
38. Ollman, R. T. (1966). Fast guesses in choice-reaction time. Psychonomic Science, 6, 155-156.
39. Pachella, R. G. (1974). The interpretation of reaction time in information processing research. In B. Kantowitz (Ed.), Human information processing: Tutorials in performance and cognition (pp. 41-82). New York: Hal stead Press.
40. Pike, A. R. (1966). Stochastic models of choice behaviour: Response probabilities and latencies of finite Markov chain systems. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 21, 161-182.
41. Pike, R. (1973). Response latency models for signal detection. Psychological Review, 80, 53-68.
42. Pike, R., & Ryder, P. (1973). Response latencies in the yes/no detection task: An assessment of two basic models. Perception & Psychophysics, 13, 224-232.
43. Pitt, M. A., Myung, I. J., & Zhang, S. (2002). Toward a method of selecting among computational models of cognition. Psychological Review, 109, 472-491.
44. Rabbitt, P. M. A. (1979). How old and young subjects monitor and control responses for accuracy and speed. British Journal of Psychology, 70, 305-311.
45. Rabbitt, P. M. A., & Rogers, B. (1977). What does a man do after he makes an error? An analysis of response programming. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 29, 727-743.
46. Ratcliff, R. (1978). A theory of memory retrieval. Psychological Review, 85, 59-108.
47. Ratcliff, R. (1979). Group reaction time distributions and an analysis of distribution statistics. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 446-461.
48. Ratcliff, R. (1980). A note on modelling accumulation of information when the rate of accumulation changes over time. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 21, 178-184.
49. Ratcliff, R. (1981). A theory of order relations in perceptual matching. Psychological Review, 88, 552-572.
50. Ratcliff, R. (1985). Theoretical interpretations of speed and accuracy of positive and negative responses. Psychological Review, 92, 212-225.
51. Ratcliff, R. (1988). Continuous versus discrete information processing: Modeling the accumulation of partial information. Psychological Review, 95, 238-255.
52. Ratcliff, R. (2001). Diffusion and random walk models. In International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences (Vol. 6, pp. 3668-3673). Oxford, England: Elsevier.
53. Ratcliff, R. (2002). A diffusion model account of reaction time and accuracy in a brightness discrimination task: Fitting real data and failing to fit fake but plausible data. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 278-291.
54. Ratcliff, R. (2004). Fitting reaction time and ROC functions with the diffusion model. Manuscript in preparation.
55. Ratcliff, R., Cherian, A., & Segraves, M. (2003). A comparison of macaque behavior and superior colliculus neuronal activity to predictions from models of simple two choice decisions. Journal of Neurophysiology, 20, 1392-1407.
56. Ratcliff, R., Gómez, P., & McKoon, G. (2004). A diffusion model account of the lexical decision task. Psychological Review, 111, 142-165.
57. Ratcliff, R., & McKoon, G. (1982). Speed and accuracy in the processing of false statements about semantic information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 8, 16-36.
58. Ratcliff, R., & Murdock, B. B., Jr. (1976). Retrieval processes in recognition memory. Psychological Review, 83, 190-214.
59. Ratcliff, R., & Rouder, J. N. (1998). Modeling response times for two-choice decisions. Psychological Science, 9, 347-356.
60. Ratcliff, R., & Rouder, J. N. (2000). A diffusion model account of masking in letter identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26, 127-140.
61. Ratcliff, R., Thapar, A., & McKoon, G. (2001). The effects of aging on reaction time in a signal detection task. Psychology and Aging, 16, 323-341.
62. Ratcliff, R., Thapar, A., & McKoon, G. (2003). A diffusion model analysis of the effects of aging on brightness discrimination. Perception & Psychophysics, 65, 523-535.
63. Ratcliff, R., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2002). Estimating the parameters of the diffusion model: Approaches to dealing with contaminant reaction times and parameter variability. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 438-481.
64. Ratcliff, R., Van Zandt, T., & McKoon, G. (1999). Connectionist and diffusion models of reaction time. Psychological Review, 106, 261-300.
65. Reed, A. U. (1973). Speed-accuracy trade-off in recognition memory. Science, 181, 574-576.
66. Remington, R. J. (1969). Analysis of sequential effects in choice reaction times. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 82, 250-257.
67. Rinkenauer, G., Osman, A., Ulrich, R., Müller-Gethmann, H., & Mattes, S. (in press). On the locus of speed-accuracy trade-off in reaction time: Inferences from the lateralized readiness potential. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.
68. Roe, R. M., Busemeyer, J. R., & Townsend, J. T. (2001). Multialternative decision field theory: A dynamic connectionist model of decision-making. Psychological Review, 108, 370-392.
69. Roitman, J. D., & Shadlen, M. N. (2002). Responses of neurons in the lateral interparietal area during a combined visual discrimination reaction time task. Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 9475-9489.
70. Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics, 6, 461-464.
71. Smith, P. L. (1989). A deconvolutional approach to modelling response time distributions. In D. Vickers & P. L. Smith (Eds.), Human information processing: Measures, mechanisms, and models (pp. 267-289). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
72. Smith, P. L. (1990a). A note on the distribution of response time for a random walk with Gaussian increments. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 34, 445-459.
73. Smith, P. L. (1990b). Obtaining meaningful results from Fourier deconvolution of reaction time data. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 533-550.
74. Smith, P. L. (1994). Fechner's legacy and challenge [Review of The wave theory of difference and similarity]. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 38, 407-420.
75. Smith P. L. (1995). Psychophysically principled models of visual simple reaction time. Psychological Review, 102, 567-591.
76. Smith, P. L. (1998). Bloch's law predictions from diffusion process models of detection. Australian Journal of Psychology, 50, 139-147.
77. Smith, P. L. (2000). Stochastic dynamic models of response time and accuracy: A foundational primer. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 44, 408-463.
78. Smith, P. L. (2001). Stochastic dynamic models. In International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences (Vol. 22, pp. 15115-15121). Oxford, England: Elsevier.
79. Smith, P. L., & Ratcliff, R. (in press). Psychology and neurobiology of simple decisions. Trends in Neuroscience.
80. Smith, P. L., & Van Zandt, T. (2000). Time-dependent Poisson counter models of response latency in simple judgment. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 53, 293-315.
81. Smith, P. L., & Vickers, D. (1988). The accumulator model of two-choice discrimination. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 32, 135-168.
82. Smith, P. L., & Vickers, D. (1989). Modeling evidence accumulation with partial loss in expanded judgment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 15, 797-815.
83. Sternberg, S. (1969). The discovery of processing stages: Extensions of Donder's method. In W. G. Koster (Ed.), Attention and performance II (pp. 276-315). Amsterdam: North Holland.
84. Stone, M. (1960). Models for choice reaction time. Psychometrika, 25, 251-260.
85. Swensson, R. G. (1972). The elusive tradeoff: Speed versus accuracy in visual discrimination tasks. Perception & Psychophysics, 12, 16-32.
86. Thapar, A., Ratcliff, R., & McKoon, G. (2003). A diffusion model analysis of the effects of aging on letter discrimination. Psychology and Aging, 18, 415-429.
87. Thomas, E. A. C., & Ross, B. H. (1980). On appropriate procedures for combining probability distributions within the same family. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 21, 136-152.
88. Thurstone, L. L. (1927). A law of comparative judgment. Psychological Review, 34, 273-287.
89. Townsend, J. T., & Ashby, F. G. (1983). Stochastic modeling of elementary psychological processes. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
90. Usher, M., & McClelland, J. L. (2001). The time course of perceptual choice: The leaky, competing accumulator model. Psychological Review, 108, 550-592.
91. Van Zandt, T. (2000). How to fit a response time distribution. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7, 424-465.
92. Van Zandt, T., Colonius, H., & Proctor, R. W. (2000). A comparison of two response time models applied to perceptual matching. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7, 208-256.
93. Van Zandt, T., & Ratcliff, R. (1995). Statistical mimicking of reaction time distributions: Mixtures and parameter variability. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2, 20-54.
94. Vickers, D. (1970). Evidence for an accumulator model of psychophysical discrimination. Ergonomics, 13, 37-58.
95. Vickers, D. (1978). An adaptive module of simple judgements. In J. Requin (Ed.), Attention and performance, VII (pp. 598-618). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
96. Vickers, D. (1979). Decision processes in visual perception. New York: Academic Press.
97. Vickers, D., Caudrey, D., & Willson, R. J. (1971). Discriminating between the frequency of occurrence of two alternative events. Acta Psychologies, 35, 151-172.
98. Wagenmakers, E. M., Farrell, S., & Ratcliff, R. (in press). Estimation and interpretation of 1/f noise in human cognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review.
99. Wagenmakers, E. M., Ratcliff, R., Gómez, P., & McKoon, G. (2004). Strategic control in the lexical decision task. Manuscript submitted for publication.
100. Wasserman, L. (2000). Bayesian model selection and model averaging. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 44, 92-107.
101. Wickelgren, W. A. (1977). Speed-accuracy tradeoff and information processing dynamics. Acta Psychologica, 41, 67-85.