Bioanalytical and chemical evaluation of disinfection by-products in swimming pool water

Water Research

Volumn 59, Issue , 2014, Pages 172-184

  Yeh, Ruby Y L ^a   Farré, Maria José ^a   Stalter, Daniel ^a   Tang, Janet Y M ^a   Molendijk, Jeffrey ^a,b   Escher, Beate I ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH UFZ   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cytotoxicity; Disinfection by products; Genotoxicity; Haloacetic acids; Invitro bioassay; Oxidative stress

Indexed keywords

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHLOROACETIC ACID; CYTOTOXICITY; DICHLOROACETIC ACID; DISINFECTION; FUMIGATION; LAKES; OXIDATIVE STRESS; POTABLE WATER; SWIMMING POOLS; TRICHLOROACETIC ACID; WATER QUALITY;

ADSORBABLE ORGANIC HALOGENS; ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS; DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCT; DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS; GENOTOXICITIES; HALOACETIC ACIDS; IN-VITRO; OXIDATIVE STRESS RESPONSE;

QUALITY CONTROL;

BROMODICHLOROMETHANE; CHEMICAL COMPOUND; CHLOROACETIC ACID; DIBROMOCHLOROMETHANE; DICHLOROACETIC ACID; DISINFECTION BY PRODUCT; HALOGEN; NITROGEN; TAP WATER; TRICHLOROACETIC ACID; TRIHALOMETHANE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; DISINFECTANT AGENT; HALOGENATED HYDROCARBON; WATER;

ACETIC ACID; ANALYTICAL METHOD; BIOASSAY; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); DISINFECTION; GENOTOXICITY; HALOGEN; HYGIENE; OXIDATION; PATHOGEN; POOL;

ARTICLE; BIOASSAY; BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHLORINATION; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CYTOTOXICITY; DECARBOXYLATION; DEGRADATION; DISINFECTION; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; GENOTOXICITY; IN VITRO STUDY; LIMIT OF DETECTION; MICTURITION; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SWIMMING POOL; WATER QUALITY; CHEMISTRY; PROCEDURES;

AUSTRALIA; BRISBANE; QUEENSLAND;

BIOLOGICAL ASSAY; DISINFECTANTS; DISINFECTION; HYDROCARBONS, HALOGENATED; NITROGEN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; SWIMMING POOLS; WATER;

EID: 84899747889     PISSN: 00431354     EISSN: 18792448     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.04.002     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Bessonneau V., Derbez M., Clément M., Thomas O. Determinants of chlorination by-products in indoor swimming pools. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2011, 215(1):76-85.
2. Bieging K.T., Attardi L.D. Deconstructing p53 transcriptional networks in tumor suppression. Trends Cell. Biol. 2012, 22(2):97-106.
3. Brown D., Bridgeman J., West J.R. Predicting chlorine decay and THM formation in water supply systems. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 2011, 10(1):79-99.
4. Cammann K., Hubner K. False results in headspace gas-chromatographic analysis of trihalomethanes in swimming pool water due to elevated headspace temperatures. J. Chromatogr. 1993, 648(1):294-298.
5. Cantor K.P., Villanueva C.M., Silverman D.T., Figueroa J.D., Real F.X., Garcia-Closas M., Malats N., Chanock S., Yeager M., Tardon A., Garcia-Closas R., Serra C., Carrato A., Castano-Vinyals G., Samanic C., Rothman N., Kogevinas M. Polymorphisms in GSTT1, GSTZ1, and CYP2E1, disinfection by-products, and risk of bladder cancer in Spain. Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118(11):1545-1550.
6. Cardador M.J., Gallego M. Haloacetic acids in swimming pools: swimmer and worker exposure. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45(13):5783-5790.
7. Chowdhury S., K.A.-H., Karanfil T. Disinfection byproducts in swimming pool: occurrences, implications and future needs. Water Res. 2014, 53:68-109.
8. De Laat J., Feng W., Freyfer D.A., Dossier-Berne F. Concentration levels of urea in swimming pool water and reactivity of chlorine with urea. Water Res. 2011, 45(3):1139-1146.
9. DIN 19643-1 DIN 19643-1 Aufbereitung von Schwimm- und Badebeckenwasser - Teil 1: Allgemeine Anforderungen 2011, Normenausschusses "Schwimmbeckenwasser" im Normenausschuss Wasserwesen (NAW) des Deutschen Instituts für Normung (DIN).
10. Duerksen-Hughes P.J., Yang J., Ozcan O. p53 induction as a genotoxic test for twenty-five chemicals undergoing invivo carcinogenicity testing. Environ. Health Perspect. 1999, 107(10):805-812.
11. Escher B., Leusch F. Bioanalytical Tools in Water Quality Assessment 2012, IWA Publishing, London, UK.
12. Escher B.I., Allinson M., Altenburger R., Bain P., Balaguer P., Busch W., Crago J., Humpage A., Denslow N.D., Dopp E., Hilscherova K., Kumar A., Grimaldi M., Jayasinghe B.S., Jarosova B., Jia A., Makarov S., Maruya K.A., Medvedev A., Mehinto A.C., Mendez J.E., Poulsen A., Prochazka E., Richard J., Schifferli A., Schlenk D., Scholz S., Shiraishi F., Snyder S., Su G., Tang J., Burg B.v.d., Linden S.v.d., Werner I., Westerheide S.D., Wong C.K.C., Yang M., Yeung B., Zhang X., Leusch F.D.L. Benchmarking organic micropollutants in wastewater, recycled water and drinking water with invitro bioassays. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48(3):1940-1956.
13. Escher B.I., Dutt M., Maylin E., Tang J.Y.M., Toze S., Wolf C.R., Lang M. Water quality assessment using the AREc32 reporter gene assay indicative of the oxidative stress response pathway. J. Environ. Monit. 2012, 14(11):2877-2885.
14. Escher B.I., van Daele C., Dutt M., Tang J.Y.M., Altenburger R. Most oxidative stress response in water samples comes from unknown chemicals: the need for effect-based water quality trigger values. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47(13):7002-7011.
15. European Parliament and European Council Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption as amended by Regulations 1882/2003/EC and 596/2009/EC. Official J. Eur. Comm. 2009, 1998L0083- EN- 1907.1908.2009 - 1002.1001, http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/water_protection_management/l28079_en.htm (accessed 24.04.14.).
16. Farré M.J., Day S., Neale P.A., Stalter D., Tang J.Y.M., Escher B.I. Bioanalytical and chemical assessment of the disinfection by-product formation potential: role of organic matter. Water Res. 2013, 47(14):5409-5421.
17. Farre M.J., Doderer K., Hearn L., Poussade Y., Keller J., Gernjak W. Understanding the operational parameters affecting NDMA formation at Advanced Water Treatment Plants. J. Hazard. Mater. 2011, 185(2-3):1575-1581.
18. Florentin A., Hautemaniere A., Hartemann P. Health effects of disinfection by-products in chlorinated swimming pools. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2011, 214(6):461-469.
19. Glauner T., Waldmann P., Frimmel F.H., Zwiener C. Swimming pool water - fractionation and genotoxicological characterization of organic constituents. Water Res. 2005, 39(18):4494-4502.
20. Hansen K.M.S., Willach S., Antoniou M.G., Mosbæk H., Albrechtsen H.-J., Andersen H.R. Effect of pH on the formation of disinfection byproducts in swimming pool water - is less THM better?. Water Res. 2012, 46(19):6399-6409.
21. Heller-Grossman L., Manka J., Limoni-Relis B., Rebhun M. Formation and distribution of haloacetic acids, THM and tox in chlorination of bromide-rich lake water. Water Res. 1993, 27(8):1323-1331.
22. Hua G.H., Reckhow D.A. Comparison of disinfection byproduct formation from chlorine and alternative disinfectants. Water Res. 2007, 41(8):1667-1678.
23. Invitrogen CellSensor™ p53RE-bla HCT-116 Cell-based Assay Protocol 2010, http://products.invitrogen.com/ivgn/product/K1202.
24. ISO11348-3 Water Quality - Determination of the Inhibitory Effect of Water Samples on the Light Emission of Vibrio Fischeri (luminescent bacteria test) 1998, International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland.
25. Judd S.J., Bullock G. The fate of chlorine and organic materials in swimming pools. Chemosphere 2003, 51(9):869-879.
26. Kanan A., Karanfil T. Formation of disinfection by-products in indoor swimming pool water: the contribution from filling water natural organic matter and swimmer body fluids. Water Res. 2011, 45(2):926-932.
27. Kim H., Shim J., Lee S. Formation of disinfection by-products in chlorinated swimming pool water. Chemosphere 2002, 46(1):123-130.
28. Knight A.W., Little S., Houck K., Dix D., Judson R., Richard A., McCarroll N., Akerman G., Yang C.H., Birrell L., Walmsley R.M. Evaluation of high-throughput genotoxicity assays used in profiling the US EPA ToxCast (TM) chemicals. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2009, 55(2):188-199.
29. Kogevinas M., Villanueva C.M., Font-Ribera L., Liviac D., Bustamante M., Espinoza F., Nieuwenhuijsen M.J., Espinosa A., Fernandez P., DeMarini D.M., Grimalt J.O., Grummt T., Marcos R. Genotoxic effects in swimmers exposed to disinfection by-products in indoor swimming pools. Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118(11):1531-1537.
30. Krasner S.W., Weinberg H.S., Richardson S.D., Pastor S.J., Chinn R., Sclimenti M.J., Onstad G.D., Thruston A.D. Occurrence of a new generation of disinfection byproducts. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40(23):7175-7185.
31. Lee J., Jun M.J., Lee M.H., Lee M.H., Eom S.W., Zoh K.D. Production of various disinfection byproducts in indoor swimming pool waters treated with different disinfection methods. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2010, 213(6):465-474.
32. Liviac D., Wagner E.D., Mitch W.A., Altonji M.J., Plewa M.J. Genotoxicity of water concentrates from recreational pools after various disinfection methods. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44(9):3527-3532.
33. Macova M., Toze S., Hodgers L., Mueller J.F., Bartkow M.E., Escher B.I. Bioanalytical tools for the evaluation of organic micropollutants during sewage treatment, water recycling and drinking water generation. Water Res. 2011, 45(14):4238-4247.
34. Natsch A. The Nrf2-Keap1-ARE toxicity pathway as a cellular sensor for skin sensitizers-functional relevance and a hypothesis on innate reactions to skin sensitizers. Toxicol. Sci. 2010, 113(2):284-292.
35. Neale P.A., Antony A., Bartkow M., Farre M., Heitz A., Kristiana I., Tang J.Y.M., Escher B.I. Bioanalytical assessment of the formation of disinfection by-products in a drinking water treatment plant. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46(18):10317-10325.
36. NHMRC Guideline for Managing Risks in Recreational Water 2008, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Canberra, Australia. http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines/publications/eh38.
37. NHMRC Australian Drinking Water Guidelines Paper 6 National Water Quality Management Strategy 2011, National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and the Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Canberra, Australia.
38. Oda Y., Nakamura S.-I., Oki I., Kato T., Shinagawa H. Evaluation of the new system (umu-test) for the detection of environmental mutagens and carcinogens. Mutat. Res. 1985, 147(5):219-229.
39. Pals J., Attene-Ramos M.S., Xia M., Wagner E.D., Plewa M.J. Human cell toxicogenomic analysis linking reactive oxygen species to the toxicity of monohaloacetic acid drinking water disinfection byproducts. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47(21):12514-12523.
40. Pals J.A., Ang J.K., Wagner E.D., Plewa M.J. Biological mechanism for the toxicity of haloacetic acid drinking water disinfection byproducts. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45(13):5791-5797.
41. Plewa M.J., Kargalioglu Y., Vankerk D., Minear R.A., Wagner E.D. Mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity analysis of drinking water disinfection by-products. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2002, 40(2):134-142.
42. Plewa M.J., Simmons J.E., Richardson S.D., Wagner E.D. Mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the haloacetic acids, a major class of drinking water disinfection by-products. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2010, 51(8-9):871-878.
43. Plewa M.J., Wagner E.D., Jazwierska P., Richardson S.D., Chen P.H., McKague A.B. Halonitromethane drinking water disinfection byproducts: chemical characterization and mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38(1):62-68.
44. Plewa M.J., Wagner E.D., Metz D.H., Kashinkunti R., Jamriska K., Meyer M. Differential toxicity of drinking water disinfected with combinations of ultraviolet radiation and chlorine. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46(14):7811-7817.
45. Plewa M.J., Wagner E.D., Mitch W.A. Comparative mammalian cell cytotoxicity of water concentrates from disinfected recreational pools. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45(9):4159-4165.
46. Plewa M.J., Wagner E.D., Muellner M.G., Hsu K.M., Richardson S. Comparative mammalian cell toxicity of N-DBPs and C-DBPs. Occurrence, Formation, Health Effects and Control of Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water 2008, American, Chemical Society, Washington, DC. T. Karanfil, S.W. Krasner, P. Westerhoff, Y. Xie (Eds.).
47. Queensland Government Queensland Health Swimming and Spa Pool Water Quality and Operational Guidelines 2004, http://www.health.qld.gov.au/ph/ehu/swimming.asp.
48. Richardson S.D., DeMarini D.M., Kogevinas M., Fernandez P., Marco E., Lourencetti C., Ballesté C., Heederik D., Meliefste K., McKague A.B., Marcos R., Font-Ribera L., Grimalt J.O., Villanueva C.M. What's in the pool? A comprehensive identification of disinfection by-products and assessment of mutagenicity of chlorinated and brominated swimming pool water. Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118(11):1523-1530.
49. Richardson S.D., Plewa M.J., Wagner E.D., Schoeny R., DeMarini D.M. Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: a review and roadmap for research. Mutat. Res. - Rev. Mutat. Res. 2007, 636(1-3):178-242.
50. Schmalz C., Frimmel F.H., Zwiener C. Trichloramine in swimming pools - formation and mass transfer. Water Res. 2011, 45(8):2681-2690.
51. Simard S., Tardif R., Rodriguez M.J. Variability of chlorination by-product occurrence in water of indoor and outdoor swimming pools. Water Res. 2013, 47(5):1763-1772.
52. Simmons S.O., Fan C.Y., Ramabhadran R. Cellular stress response pathway system as a sentinel ensemble in toxicological screening. Toxicol. Sci. 2009, 111(2):202-225.
53. Stalter D., Dutt M., Escher B.I. Headspace-free setup of invitro bioassays for the evaluation of volatile disinfection by-products. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2013, 26(11):1605-1614.
54. Stenius U., Hogberg J. Re: Yang, J. and Duerksen-Hughes, P. (1998) - a new approach to identifying genotoxic carcinogens: p53 induction as an indicator of genotoxic damage. Carcinogenesis, 19, 1117-1125. Carcinogenesis 1999, 20(1):181-182.
55. Tang J.Y.M., Glenn E., Aryal R., Gernjak W., Escher B.I. Toxicity characterization of urban stormwater with bioanalytical tools. Water Res. 2013, 47(15):5594-5606.
56. Tang J.Y.M., McCarty S., Glenn E., Neale P.A., Warne M.S., Escher B.I. Mixture effects of organic micropollutants present in water: towards the development of effect-based water quality trigger values for baseline toxicity. Water Res. 2013, 47(10):3300-3314.
57. U.S.EPA Method 552.3, Rev 1.0. Determination of Haloacetic Acids and Dalapon in Drinking Water by Liquid-Liquid Microextraction, Derivatization, and Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detection 2003, Washington, DC, USA.
58. U.S.EPA 2011 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories 2011, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC.
59. Villanueva C.M., Cantor K.P., Grimalt J.O., Malats N., Silverman D., Tardon A., Garcia-Closas R., Serra C., Carrato A., Castano-Vinyals G., Marcos R., Rothman N., Real F.X., Dosemeci M., Kogevinas M. Bladder cancer and exposure to water disinfection by-products through ingestion, bathing, showering, and swimming in pools. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2007, 165(2):148-156.
60. Wagner E.D., Hsu K.-M., Lagunas A., Mitch W.A., Plewa M.J. Comparative genotoxicity of nitrosamine drinking water disinfection byproducts in Salmonella and mammalian cells. Mutat. Res./Genetic Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. 2012, 741(1-2):109-115.
61. Wang S., Zhang H., Zheng W.W., Wang X., Andersen M.E., Pi J.B., He G.S., Qu W.D. Organic extract contaminants from drinking water activate Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response in a human cell line. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47(9):4768-4777.
62. Wang X.J., Hayes J.D., Wolf C.R. Generation of a stable antioxidant response element-driven reporter gene cell line and its use to show redox-dependent activation of Nrf2 by cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Cancer Res. 2006, 66(22):10983-10994.
63. WHO Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments. Swimming Pools and Similar Environments 2006, vol. 2. World Health Organization, Geneva.
64. WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality 2011, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland. fourth ed.
65. Zhang X., Minear R.A. Characterization of high molecular weight disinfection byproducts resulting from chlorination of aquatic humic substances. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36(19):4033-4038.
66. Zhang X.R., Minear R.A. Decomposition of trihaloacetic acids and formation of the corresponding trihalomethanes in drinking water. Water Res. 2002, 36(14):3665-3673.
67. Zwiener C., Richardson S.D., De Marini D.M., Grummt T., Glauner T., Frimmel F.H. Drowning in disinfection byproducts? Assessing swimming pool water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41(2):363-372.