Risky business: Rhesus monkeys exhibit persistent preferences for risky options

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 5, Issue APR, 2014, Pages

  Xu, Eric R ^a   Kralik, Jerald D ^a  

^a Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory   (United States)

Author keywords

Choice; Decision making; Gambling; Primates; Reward value; Risk

Indexed keywords

EID: 84899698598     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00258     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Abreu, F. B. E., and Kacelnik, A. (1999). Energy budgets and risk-sensitive foraging in starlings. Behav. Ecol. 10, 338-345. doi: 10.1093/beheco/10.3.338.
2. Admon, R., Bleich-Cohen, M., Weizmant, R., Poyurovsky, M., Faragian, S., and Hendler, T. (2012). Functional and structural neural indices of risk aversion in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Psychiatry Res. 203, 207-213. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.02.002.
3. Bechara, A. (2005). Decision making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: a neurocognitive perspective. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 1458-1463.
4. Beran, M. J. (2002). Maintenance of self-imposed delay of gratification by four chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and an Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus). J. Gen. Psychol. 129, 49-66. doi: 10.1080/00221300209602032.
5. Beran, M. J., Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., Pate, J. L., and Rumbaugh, D. M. (1999). Delay of gratification in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Dev. Psychobiol. 34, 119-127. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2302(199903)34:2<119::AID-DEV5>3.0.CO;2-P.
6. Berkman, E. T., Falk, E. B., and Lieberman, M. D. (2011). In the trenches of real-world self-control: neural correlates of breaking the link between craving and smoking. Psychol. Sci. 22, 498-506. doi: 10.1177/0956797611400918.
7. Caraco, T., Martindale, S., and Whittam, T. S. (1980). An empirical demonstration of risk-sensitive foraging preferences. Anim. Behav. 28, 820-830. doi: 10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80142-4.
8. Chen, M. K., Lakshminarayanan, V., and Santos, L. R. (2006). How basic are behavioral biases? Evidence from capuchin monkey trading behavior. J. Polit. Econ. 114, 517-537. doi: 10.1086/503550.
9. Davis, C., Levitan, R. D., Muglia, P., Bewell, C., and Kennedy, J. L. (2004). Decision-making deficits and overeating: a risk model for obesity. Obes. Res. 12, 929-935. doi: 10.1038/oby.2004.113.
10. Delgado, M. R., Gillis, M. M., and Phelps, E. A. (2008). Regulating the expectation of reward via cognitive strategies. Nat. Neurosci. 11, 880-881. doi: 10.1038/nn.2141.
11. Do, A. M., Rupert, A. V., and Wolford, G. (2008). Evaluations of pleasurable experiences: the peak-and-end rule. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 15, 96-98. doi: 10.3758/PBR.15.1.96.
12. Dolan, R. J., and Dayan, P. (2013). Goals and habits in the brain. Neuron 80, 312-325. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.09.007.
13. Evans, J. S. B. T., and Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Dual-process theories of higher cognition: advancing the debate. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 8, 223-241. doi: 10.1177/1745691612460685.
14. Evans, T. A., and Beran, M. J. (2007). Delay of gratification and delay maintenance by rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). J. Gen. Psychol. 134, 199-216. doi: 10.3200/GENP.134.2.199-216.
15. Fishbein, D. H., Eldreth, D. L., Hyde, C., Matochik, J. A., London, E. D., Contoreggi, C., et al. (2005). Risky decision making and the anterior cingulate cortex in abstinent drug abusers and nonusers. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 23, 119-136. doi: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.12.010.
16. Genovesio, A., Brasted, P. J., Mitz, A. R., and Wise, S. P. (2005). Prefrontal cortex activity related to abstract response strategies. Neuron 47, 307-320. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.06.006.
17. Goldstein, R. Z., and Volkow, N. D. (2011). Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 12, 652-669. doi: 10.1038/nrn3119.
18. Hare, T. A., Camerer, C. F., and Rangel, A. (2009). Self-control in decision-making involves modulation of the vmPFC valuation system. Science 324, 646-648. doi: 10.1126/science.1168450.
19. Hassin, R. R., Ochsner, K. N., and Trope, Y. (2010). Self Control in Society, Mind, and Brain. New York: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391381.001.0001.
20. Hayden, B. Y., Heilbronner, S. R., Nair, A. C., and Platt, M. L. (2008). Cognitive influences on risk-seeking by rhesus macaques. Judgm. Decis. Mak. 3, 389-395.
21. Hayden, B. Y., and Platt, M. L. (2007). Temporal discounting predicts risk sensitivity in rhesus Macaques. Curr. Biol. 17, 49-53. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.10.055.
22. Hayden, B. Y., and Platt, M. L. (2009). Gambling for Gatorade: risk-sensitive decision making for fluid rewards in humans. Anim. Cogn. 12, 201-207. doi: 10.1007/s10071-008-0186-8.
23. Heatherton, T. F., and Wagner, D. D. (2011). Cognitive neuroscience of self-regulation failure. Trends Cogn. Sci. 15, 132-139. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2010.12.005.
24. Heilbronner, S. R., and Hayden, B. Y. (2013). Contextual factors explain risk-seeking preferences in rhesus monkeys. Front. Neurosci. 7:7. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00007.
25. Heino, A., Vandermolen, H. H., and Wilde, G. J. S. (1996). Differences in risk experience between sensation avoiders and sensation seekers. Pers. Individ. Dif. 20, 71-79. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(95)00152-V.
26. Hsee, C. K., and Zhang, J. A. (2010). General Evaluability Theory. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 5, 343-355. doi: 10.1177/1745691610374586.
27. Jung, K., and Kralik, J. D. (2013). Get it while it's hot: a peak-first bias in self-generated choice order in rhesus macaques. PLoS ONE 8:e83814. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083814.
28. Kacelnik, A., and Bateson, M. (1996). Risky theories-the effects of variance on foraging decisions. Am. Zool. 36, 402-434.
29. Kacelnik, A., and Bateson, M. (1997). Risk-sensitivity: crossroads for theories of decision-making. Trends Cogn. Sci. 1, 304-309. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(97)01093-0.
30. Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
31. Kahneman, D., and Frederick, S. (2002). "Representativeness revisited: attribute substitution in intuitive judgment," in Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment, eds T. Gilovich, D. W. Griffin, and D. Kahneman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 49-81. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511808098.004.
32. Kahneman, D., Fredrickson, B. L., Schreiber, C. A., and Redelmeier, D. A. (1993). When more pain is preferred to less: adding a better end. Psychol. Sci. 4, 401-405. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00589.x.
33. Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., and Tversky, A. (eds). (1982). Judgement Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511809477.
34. Kahneman, D., and Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica 47, 263-291. doi: 10.2307/1914185.
35. Kahneman, D., and Tversky, A. (1984). Choices, values, and frames. Am. Psychol. 39, 341-350. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.39.4.341.
36. Kahneman, D., and Tversky, A. (2000). Choices, Values, and Frames. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
37. Klos, A. (2005). Investment decisions and time horizon: risk perception and risk behavior in repeated gambles. Manag. Sci. 51, 1777-1790. doi: 10.1287/mnsc.1050.0429.
38. Kober, H., Mende-Siedlecki, P., Kross, E. F., Weber, J., Mischel, W., Hart, C. L., et al. (2010). Prefrontal-striatal pathway underlies cognitive regulation of craving. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 14811-14816. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1007779107.
39. Kralik, J. D., and Sampson, W. W. (2012). A fruit in hand is worth many more in the bush: steep spatial discounting by free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Behav. Process. 89, 197-202. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2011.09.010.
40. Kralik, J. D., Xu, E. R., Knight, E. J., Khan, S. A., and Levine, W. J. (2012). When less is more: evolutionary origins of the affect heuristic. PLoS ONE 7:e46240. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046240.
41. Kreek, M. J., Nielsen, D. A., Butelman, E. R., and Laforge, K. S. (2005). Genetic influences on impulsivity, risk taking, stress responsivity and vulnerability to drug abuse and addiction. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 1450-1457. doi: 10.1038/nn1583.
42. Lakshminarayanan, V. R., Chen, M. K., and Santos, L. R. (2011). The evolution of decision-making under risk: framing effects in monkey risk preferences. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 47, 689-693. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.011.
43. McClure, S. M., Laibson, D. I., Loewenstein, G., and Cohen, J. D. (2004). Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards. Science 306, 503-507. doi: 10.1126/science.1100907.
44. McCoy, A. N., and Platt, M. L. (2005). Risk-sensitive neurons in macaque posterior cingulate cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 1220-1227. doi: 10.1038/nn1523.
45. Montgomery, H., and Adelbratt, T. (1982). Gambling decisions and information about expected value. Organ. Behav. Hum. Perform. 29, 39-57. doi: 10.1016/0030-5073(82)90241-0.
46. Niv, Y., Daw, N. D., Joel, D., and Dayan, P. (2007). Tonic dopamine: opportunity costs and the control of response vigor. Psychopharmacology 191, 507-520. doi: 10.1007/s00213-006-0502-4.
47. O'Neill, M., and Schultz, W. (2010). Coding of reward risk by orbitofrontal neurons is mostly distinct from coding of reward value. Neuron 68, 789-800. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.031.
48. Passingham, R. E., and Wise, S. P. (2012). The Neurobiology of the Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Evolution, and the Origin of Insight. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
49. Paulsen, D. J., Carter, R. M., Platt, M. L., Huettel, S. A., and Brannon, E. M. (2011a). Neurocognitive development of risk aversion from early childhood to adulthood. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 5:178. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00178.
50. Paulsen, D. J., Platt, M. L., Huettel, S. A., and Brannon, E. M. (2011b). Decision-making under risk in children, adolescents, and young adults. Front. Psychol. 2:72. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00072.
51. Paulsen, D. J., Platt, M. L., Huettel, S. A., and Brannon, E. M. (2012). From risk-seeking to risk-averse: the development of economic risk preference from childhood to adulthood. Front. Psychol. 3:313. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00313.
52. Rabin, M., and Vayanos, D. (2010). The gambler's and hot-hand fallacies: theory and applications. Rev. Econ. Stud. 77, 730-778. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-937X.2009.00582.x.
53. Rasmussen, S. A., and Eisen, J. L. (1992). The epidemiology and clinical features of obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 15, 743-758.
54. Samuelson, P. A. (1963). Risk and uncertainty: a fallacy of large numbers. Scientia 98, 108-113.
55. Schuck-Paim, C., Pompilio, L., and Kacelnik, A. (2004). State-dependent decisions cause apparent violations of rationality in animal choice. PLoS Biol. 2:e402. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020402.
56. Shiv, B., Loewenstein, G., Bechara, A., Damasio, H., and Damasio, A. R. (2005). Investment behavior and the negative side of emotion. Psychol. Sci. 16, 435-439. doi: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01553.x.
57. Slovic, P., Finucane, M., Peters, E., and Macgregor, D. G. (2002). "The affect heuristic," in Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment, eds T. Gilovich, D. W. Griffin, and D. Kahneman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 397-420. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511808098.025.
58. Soane, E., and Chmiel, N. (2005). Are risk preferences consistent? The influence of decision domain and personality. Person. Individ. Dif. 38, 1781-1791. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2004.10.005.
59. Sundali, J., and Croson, R. (2006). Biases in casino betting: the hot hand and the gambler's fallacy. Judgm. Decis. Mak. 1, 1-12.
60. Thierry, B., Mewa, S., and Kaumanns, W. (2004). Macaque Societies: A model for the Study of Social Organization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
61. Tversky, A., and Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases. Science 185, 1124-1131. doi: 10.1126/science.185.4157.1124.
62. Tversky, A., and Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science 211, 453-458. doi: 10.1126/science.7455683.
63. Volkow, N. D. (2010). Addiction: conflict between brain circuits. Biol. Psychiatry 67, 93s-94s.
64. Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., Wang, G. J., Telang, F., Logan, J., Jayne, M., et al. (2010). Cognitive control of drug craving inhibits brain reward regions in cocaine abusers. Neuroimage 49, 2536-2543. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.088.
65. Weber, E. U., Blais, A. R., and Betz, N. E. (2002). A domain-specific risk-attitude scale: measuring risk perceptions and risk behaviors. J. Behav. Decis. Mak. 15, 263-290. doi: 10.1002/Bdm.414.
66. Weber, E. U., Shafir, S., and Blais, A. R. (2004). Predicting risk sensitivity in humans and lower animals: risk as variance or coefficient of variation. Psychol. Rev. 111, 430-445. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.111.2.430.
67. Weller, J. A., and Tikir, A. (2011). Predicting domain-specific risk taking with the HEXACO personality structure. J. Behav. Decis. Mak. 24, 180-201. doi: 10.1002/Bdm.677.
68. Wise, S. P. (2008). Forward frontal fields: phylogeny and fundamental function. Trends Neurosci. 31, 599-608. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2008.08.008.
69. Xu, E. R., Knight, E. J., and Kralik, J. D. (2011). Rhesus monkeys lack a consistent peak-end effect. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 64, 2301-2315. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2011.591936.
70. Yamada, H., Tymula, A., Louie, K., and Glimcher, P. W. (2013). "Thirst-dependent risk preferences in monkeys identify a primitive form of wealth," in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110, 15788-15793.