Silencing expression of the defensin, varisin, in male Dermacentor variabilis by RNA interference results in reduced Anaplasma marginale infections

Diseases of Mites and Ticks

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 17-28

  Kocan, Katherine M ^a   De La Fuente, José ^a,b   Manzano Roman, Raúl ^a   Naranjo, Victoria ^b   Hynes, Wayne L ^c   Sonenshine, Daniel E ^c  

^a OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN RECURSOS CINEGÉTICOS IREC CSIC UCLM JCCM   (Spain)

^c OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anaplasma marginale; Defensin; Dermacentor variabilis; RNA interference; Varisin

Indexed keywords

EID: 84900048953     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9695-2_4     Document Type: Chapter

References (44)

1. Boulanger N, Munks RJ, Hamilton JV, Vovelle F, Brun R, Lehane MJ et al (2002) Epithelial innate immunity. A novel antimicrobial peptide with antiparasitic activity in the blood-sucking insect Stomoxys calcitrans. J Biol Chem 277:49921-49926. doi:10.1074/jbc.M206296200
2. Ceraul SM, Sonenshine DE, Ratzlaff RE, Hynes WL (2003) An arthropod defensin expressed by the hemocytes of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae). Insect Biochem Mol Biol 33:1099-1103. doi:10.1016/S0965-1748(03) 00122-X
3. Ceraul SM, Dreher-Lesnick S, Gillespie JJ, Sayeedur Rahman M, Azad AF (2007) A new tick defensin isoform and antimicrobial gene expression in response to Rickettsia montanensis challenge. Infect Immun 75:1973-1983. doi:10.1128/IAI.01815-06
4. de La Fuente J, Garcia-Garcia JC, Blouin EF, Kocan KM (2001) Major surface protein 1a effects tick infection and transmission of the ehrlichial pathogen Anaplasma marginale. Int J Parasitol 31:1705-1714. doi:10.1016/S0020- 7519(01) 00287-9
5. de La Fuente J, Ayoubi P, Blouin EF, Almazán C, Naranjo V, Kocan KM (2005) Gene expression profiling of human promyelocytic cells in response to infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Cell Microbiol 7:549-559. doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00485.x
6. de La Fuente J, Almazán C, Blouin EF, Naranjo V, Kocan KM (2006a) Reduction of tick infections with Anaplasma marginale and A. phagocytophilum by targeting the tick protective antigen subolesin. Parasitol Res 100:85-89. doi:10.1007/s00436-006-0244-6
7. de La Fuente J, Almazán C, Blas-Machado U, Naranjo V, Mangold AJ, Blouin EF et al (2006b) The tick protective antigen, 4D8, is a conserved protein involved in modulation of tick blood ingestion and reproduction. Vaccine 24:4082-4095. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.02.046
8. de La Fuente J, Blouin EF, Manzano-Roman R, Naranjo V, Almazán C, Pérez De La Latra JM et al (2007a) Functional genomic studies of tick cells in response to infection with the cattle pathogen, Anaplasma marginale. Genomics 90:712-722. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.08.009
9. de La Fuente J, Manzano-Roman R, Blouin EF, Naranjo V, Kocan KM (2007b) Sp110 transcription is induced and required by Anaplasma phagocytophilum for infection of human promyelocytic cells. BMC Infect Dis 7:110. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-7-110
10. de La Fuente J, Kocan KM, Almazán C, Blouin EF (2007c) RNA interference for the study and genetic manipulation of ticks. Trends Parasitol 23:427-433. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2007.07.002
11. Dreher-Lesnick SM, Mulenga A, Simser JA, Azad AF (2006) Differential expression of two glutathione Stransferases identified from the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis. Insect Mol Biol 15:445-453. doi:10.1111/j.1365- 2583.2006.00657.x
12. Dumler JS, Barbet AC, Bekker CPJ, Dasch GA, Palmer GH, Ray SC et al (2001) Reorganization of the genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: Unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:2145-2165
13. Fogaca AC, Lorenzini DM, Kaku LM, Esteves E, Bulet P, Daffre S (2004) Cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus: Isolation, structural characterization and tissue expression profile. Dev Comp Immunol 28:191-200. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2003.08.001
14. Ganz T, Lherer RI (1994) Defensins. Curr Opin Immunol 6:584-589. doi:10.1016/0952-7915(94) 90145-7
15. Gillespie JP, Kanost MR, Trenczek T (1997) Biological mediators of insect immunity. Annu Rev Entomol 42:611-643. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.611
16. Hoffmann JA, Hetru C (1992) Insect defensins: Inducible antibacterial peptides. Immunol Today 13:411-415. doi:10.1016/0167-5699(92) 90092-L
17. Hynes WL, Ceraul SM, Todd SM, Seguin KC, Sonenshine De (2005) A defensin-like gene expressed in the black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis. Med Vet Entomol 19:339-344. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.2005.00579.x
18. Hynes WL, Stokes MM, Hensley SM, Todd SM, Sonenshine De (2008) Using RNA interference to determine the role of varisin in the innate immune system of the hard tick Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp Appl Acarol 45. doi:10.1007/s10493-008-9158-6
19. Johns R, Sonenshine DE, Hynes WL (2000) Tick immunity to microbial infections: Anti-bacterial peptides or proteins in the hemolymph of the hard tick Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae). Acarology Proc 10th Internatl Congr, Canberra, Australia, pp 638-644
20. Johns R, Sonenshine DE, Hynes WL (2001a) Identification of a defensin from the hemolymph of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 31:857-865. doi: 10.1016/S0965-1748(01)00031-5
21. Johns R, Ohnishi J, Broadwater A, Sonenshine DE, deSilva A, Hynes WL (2001b) Contrasts in tick immune responses to Borrelia burgdorferi challenge: Immunotolerance in Ixodes scapularis (L.) versus immunocompetence in Dermacentor variabilis. J Med Entomol 38:99-107
22. Kocan KM (1986) Development of Anaplasma marginale in ixodid ticks: Coordinated development of a rickettsial organism and its tick host. In: Sauer J, Hair JA (eds) Morphology, physiology and behavioral ecology of ticks. Ellis Horwood Ltd, Chichester, pp 472-505
23. Kocan KM, Hair JA, Ewing SA (1980) Ultrastructure of Anaplasma marginale Theiler in Dermacentor andersoni Stiles and Dermacentor variabilis (Say). Am J Vet Res 41:1966-1976
24. Kocan KM, Goff WL, Stiller D, Claypool PL, Edwards W, Ewing SA et al (1992a) Persistence of Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) in male Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae) transferred successively from infected to susceptible cattle. J Med Ent 29:657-668
25. Kocan KM, Stiller D, Goff WL, Claypool PL, Edwards W, Ewing SA et al (1992b) Development of Anaplasma marginale in male Dermacentor andersoni transferred from infected to susceptible cattle. Am J Vet Res 53:499-507
26. Kocan KM, De La Fuente J, Blouin EF, Garcia-Garcia JC (2004) Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae): Recent advances in defining host-pathogen adaptations of a tick-borne rickettsia. Parasitology 129:S285-S300. doi:10.1017/S0031182003004700
27. Kocan KM, Yoshioka J, Sonenshine DE, De La Fuente J, Ceraul SM, Blouin EF et al (2005) Capillary tube feeding system for studying tick/pathogen interactions of Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) and Anaplasma marginale (Rickettisales: Anaplasmataceae). J Med Entomol 42:864-874. doi: 10.1603/0022-2585(2005) 042[0864:CTFSFS]2.0.CO;2
28. Lai R, Lomas LO, Jonczy J, Turner PC, Rees HH (2004) Two novel non-cationic defensin-like antimicrobial peptides from haemolymph of the female tick, Amblyomma hebraeum. Biochem J 379:681-685. doi: 10.1042/BJ20031429
29. Lehane MJ, Wu D, Lehane SM (1997) Midgut-specific immune molecules are produced by the bloodsucking insect Stomoxys calcitrans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:11502-11507. doi:10.1073/pnas. 94.21.11502
30. Ma Y, Creanga A, Lum L, Beachy PA (2006) Prevalence of off-target effects in Drosophila RNA interference screens. Nature 443:359-363. doi:10.1038/nature05179
31. Manzano-Roman R, Almazán C, Naranjo V, Blouin EF, Kocan KM, De La Fuente J (2007) Expression of perilipin in human promyelocytic cells in response to Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection results in modified lipid metabolism. J Med Microbiol (in press)
32. Nakajima Y, Van Naters-Yasui AV, Taylor D, Yamakawa M (2001) Two isoforms of a member of the arthropod defensin family from the soft tick, Ornithodoros moubata (Acari: Argasidae). Insect Biochem Mol Biol 31:747-751. doi:10.1016/S0965-1748(01) 00066-2
33. Nakajima Y, Van Naters-Yasui A, Taylor D, Yamakawa M (2002) Antibacterial peptide defensin is involved in midgut immunity of the soft tick, Ornithodoros moubata. Insect Mol Biol 11:611-618. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2002.00372.x
34. Richardson KC, Jarret L, Finke FH (1960) Embedding in epoxy resins for ultrathin sectioning in electron microscopy. Stain Technol 35:313-323
35. Rudenko N, Golovchenko M, Edwards MJ, Grubhoffer L (2005) Differential expression of Ixodes ricinus tick genes induced by blood feeding or Borrelia burgdorferi infection. J Med Entomol 42:36-41. doi: 10.1603/0022-2585(2005) 042[0036:DEOIRT]2.0.CO;2
36. Scacheri PC, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Caplen NJ, Wolfsberg TG, Umayam L, Lee JC et al (2004) Short interfering RNAs can induce unexpected and divergent changes in the levels of untargeted proteins in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:1892-1897. doi:10.1073/pnas.0308698100
37. Siedz CA, Holko M, De Veer MJ, Silverman RH, Williams BR (2003) Activation of the interferon system by short-interfering RNAs. Nat Cell Biol 5:834-839. doi:10.1038/ncb1038
38. Simser JA, Macaluso KR, Mulenga A, Azad AF (2004) Immune-responsive lysozymes from hemocytes of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, and an embryonic cell line of the Rocky Mountain wood tick, D andersoni. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 34:1253-1246. doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2004.07.003
39. Sonenshine De (1993) Biology of ticks, vol 2. Oxford University Press, New York
40. Sonenshine DE, Hynes WL, Ceraul SM, Mitchell RD, Benzine T (2005) Host blood proteins and peptides in the midgut of the tick Dermacentor variabilis contribute to bacterial control. Exp Appl Acarol 36:207-223. doi:10.1007/s10493-005-2564-0
41. Sukumaran B, Narasimhan S, Anderson JF, DePonte K, Marcantonio N et al (2006) An Ixodes scapularis protein required for survival of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in tick salivary glands. J Exp Med 203:1507-1517. doi:10.1084/jem.20060208
42. Todd SM, Sonenshine DE, Hynes WL (2007) Tissue and life-stage distribution of a defensin gene in the Lone Star Tick, Amblyomma americanum. Med Vet Entomol 21:141-147. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.2007.00682.x
43. Tsuji N, Battsetseg B, Boldbaatar D, Miyoshi T, Xuan X, Oliver JH Jr et al (2007) A babesial vector tick defensin against Babesia parasites. Infect Immun 75:3633-3640. doi:10.1128/IAI.00256-07
44. Zhou J, Ueda M, Umemiya R, Battsetseg B, Boldbaatar D, Xuan X et al (2006) A secreted cystatin from the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis and its distinct expression patterns in relation to innate immunity. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 36:527-535. doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2006.03.003