Cerebral microbleeds as a predictor of macrobleeds: What is the evidence?

International Journal of Stroke

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 457-459

  Charidimou, Andreas ^a   Werring, David J ^a  

^a NATIONAL HOSPITAL FOR NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSURGERY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Antithrombotics; Cerebral amyloid angiopathy; Cerebral microbleeds; Cerebral small vessel disease; Intracerebral haemorrhage

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT;

ARTERY DISEASE; ARTICLE; BLEEDING; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CEREBRAL MACROBLEED; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; DISEASE MARKER; DRUG SAFETY; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; IMAGE ANALYSIS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; VASCULAR AMYLOIDOSIS; VASCULAR DISEASE; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE;

CEREBRAL AMYLOID ANGIOPATHY; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING;

EID: 84899756713     PISSN: 17474930     EISSN: 17474949     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/ijs.12280     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Fazekas F, Kleinert R, Roob G etal. Histopathologic analysis of foci of signal loss on gradient-echo T2*-weighted MR images in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: evidence of microangiopathy-related microbleeds. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20:637-642.
2. Shoamanesh A, Kwok CS, Benavente O. Cerebral microbleeds: histopathological correlation of neuroimaging. Cerebrovasc Dise 2011; 32:528-534.
3. Charidimou A, Werring DJ. Cerebral microbleeds: detection, mechanisms and clinical challenges. Future Neurol 2011; 6:587-611.
4. Werring D. Cerebral Microbleeds: Pathophysiology to Clinical Practice. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011.
5. Kakar P, Charidimou A, Werring D. Cerebral microbleeds: a new dilemma in stroke medicine. JRSM Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 1:2048004012474754. eCollection 2012.
6. Cordonnier C, Al-Shahi Salman R, Wardlaw J. Spontaneous brain microbleeds: systematic review, subgroup analyses and standards for study design and reporting. Brain 2007; 130(Pt 8):1988-2003.
7. Poels MM, Vernooij MW, Ikram MA etal. Prevalence and risk factors of cerebral microbleeds: an update of the Rotterdam scan study. Stroke 2010; 41(10 Suppl.):S103-106.
8. Sveinbjornsdottir S, Sigurdsson S, Aspelund T etal. Cerebral microbleeds in the population based AGES-Reykjavik study: prevalence and location. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79:1002-1006.
9. Lee SH, Bae HJ, Kwon SJ etal. Cerebral microbleeds are regionally associated with intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2004; 62:72-76.
10. Roob G, Lechner A, Schmidt R, Flooh E, Hartung HP, Fazekas F. Frequency and location of microbleeds in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2000; 31:2665-2669.
11. Smith EE, Nandigam KR, Chen YW etal. MRI markers of small vessel disease in lobar and deep hemispheric intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2010; 41:1933-1938.
12. Pantoni L. Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9:689-701.
13. Greenberg SM, Vernooij MW, Cordonnier C etal. Cerebral microbleeds: a guide to detection and interpretation. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8:165-174.
14. Vinters HV. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy. A critical review. Stroke 1987; 18:311-324.
15. Passero S, Burgalassi L, D'Andrea P, Battistini N. Recurrence of bleeding in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1995; 26:1189-1192.
16. Janaway BM, Simpson JE, Hoggard N etal. Brain haemosiderin in older people: pathological evidence for an ischaemic origin of MRI microbleeds. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013; 40:258-269.
17. Gregoire SM, Brown MM, Kallis C, Jager HR, Yousry TA, Werring DJ. MRI detection of new microbleeds in patients with ischemic stroke: five-year cohort follow-up study. Stroke 2010; 41:184-186.
18. Poels MM, Ikram MA, van der Lugt A etal. Incidence of cerebral microbleeds in the general population: the Rotterdam scan study. Stroke 2011; 42:656-661.
19. Goos JD, Henneman WJ, Sluimer JD etal. Incidence of cerebral microbleeds: a longitudinal study in a memory clinic population. Neurology 2010; 74:1954-1960.
20. Lovelock CE, Cordonnier C, Naka H etal. Antithrombotic drug use, cerebral microbleeds, and intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review of published and unpublished studies. Stroke 2010; 41:1222-1228.
21. Hart RG, Boop BS, Anderson DC. Oral anticoagulants and intracranial hemorrhage. Facts and hypotheses. Stroke 1995; 26:1471-1477.
22. Biffi A, Halpin A, Towfighi A etal. Aspirin and recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology 2010; 75:693-698.
23. Charidimou A, Kakar P, Fox Z, Werring DJ. Cerebral microbleeds and recurrent stroke risk: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack cohorts. Stroke 2013; 44:995-1001.
24. Charidimou A, Shakeshaft C, Werring DJ. Cerebral microbleeds on magnetic resonance imaging and anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage risk. Front Neurol 2012; 3:1-13.
25. Shoamanesh A, Kwok CS, Lim PA, Benavente OR. Postthrombolysis intracranial hemorrhage risk of cerebral microbleeds in acute stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Stroke 2013; 8:348-356.
26. Charidimou A, Kakar P, Fox Z, Werring DJ. Cerebral microbleeds and the risk of intracerebral haemorrhage after thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013; 84:277-280.
27. Charidimou A, Fox Z, Werring DJ. Do cerebral microbleeds increase the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage after thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke? Int J Stroke 2013; 8:E1-2.
28. Bokura H, Saika R, Yamaguchi T etal. Microbleeds are associated with subsequent hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in healthy elderly individuals. Stroke 2011; 42:1867-1871.
29. Nishikawa T, Ueba T, Kajiwara M, Fujisawa I, Miyamatsu N, Yamashita K. Cerebral microbleeds predict first-ever symptomatic cerebrovascular events. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2009; 111:825-828.
30. van Etten E, Auriel E, Haley K etal. Warfarin increases risk of future intracerebral hemorrhage in patients presenting with isolated lobar microbleeds on MRI. Stroke 2013; 44(Abstract TP301).
31. Greenberg SM, Nandigam RN, Delgado P etal. Microbleeds versus macrobleeds: evidence for distinct entities. Stroke 2009; 40:2382-2386.
32. Greenberg SM, Briggs ME, Hyman BT etal. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 is associated with the presence and earlier onset of hemorrhage in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Stroke 1996; 27:1333-1337.
33. Biffi A, Sonni A, Anderson CD etal. Variants at APOE influence risk of deep and lobar intracerebral hemorrhage. Ann Neurol 2010; 68:934-943.
34. Rannikmae K, Kalaria RN, Greenberg SM etal. APOE associations with severe CAA-associated vasculopathic changes: collaborative meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85:300-305.
35. Wardlaw JM, Smith EE, Biessels GJ etal. Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12:822-838.