Implicit racial bias: A social science overview

Implicit Racial Bias Across the Law

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 9-24

  Levinson, Justin D ^a   Young, Danielle M ^b   Rudman, Laurie A ^c  

^a University of Hawaii William S Richardson School of Law   (United States)

^b Rutgers University s   (United States)

^c RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84899743070     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511820595.002     Document Type: Chapter

References (36)

1. New Footage of Oscar Grant Shooting, YouTube (Feb. 24, 2010), http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KxnFQ IvOt4.
2. Philip Matier & Andrew Ross, BART ‘N-word’ bombshell waiting to go off, S.F. Chronicle, June 29, 2009, available at http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/06/28/BA4E18EMPH.DTL&tsp=1.
3. John A. Bargh et al., Automaticity of Social Behavior: Direct Effects of Trait Construct and Stereotype Activation on Action, 71 J. Personality & Soc. Psychol. 230, 230 (1996).
4. Justin Levinson, Forgotten Racial Equality: Implicit Bias, Decisionmaking, and Misremembering, 57 Duke L. J. 345 (2007)
5. Justin D. Levinson, Race, Death and the Complicitous Mind, 58 Depaul L. Rev. 599 (2009).
6. Daniel T. Gilbert & J. Gregory Hixon, The Trouble of Thinking: Activation and Application of Stereotypic Beliefs, 60 J. Personality & Soc. Psychol. 509 (1991).
7. Laurie A. Rudman & Matthew R. Lee, Implicit and Explicit Consequences of Exposure to Violent and Misogynous Rap Music, 5 Group Processes & Intergroup Rel. 133, 138–39 (2002).
8. Jennifer L. Eberhardt et al., Seeing Black: Race, Crime, and Visual Processing, 87 J. Personality & Soc. Psychol. 876 (2004).
9. B. Keith Payne, Prejudice and Perception: The Role of Automatic and Controlled Processes in Misperceiving a Weapon, 81 J. Personality & Soc. Psychol. 181, 185–86 (2001).
10. Patricia G. Devine, Stereotypes and Prejudice: Their Automatic and Controlled Components, 56 J. Personality & Soc. Psychol. 5, 9 (1989)
11. James D. Johnson & Sophie Trawalter, Converging Interracial Consequences of Exposure to Violent Rap Music on Stereotypical Attributions of Blacks, 36 J. Experimental Soc. Psychol. 233, 239 (2000).
12. Claude M. Steele & Joshua Aronson, Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African-Americans, 69 J. Personality & Soc. Psychol. 797 (1995).
13. Margaret Shih et al., Stereotype Susceptibility: Identity Salience and Shifts in Quantitative Performance, 10 Psychol. Sci. 80 (1999).
14. Joshua Correll et al., The Police Officer's Dilemma: Using Ethnicity to Disambiguate Potentially Threatening Individuals, 83 J. Personality & Soc. Psychol. 1314 (2002).
15. Joshua Correll et al., Across the Thin Blue Line: Police Officers and Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot, 92 J. Personality & Soc. Psychol. 1006 (2007).
16. Joshua Correll et al., Event-Related Potentials and the Decision to Shoot: The Role of Threat Perception and Cognitive Control, 42 J. Experimental Soc. Psychol. 120, 122 (2006).
17. Nilanjana Dasgupta & Anthony G. Greenwald, On the Malleability of Automatic Attitudes: Combating Automatic Prejudice with Images of Admired and Disliked Individuals, 81 J. Personality & Soc. Psychol. 800 (2001).
18. Laurie A. Rudman & Richard D. Ashmore, Discrimination and the Implicit Association Test, 10 Group Processes & Intergroup Rel. 359 (2007).
19. Anthony Greenwald et al., Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta Analysis of Predictive Validity, J. Personality & Soc. Psychol. (2009).
20. Brian Nosek et al., Pervasiveness and Correlates of Implicit Attitudes and Stereotypes, 18 Eur. Rev. Soc. Psychol. 36 (2008).
21. Justin D. Levinson & Danielle Young, Implicit Gender Bias in the Legal Profession: An Empirical Study, 18 Duke J. Gender L. & Pol’y 1 (2010).
22. Patricia G. Devine, Implicit Prejudice and Stereotyping: How Automatic Are They? Introduction to the Special Section, 81 J. Personality & Soc. Psychol. 757, 757 (2001).
23. Russell H. Fazio & Michael A. Olson, Implicit Measures in Social Cognition Research: Their Meanings and Use, 54 Ann. Rev. Psychol. 297, 304 (2003)
24. Wilhelm Hofmann et al., A Meta-Analysis on the Correlation Between the Implicit Association Test and Explicit Self-Report Measures, 31 Personality & Soc. Psychol. Bull. 1369, 1382 (2005)
25. Gregory Mitchell & Philip E. Tetlock, Antidiscrimination Law and the Perils of Mindreading, 67 Ohio St. L.J. 1023 (2006).
26. Samuel R. Bagenstos, Implicit Bias, “Science,” and Antidiscrimination Law, 1 Harv. L. & Pol’y Rev. 477 (2007)
27. John T. Jost et al., The Existence of Implicit Bias Is Beyond Reasonable Doubt: A Refutation of Ideological and Methodological Objections and Executive Summary of Ten Studies that No Manager Should Ignore, 29 Res. in Organizational Behav. 39 (2009).
28. Karen Gonsalkorale et al., Aging and Prejudice: Diminished Regulation of Automatic Race Bias Among Older Adults, 45 J. Experimental Soc. Psychol. 410 (2009).
29. Alexander R. Green et al., Implicit Bias Among Physicians and its Prediction of Thrombolysis Decisions for Black and White Patients, 22 J. Gen. Internal Med. 1231 (2007).
30. Dan-Olof Rooth, Automatic Associations and Discrimination in Hiring: Real World Evidence, 17 Labour Econ. 523 (2010).
31. Theodore Eisenberg & Sheri Lynn Johnson, Implicit Racial Attitudes of Death Penalty Lawyers, 53 DePaul L. Rev. 1539, 1542 (2004).
32. Justin D. Levinson, Suppressing the Expression of Community Values in Jurors: How “Legal Priming” Systematically Alters the Way People Think, 73 U. Cin. L. Rev. 1059 (2005).
33. Jeffrey J. Rachlinski et al., Does Unconscious Bias Affect Trial Judges?, 84 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1195 (2009).
34. Justin D. Levinson & Danielle Young, Different Shades of Bias: Skin Tone, Implicit Racial Bias, and Judgments of Ambiguous Evidence, 112 W. Va. L. Rev. 307 (2010).
35. Justin D. Levinson, Huajian Cai, & Danielle Young, Guilty by Implicit Bias: The Guilty-Not Guilty Implicit Association Test, 8 Ohio St. J. Crim. L. 187 (2010).
36. Jerry Kang et al., Are Ideal Litigators White? Measuring the Myth of Colorblindness, 7 J. Empirical Leg. Stud. 886 (2010).