Crustal earthquake triggering by pre-historic great earthquakes on subduction zone thrusts

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 119, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 1273-1294

  Sherrod, Brian ^a   Gomberg, Joan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Extraordinary cluster of m 6.5 crustal quakes in cascadia puget sound region; Great cascadia subduction thrusts may have triggered a few crustal earthquakes; The 1200 900 cal year b.p. cluster not triggered by great cascadia thrust quake

Indexed keywords

CRUSTAL MOVEMENT; EARTHQUAKE TRIGGER; PALEOSEISMICITY; SUBDUCTION ZONE; THRUST;

PUGET SOUND; UNITED STATES; WASHINGTON [UNITED STATES];

EID: 84899740222     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2013JB010635     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Ando, M. (1975), Source mechanisms and tectonic significance of historical earthquakes along the Nankai Trough, Japan, Tectonophysics, 27(2), 119-140.
2. Arcos, M. E. M. (2012a), Geomorphology, Geomorphology, 177-178(C), 93-107, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.07.016.
3. Arcos, M. E. M. (2012b), The A.D. 900-930 Seattle-Fault-Zone Earthquake with a wider coseismic rupture patch and postseismic submergence: Inferences from new sedimentary evidence, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 102(3), 1079-1098, doi:10.1785/0120110123.
4. Asano, Y., T. Saito, Y. Ito, K. Shiomi, H. Horose, T. Matsumoto, S. Aoi, S. Hori, and S. Sekiguchi (2011), Spatial distribution and focal mechanisms of aftershocks of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake, Earth Planets Space, 63, 669-673.
5. Atwater, B. F. (1999), Radiocarbon dating of a Seattle earthquake to A.D. 900-930, Seismol. Res. Lett., 70, 232.
6. Atwater, B. F., and G. B. Griggs (2012), Deep-sea turbidites as guides to Holocene earthquake history at the Cascadia subduction zone- Alternative views for a seismic-hazard workshop, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open File Rep. 2012-1043, 58 p.
7. Atwater, B. F., and E. Hemphill-Haley (1997), Recurrence intervals for great earthquakes of the past 3, 500 years at northeastern Willapa Bay, Washington, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper, 1576, 108.
8. Atwater, B. F., and A. L. Moore (1992), A tsunami about 1000 years ago in Puget Sound, Washington, Science, 258, 1614-1617. (Pubitemid 23378130)
9. Atwater, B. F., M. P. Tuttle, E. S. Schweig, C. M. Rubin, D. K. Yamaguchi, and E. Hemphill-Haley (2004a), Earthquake recurrence inferred from paleoseismology, Dev. Quat. Sci., 1, 311-350, doi:10.1016/S1571-0866(03)01015-7.
10. Atwater, B. F., M. P. Tuttle, E. S. Schweig, C. M. Rubin, D. K. Yamaguchi, and E. Hemphill-Haley (2004b), Earthquake recurrence inferred from paleoseismology, in The Quaternary Period in the United States, edited by A. R. Gillespie, S. C. Porter, and B. F. Atwater, pp. 331-350, Elsevier Science, New York.
11. Atwater, B. F., C. Goldfinger, and C. Nelson (2004c), Onshore-offshore correlation of geologic evidence for great Cascadia earthquakes- Permissive agreement between Washington estuaries and Cascadia deep-sea channel, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 85(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T12B-01.
12. Atwater, B. F., S. Musumi-Rokkaku, K. Satake, Y. Tsuji, K. Ueda, and D. K. Yamaguchi (2005), The orphan tsunami of 1700-Japanese clues to a parent earthquake in North America, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1707, 133 p. [Available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1707/.].
13. Barnett, E. A. (2007), Active faulting at the Northwest margin of the Greater Puget Sound region: A trenching and wetland coring study of the Kendall fault scarp, Whatcom County, Washington: Arcata, Humboldt State University, MS Thesis, 65 p., 1 plate. [Available at http://humboldt-dspace.calstate.edu/xmlui/ handle/2148/158.].
14. Barnett, E. A., R. A. Haugerud, B. L. Sherrod, C. S. Weaver, T. L. Pratt and R. J. Blakely (2010), Preliminary atlas of active shallow tectonic deformation in the Puget Sound region, Washington, 32 p., 14 color maps, scale 1:600, 000, U.S. Geol. Surv. Open File Rep. 2010-1149 [Available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1149.].
15. Bilham, R. (2009), The seismic future of cities. Twelfth annual Mallet-Milne lecture, Bull. Earthquake Eng., 1-49, doi:10.1007/s10518-009-9147- 0.
16. Blais-Stevens, A., G. C. Rogers, and J. J. Clague (2011), A Revised Earthquake Chronology for the last 4, 000 Years inferred from varve-bounded debris-flow deposits beneath an inlet near Victoria, British Columbia, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 101(1), 1-12.
17. Blakely, R. J., R. E. Wells, C. S. Weaver and S. Y. Johnson (2002), Location, structure, and seismicity of the Seattle fault zone, Washington: seismic-reflection data, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 144, 169-177.
18. Blakely, R. J., B. L. Sherrod, J. F. Hughes, M. L. Anderson, R. E. Wells, and C. S. Weaver (2009), Saddle Mountain fault deformation zone, Olympic Peninsula, Washington: Western boundary of the Seattle uplift, Geosphere, 5, 105-125, doi:10.1130/GES001196.1.
19. Blaser, L., F. Kruger, M. Ohrnberger, and F. Scherbaum (2010), Scaling relations of earthquake source parameter estimates with special focus on subduction environment, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 100, 2914-2926, doi:10.1785/0120100111.
20. Bourgeois, J., and S. Johnson (2001), Geologic evidence of earthquakes at the Snohomish delta, Washington, in the past 1200 yr, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 113(4), 482-494. (Pubitemid 33066636)
21. Briggs, G. (1994), Coastal crossing of the zero-isobase, Cascadia margin, south-central Oregon coast [M.Sc. thesis]: Portland, Oregon, Portland State University, 251 p.
22. Brocher, T. M., T. Parsons, R. J. Blakely, N. I. Christensen, M. A. Fisher, R. E.Wells, and the SHIPS Working Group (2001), Upper crustal structure in Puget Lowland, Washington: Results from 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 13, 541-13, 564.
23. Brocher, T. M., R. J. Blakely, and R. E. Wells (2004), Interpretation of the Seattle uplift, Washington, as a passive-roof duplex, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 94, 1379-1401. (Pubitemid 39437311)
24. Bronk Ramsey, C. (1995), Radiocarbon calibration and analysis of stratigraphy: The OxCal program, Radiocarbon, 37, 425-430.
25. Bucknam, R. C., E. Hemphill-Haley, and E. B. Leopold (1992), Abrupt uplift within the past 1700 years at southern Puget Sound, Washington, Science, 258, 1611-1614, doi:10.1126/science.258.5088.1611. (Pubitemid 23378015)
26. Burgette, R. J., R. J. Weldon II, and D. A. Schmidt (2009), Interseismic uplift rates for western Oregon and along-strike variation in locking on the Cascadia subduction zone, J. Geophys. Res., 114, B01408, doi:10.1029/ 2008JB005679.
27. Carver, G. A., M. Stuiver, and B. F. Atwater (1992), Radiocarbon ages of earthquake-killed trees at Humboldt Bay, California [abs.]: Eos Trans. AGU, Fall Meet. Suppl., 73, p. 398.
28. Cassidy, J. F., R. M. Ellis, and G. C. Rogers (1988), The 1918 and 1957 Vancouver Island earthquakes, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 78, 617-635.
29. Clague, J. J., and P. T. Bobrowsky (1994), Tsunami deposits beneath tidal marshes on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 106, 1293-1303, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1293:TDBTMO>2.3.CO;2.
30. Clague, J. J., I. Hutchinson, R. W. Mathewes, and R. T. Patterson (1999), Evidence for late Holocene tsunamis at Catala Lake, British Columbia, J. Coastal Res., 15(1), 45-60. (Pubitemid 29043028)
31. Clarke, S. H., and G. A. Carver (1992), Late Holocene tectonics and paleoseismicity, southern Cascadia subduction zone, Science, 255, 188-192, doi:10.1126/science.255.5041.188.
32. Clement, C. R., T. L. Pratt, M. L. Holmes, and B. L. Sherrod (2010), High-resolution seismic reflection imaging of growth folding and shallow faults beneath the southern Puget Lowland, Washington State, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 100(4), 1710-1723.
33. Daeron, M., Y. Klinger, P. Tapponier, A. Elias, E. Jacques, and A. Sursock (2007), 12, 000-year-long record of 10 to 13 paleoearthquakes on the Yammouneh fault, Levant fault system, Lebanon, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 97, 749-771, doi:10.1785/0120060106. (Pubitemid 46991501)
34. Danes, Z., H. Bonno, E. Brau, W. Gilham, T. Hoffman, D. Johansen, M. Jones, B. Malfait, J. Masten, and G. O. Teague (1965), Geophysical investigation of the southern Puget Sound area, Washington, J. Geophys. Res., 70, 5573-5580.
35. Darienzo, M. E., and C. D. Peterson (1990), Episodic tectonic subsidence of late Holocene salt marshes, northern Oregon, central Cascadia margin, Tectonics, 9, 1-22, doi:10.1029/TC009i001p00001.
36. Darienzo, M. E., C. D. Peterson, and C. Clough (1994), Stratigraphic evidence for great subduction-zone earthquakes at four estuaries in northern Oregon, U.S.A, J. Coastal Res., 10(4), 850-876.
37. Dolan, J. F., D. D. Bowman, and C. G. Sammis (2007), Long-range and long-term fault interactions in Southern California, Geology, 35, 855-858, doi:10.1130/G23789A.1. (Pubitemid 47433794)
38. Enkin, R. J., A. Dallimore, J. Baker, J. R. Southon, T. Ivanochko, and O. Lian (2013), A new high-resolution radiocarbon Bayesian age model of the Holocene and late Pleistocene from core MD02-2494 and others, Effingham Inlet, British Columbia, Canada; With an application to the paleoseismic event chronology of the Cascadia Subduction Zone, Can. J. Earth Sci., 50(7), 746-760, doi:10.1139/cjes-2012-0150.
39. Freed, A. M. (2005), Earthquake triggering by static, dynamic and postseismic stress transfer, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 33, 335-367, doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122505. (Pubitemid 40849788)
40. Furumura, T., K. Imai, and T. Maeda (2011), A revised tsunami source model for the 1707 Hoei earthquake and simulation of tsunami inundation of Ryujin Lake, Kyushu, Japan, J. Geophys. Res., 116, B02308, doi:10.1029/ 2010JB007918.
41. Garrison-Laney, C. E., H. F. Abramson-Ward, and G. Carver (2006), A 3, 000 year record of tsunami deposition from the southern end of the Cascadia subduction zone, in Signatures of Quaternary Crustal Deformation and Landscape Evolution in the Mendocino Deformation Zone, edited by M. Hemphill-Haley et al., pp. 309-323, Pacific Cell Friends of the Pleistocene 2006 Guidebook, Paper 4-2-A, NW California.
42. Goldfinger, C., et al. (2012), Turbidite event history: Methods and implications for Holocene paleoseismicity of the Cascadia subduction zone, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1661-F, 332 p. [Available at http://activetectonics.coas.oregonstate.edu/Goldfinger-1661.zip.].
43. Gomberg, J. and B. Sherrod (2014), Crustal earthquake triggering by modern, great, subduction thrust earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 119, doi:10.1002/2012JB009826.
44. Gower, H. D., J. C. Yount, and R. S. Crosson (1985), Seismotectonic map of the Puget Sound region, Washington, U.S. Geological Survey, Map I-1613, scale 1:250 000.
45. Hagstrum, J. T., B. F. Atwater, and B. L. Sherrod (2004), Paleomagnetic correlation of late Holocene earthquakes among estuaries in Washington and Oregon, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 5, Q10001, doi:10.1029/2004GC000736.
46. Hughes, J. F. (2005), Meters of synchronous Holocene slip on two strands of a fault in the western Puget Sound Lowland, Washington, Eos Transactions, AGU, 86(52), S51C-1020.
47. Huntley, D. J., and J. J. Clague (1996), Optical dating of tsunami-laid sands, Quat. Res., 46, 127-140.
48. Hutchinson, I., J. J. Clague, and R. W. Mathewes (1997), Reconstructing the tsunami record on an emerging coast: A case study of Kanim Lake, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, J. Coastal Res., 13(2), 545-553. (Pubitemid 27195427)
49. Hutchinson, I., J. P. Guilbault, J. J. Clague, and P. T. Bobrowsky (2000), Tsunamis and tectonic deformation at the northern Cascadia margin: A 3000-year record from Deserted Lake, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, Holocene, 10(4), 429-439, doi:10.1191/095968300666654539. (Pubitemid 30411195)
50. Hyndman, R. D., S. Mazzotti, D. Weichert, and G. C. Rogers (2003), Frequency of large crustal earthquakes in Puget Sound-Southern Georgia Strait predicted from geodetic and geological deformation rates, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B12033), doi:10.1029/2001JB001710.
51. Ishibe, T. K., K. S. Shimazaki, and H. Tsuruoka (2011), Change in seismicity beneath the Tokyo metropolitan area due to the 2011 Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake, Earth Planets Space, 63, 731-735.
52. Jacoby, G. C., P. L. Williams, and B. M. Buckley (1992), Tree ring correlation between prehistoric landslides and abrupt tectonic events in Seattle, Washington, Science, 258, 1621-1623. (Pubitemid 23378017)
53. Jacoby, G. C., D. E. Bunker, and B. E. Benson (1997), Tree-ring evidence for an AD 1700 Cascadia earthquake in Washington and northern Oregon, Geology, 25, 999-1002.
54. Johnson, S. Y., C. J. Potter, and J. M. Armentrout (1994), Origin and evolution of the Seattle basin and Seattle fault, Geology, 22, 71-74. (Pubitemid 24423209)
55. Johnson, S. Y., S. V. Dadisman, J. R. Childs, and W. D. Stanley (1999), Active tectonics of the Seattle fault and central Puget Sound, Washington -Implications for earthquake hazards, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 111(7), 1042-1053.
56. Johnson, S. Y., R. J. Blakely, W. J. Stephenson, S. V. Dadisman, and M. A. Fisher (2004a), Active shortening of the Cascadia forearc and implications for seismic hazards of the Puget Lowland, Tectonics, 23, TC1011, doi:10.1029/2003TC001507. (Pubitemid 39393736)
57. Johnson, S. Y., et al. (2004b), Evidence for late Holocene earthquakes on the Utsalady Point fault, northern Puget Sound region, Washington, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 94, 2299-2316, doi:10.1785/0120040050. (Pubitemid 40294819)
58. Kanamori, H., and K. C. McNally (1982), Variable rupture mode of the subduction zone along the Ecuador-Colombia coast, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 72(4), 1241-1253.
59. Karlin, R., and S. E. Abella (1996), A history of Pacific Northwest earthquakes recorded in Holocene sediments from Lake Washington, J. Geophys. Res., 101(B3), 6137-6150, doi:10.1029/95JB01626. (Pubitemid 26476193)
60. Karlin, R., M. Holmes, S. Abella, and R. Sylwester (2004), Holocene landslides and a 3500-year record of Pacific Northwest earthquakes from sediments in Lake Washington, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 116(1-2), 94.
61. Kato, A., S. Sakai, and K. Obara (2011), A normal-faulting seismic sequence triggered by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake: Wholesale stress regime changes in the upper plate, Earth Planets Space, 63, 5-748.
62. Kelsey, H. M., R. C. Witter, and E. Hemphill-Haley (1998), Response of a small Oregon estuary to coseismic subsidence and postseismic uplift in the past 300 years, Geology, 26(3), 231-234, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0231: ROASOE>2.3.CO;2.
63. Kelsey, H. M., R. C. Witter, and E. Hemphill-Haley (2002), Plate-boundary earthquakes and tsunamis of the past 5500 yr, Sixes River estuary, southern Oregon, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 114(3), 298-314, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2002) 114<0298:PBEATO>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 35003265)
64. Kelsey, H. M., B. L. Sherrod, S. Y. Johnson, and S. V. Dadisman (2004), Land-level changes from a late Holocene earthquake in the northern Puget Lowland, Washington, Geology, 32, 469-472, doi:10.1130/G20361.1. (Pubitemid 38908338)
65. Kelsey, H., A. Nelson, E. Hemphill-Haley, and R. Witter (2005), Tsunami history of an Oregon coastal lake reveals a 4600 yr record of great earthquakes on the Cascadia subduction zone, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 117(7-8), 1009-1032, doi:10.1130/B25452.1. (Pubitemid 40950057)
66. Kelsey, H. M., B. L. Sherrod, A. R. Nelson, and T. M. Brocher (2008), Earthquakes generated from bedding plane-parallel reverse faults above an active wedge thrust, Seattle fault zone, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 120, 1581-1597.
67. Kelsey, H. M., B. L. Sherrod, R. J. Blakely and R. A. Haugerud (2012), Holocene faulting in the Bellingham forearc basin: Upper-plate deformation at the northern end of the Cascadia subduction zone, J. Geophys. Res. 117, B03409, doi;10.1029/2011JB008816.
68. Li, W. H. (1992), Late Holocene Paleoseismology in the Lower Eel River Valley, Northern California [M.Sc. thesis]: Arcata, California, Humboldt State University, 78 p.
69. Lienkaemper, J. J., and C. Bronk Ramsey (2009), OxCal: Versatile Tool for developing paleoearthquake chronologies-A primer, Seismol. Res. Lett., 80(3), 431-434.
70. Mace, C. G., and K. M. Keranen (2012), Oblique fault systems crossing the Seattle Basin: Geophysical evidence for additional shallow fault systems in the central Puget Sound region, J. Geophys. Res., 117, B03105, doi:10.1029/ 2011JB008722.
71. Martin, M. E. (2012), A Holocene sedimentary record of tectonically influenced reduced channel mobility, Skokomish River delta, Washington State, USA, Geomorphology, 177, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.07.016.
72. Martin, M. E., and J. Bourgeois (2011), Vented sediments and tsunami deposits in the Puget Lowland, Washington - Differentiating sedimentary processes, Sedimentology, 59(2), 419-444, doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2011.01259.x.
73. Mazzotti, S., H. Dragert, R. D. Hyndman, M. M. Miller, and J. A. Henton (2002), GPS deformation in a region of high crustal seismicity: N. Cascadia forearc, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 198, 41-48, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00520- 4. (Pubitemid 34577619)
74. McCaffrey, R., A. I. Qamar, R.W. King, R. Wells, G. Khazardze, C. A. Williams, C. W. Stevens, J. J. Vollick, and P. C. Zwick (2007), Fault locking, block rotation and crustal deformation in the Pacific Northwest, Geophys. J. Intl., 169, 1315-1340. (Pubitemid 46894910)
75. McCaffrey, R., R. W. King, S. J. Payne, and M. Lancaster (2013), Active tectonics of northwestern U.S. inferred from GPS-derived surface velocities, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 118, doi:10.1029/2012JB009473.
76. McCrory, P. A., J. L. Blair, F. Waldhauser, and D. H. Oppenheimer (2012), Juan de Fuca slab geometry and its relation to Wadati-Benioff zone seismicity, J. Geophys. Res., 117, B09306, doi:10.1029/2012JB009407.
77. Nelson, A. R. (1992a), Holocene tidal-marsh stratigraphy in south-central Oregon-Evidence for localized sudden submergence in the Cascadia subduction zone, in Fletcher, C. H., III, et al., Quaternary Coasts of the United States: Marine and Lacustrine Systems: Society for Sedimentary Geology Special Publication 48, p. 287-301.
78. Nelson, A. R. (1992b), Discordant 14C ages from buried tidal-marsh soils in the Cascadia subduction zone, southern Oregon coast, Quat. Res., 38, 74-90, doi:10.1016/0033-5894(92)90031-D. (Pubitemid 23372890)
79. Nelson, A. R., A. E. Jennings, and K. Kashima (1996), An earthquake history derived fromstratigraphic andmicrofossil evidence of relative sea-level change at Coos Bay, southern coastal Oregon, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 108, 141-154, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0141:AEHDFS>2.3.CO;2.
80. Nelson, A. R., Y. Ota, M. Umitsu, K. Kashima, and Y. Matshushima (1998), Seismic or hydrodynamic control of rapid late-Holocene sea-level rise in southern coastal Oregon, USA?, Holocene, 8, 287-299. (Pubitemid 28278702)
81. Nelson, A. R., S. Y. Johnson, H. M. Kelsey, R. E. Wells, B. L. Sherrod, S. K. Pezzopane, L.-A. Bradley, R. D. Koehler III, and R. C. Bucknam (2003a), Late Holocene earthquakes on the Toe Jam Hill fault, Seattle fault zone, Bainbridge Island, Washington, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 115(11), 1388-1403. (Pubitemid 37551581)
82. Nelson, A. R., S. Y. Johnson, H. M. Kelsey, B. L. Sherrod, R. E. Wells, K. Okumura, L.-A. Bradley, R. Bogar, and S. F. Personius (2003b), Field and laboratory data from an earthquake history study of the Waterman Point fault, Kitsap County, Washington, Report Rep. MF-2423, U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, United States (USA).
83. Nelson, A. R., A. C. Asquith, and W. C. Grant (2004), Great earthquakes and tsunamis of the past 2000 years at the Salmon River estuary, central Oregon coast, USA, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 94(4), 1276-1292, doi:10.1785/012003210. (Pubitemid 39437304)
84. Nelson, A., S. Personius, J. Buck, L. Bradley, R. Wells, and E. Schermer (2007), Field and laboratory data from an earthquake history study of scarps of the Lake Creek-Boundary Creek fault between the Elwha River and Siebert Creek, Clallam County, Washington, US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2961, 2 sheets.
85. Nelson, A. R., et al. (2008a), Field and laboratory data from an earthquake history study of scarps in the hanging wall of the Tacoma fault, Mason and Pierce Counties, Washington, U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3060, 3 sheets.
86. Nelson, A. R., Y. Sawai, A. E. Jennings, L.-A. Bradley, L. Gerson, B. L. Sherrod, J. Sabean, and B. P. Horton (2008b), Great-earthquake paleogeodesy and tsunamis of the past 2000 years at Alsea Bay, central Oregon coast, USA, Quat. Sci. Rev., 27, 747-768, doi:10.1016/j. quascirev.2008.01.001.
87. Nettles, M., G. Ekstrom, and H. Koss (2011), Centroid-moment-tensor analysis of the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake and its larger foreshocks and aftershocks, Earth Planets Space, 63, 519-523.
88. Oppenheimer, D., et al. (1993), The CapeMendocino, California, earthquakes of April 1992: Subduction at the triple junction, Science, 261, 433-438. (Pubitemid 24419033)
89. Patton, J. R., and R. C. Witter (2006), Late Holocene coseismic subsidence and coincident tsunamis, southern Cascadia subduction zone, Hookton Slough, Wigi (Humboldt Bay), California, in Signatures of Quaternary Crustal Deformation And Landscape Evolution In The Mendocino Deformation Zone, edited by M. Hemphill-Haley et al., pp. 181-193, Pacific Cell Friends of the Pleistocene 2006 Guidebook, Paper 2-3-B, NW California.
90. Perez, O., and C. H. Scholz (1997), Long-term seismic behavior of the focal and adjacent regions of great earthquakes during the time between two successive shocks, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 8203-8216.
91. Personius, S. F., A. R. Nelson, R. W. Briggs, and J. Z. Maharrey (2009), LiDAR-Assisted Study of Holocene Faulting on the Darrington-Devils Mountain Fault Zone, Western Washington, Seismol. Res. Lett., 80(2), 264-389, doi:10.1785/gssrl.80.2.264.
92. Peterson, C. D., and Darienzo, M. E., 1991, Discrimination of Climatic, Oceanic and Tectonic Mechanisms of Cyclic Marsh Burial from Alsea Bay, Oregon, U.S.A: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Rep. 91-441-C, 53 p.
93. Peterson, C. D., Darienzo, M. E., Doyle, D., and Barnett, E., 1996, Evidence for coseismic subsidence and tsunami deposition during the past 3, 000 years at Siletz Bay, Oregon, in Priest, G.R., ed., Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Open File Rep. 0-95-5, 25 p.
94. Pratt, T. L., S. Y. Johnson, C. J. Potter, W. J. Stephenson, and C. A. Finn (1997), Seismic reflection images beneath Puget Sound, western Washington State: The Puget Lowland thrust sheet hypothesis, J. Geophys. Res., 102(B12), 27, 469-427, 489.
95. Pritchard, C. J. (2004), Late Holocene relative sea-level changes, Arcata Bay, California: Evaluation of freshwater syncline movement using coseismically buried soil horizons [Master's thesis]: Arcata, California, Humboldt State University, 64 p.
96. Ryder, I., A. Rietbrock, K. Kelson, R. Burgmann, M. Floyd, A. Socquet, C. Vigny, and D. Carrizo (2012), Large extensional aftershocks in the continental forearc triggered by the 2010 Maule earthquake, Chile, Geophys. J. Intl., 188, 879-890.
97. Satake, K., K. Shimazaki, Y. Tsuji, and K. Ueda (1996), Time and size of a giant earthquake in Cascadia inferred from Japanese tsunami records of January 1700, Nature, 379, 246-249.
98. Satake, K., K. Wang, and B. F. Atwater (2003), Fault slip and seismic moment of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake inferred from Japanese tsunami descriptions, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B11), 2535, doi:10.1029/2003JB002521.
99. Schlagenhauf, A., I. Manighetti, L. Benedetti, Y. Gauderner, R. Finkel, J. Malavieille, and K. Pou (2011), Earthquake supercycles in Central Italy, inferred from 36Cl exposure dating, Earth Plan. Sci. Letts., 307, 487-500.
100. Scholz, C. H. (2010), Large earthquake triggering, clustering, and the synchronization of faults, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 100, 901-909, doi:10.1785/0120090309.
101. Seidlecki, E. M. (2008), The geometry and earthquake history of the Boulder Creek fault zone, Whatcom County, Washington, MS thesis, 81 pp., Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington [in Table 1].
102. Shennan, I., A. J. Long, M. M. Rutherford, F. M. Green, J. B. Innes, J. M. Lloyd, Y. Zong, and K. J. Walker (1996), Tidal marsh stratigraphy, sea-level change and large earthquakes: I. A 5000 year record in Washington, USA, Quat. Sci. Rev., 15, 1023-1059, doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(96)00007-8. (Pubitemid 27100631)
103. Shennan, I., A. J. Long, M. M. Rutherford, J. B. Innes, F. M. Green, and K. J. Walker (1998), Tidal marsh stratigraphy, sea-level change and large earthquakes-II: Submergence events during the last 3500 years at Netarts Bay, Oregon, USA, Quat. Sci. Rev., 17, 365-393, doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(97)00055-3. (Pubitemid 28338598)
104. Sherrod, B. L. (2000), Holocene relative sea level changes along the Seattle fault at Restoration Point, Washington, Quat. Res., 54, 384-393. (Pubitemid 34264805)
105. Sherrod, B. L. (2001), Evidence for earthquake-induced subsidence about1100 yr ago in coastal marshes of southern Puget Sound, Washington, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 113, 1299-1311, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1299: EFEISA>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 34004398)
106. Sherrod, B. L. (2002), Late Quaternary surface rupture along the Seattle fault zone near Bellevue, Washington, Eos Trans. AGU, 83(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract S21C-12.
107. Sherrod, B. L., T. M. Brocher, C. S. Weaver, R. C. Bucknam, R. J. Blakely, H. M. Kelsey, A. R. Nelson, and R. A. Haugerud (2004), Holocene fault scarps near Tacoma, Washington, USA, Geology, 32, 9-12. (Pubitemid 38204472)
108. Sherrod, B. L., R. J. Blakely, C. S. Weaver, H. M. Kelsey, E. Barnett, L. M. Liberty, K. L. Meagher, and K. Pape (2008), Finding concealed active faults: Extending the southern Whidbey Island fault across the Puget Lowland, Washington, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B05313, doi:10.1029/2007JB005060.
109. Sherrod, B. L., et al. (2013), Holocene tectonics and fault reactivation in the foothills of the north Cascade Mountains, Washington, Geosphere, 9(4), 827-852, doi:10.1130/GES00880.S1.
110. Steacy, S., J. Gomberg, and M. Cocco (2005), Introduction to special section: Stress transfer, earthquake triggering, and time-dependent seismic hazard, J. Geophys. Res., 110, B05S01, doi:10.1029/2005JB003692. (Pubitemid 41052349)
111. Stein, R. S. (1999), The role of stress transfer in earthquake occurrence, Nature, 402, 605-609.
112. Stuiver, M., and H. Polach (1977), Discussion: Reporting of 14C data, Radiocarbon, 19(3), 355-363.
113. ten Brink, U. S., P. C. Molzer, M. A. Fisher, R. J. Blakely, R. C. Bucknam, T. Parsons, R. S. Crosson, and K. C. Kreager (2002), Subsurface geometry and evolution of the Seattle fault zone and the Seattle basin, Washington, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 92(5), 1737-1753.
114. Thrush, C., and R. S. Ludwin (2007), Finding fault: Indigenous seismology, colonial science, and the rediscovery of earthquakes and tsunamis in Cascadia, Am. Indian Cult. Res. J., 31(4), 1-24.
115. Valentine, D. W., E. A. Keller, G. Carver, W. Li, C. Manhart, and A. R. Simms (2012), Paleoseismicity of the southern end of the Cascadia subduction zone, northwestern California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 102, 1059-1078, doi:10.1785/0120110103.
116. Vick, G. S. (1988), Late Holocene paleoseismicity and relative sea level changes of the Mad River slough, Northern Humboldt Bay, California [Master's thesis]: Arcata, California, Humboldt State University, 87 p.
117. Walsh, T. J., and R. L. Logan (2007), Field data for a trench on the Canyon River fault, Southeast Olympic Mountains, Washington, Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Open File Rep. 2007-1.
118. Wang, P.-L., S. E. Engelhart, K. Wang, A. D. Hawkes, B. P. Horton, A. R. Nelson, and R. C. Witter (2013), Heterogeneous rupture in the great Cascadia earthquake of 1700 inferred from coastal subsidence estimates, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 118, 2460-2473, doi:10.1002/jgrb.50101.
119. Weldon, R., T. Fumal, and G. Biasi (2004), Wrightwood and the earthquake cycle: What a long recurrence record tells us about how faults work, GSA Today, 14, 4-10, doi:10.1130/1052-5173(2004)014<4:WATECW>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 39308300)
120. Wells, D. L., and K. J. Coppersmith (1994), New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 84, 974-1002.
121. Wells, R. E., and R. McCaffrey (2013), Steady rotation of the Cascade arc, Geology, 41, 1027-1030, doi:10.1130/G34514.1.
122. Wells, R. E., and R. W. Simpson (2001), Northward migration of the Cascadia forearc arc in the northwestern U.S. and implications for subduction deformation, Earth Plan. Space, 53, 275-283. (Pubitemid 40836770)
123. Wells, R., C. Weaver, and R. Blakely (1998), Fore-arc migration in Cascadia and its neotectonic significance, Geology, 26(8), 759-762. (Pubitemid 29040982)
124. Williams, H., and I. Hutchinson (2000), Stratigraphic and microfossil evidence for late Holocene tsunamis at Swantown marsh, Whidbey Island, Washington, Quat. Res., 54(2), 218-227.
125. Williams, H. F. L., I. Hutchinson, and A. R. Nelson (2005), Multiple sources for late-Holocene tsunamis at Discovery Bay, Washington State, USA, Holocene, 15(1), 60-73, doi:10.1191/0956683605hl784rp.
126. Wilson, J. R., M. J. Bartholomew, and R. J. Carson (1979), Late Quaternary faults and their relationship to tectonism in the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, Geology, 7, 235-239.
127. Witter, R. C., H. M. Kelsey, and E. Hemphill-Haley (1997), A paleoseismic history of the south-central Cascadia Subduction Zone; Assessing earthquake recurrence intervals and upper-plate deformation over the past 6600 years at the Coquille River estuary, Southern Oregon, U.S.A.: U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program External Grant Award 1434-HQ- 97-GR-03036, Final Report, 54 p.
128. Witter, R. C., H. M. Kelsey, and E. Hemphill-Haley (2003), Great Cascadia earthquakes and tsunamis of the past 6700 years, Coquille River estuary, southern coastal Oregon, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 115(10), 1289-1306, doi:10.1130/B25189.1. (Pubitemid 37418246)
129. Witter, R. C., R. W. Givler, and R. J. Carson (2008), Two post-glacial earthquakes on the Saddle Mountain West Fault, southeastern Olympic Peninsula, Washington, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 98, 2894-2917, doi:10.1785/0120080127.
130. Yamaguchi, D. F., B. F. Atwater, D. E. Bunker, B. E. Benson, and M. S. Reid (1997), Tree-ring dating the 1700 Cascadia earthquake, Nature, 389, 922-923. (Pubitemid 27485673)
131. Yoshida, K., A. Hasegawa, T. Okada, T. Iinuma, Y. Ito, and Y. Asano (2011), Stress before and after the 2011 great Tohoku-oki earthquake and induced earthquakes in inland areas of eastern Japan, Geophys. Res. Letts., 39, L03302, doi:10.1029/2011GL049729.