The artificial ear: Cochlear implants and the culture of deafness

The Artificial Ear: Cochlear Implants and the Culture of Deafness

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-226

  Blume, Stuart ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

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EID: 84899331682     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (332)

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71. Scotch, "Disability"
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73. Their protest was sympathetically described by Oliver Sacks in Seeing Voices (New York: HarperCollins, 1990).
74. Barnartt, Schriner, and Scotch, "Advocacy," 441.
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76. David Sackett, "Evidence-Based Medicine: What It Is and What It Isn't," British Medical Journal 312 (1996): 71-72.
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83. Fox and Swazey, Observing Bioethics, 135-40.
84. Callahan, "Social Sciences," 280-81.
85. See Fox and Swazey, Observing Bioethics, 215-32.
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97. Fox and Swazey, Spare Parts, appendix.
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104. Emily Martin, Flexible Bodies (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994);
105. E. Martin, L. Oaks, K.-S. Taussig, and A. van der Straten, "AIDS, Knowledge, and Discrimination in the Inner City," in Downey and Dumit, Cyborgs and Citadels, 49-65.
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107. See, for example, Hallowell Davis, "The Electrical Phenomena of the Cochlea and the Auditory Nerve," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 6 (1935): 205-15.
108. E. G. Wever and C. W. Bray, "Auditory Nerve Impulses," Science 71 (1930): 215.
109. S. S. Stevens, "On Hearing by Electrical Stimulation," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 8 (1937): 191.
110. M. H. Lurie, "Participant Remarks," Annals of Otology 81 (1972): 513.
111. A. Djourno and C. Eyries, "Prosthèse auditive par excitation électrique à distance du nerf sensorial à l'aide d'un bobinage inclus à demeure," Presse Médicale 65 (1957): 63.
112. William F. House, "Discussant Remarks," Annals of Otology 82 (1973): 516;
113. House, "A Personal Perspective on Cochlear Implants," in R. A. Schindler and M. M. Merzenich, eds., Cochlear Implants (New York: Raven Press, 1985), 13-15.
114. What follows is based on F. Blair Simmons et al., "Electrical Stimulation of the Acoustic Nerve and Inferior Colliclus in Man," Archives of Otolaryngology 79 (1964): 559;
115. Simmons et al., "Auditory Nerve: Electrical Stimulation in Man," Science 148 (1965): 104;
116. Simmons, "History of Cochlear Implants in the United States: A Personal Perspective," in Schindler and Merzenich, Cochlear Implants, 1;
117. Simmons, "History of Cochlear Implants." 9.
118. Kirk Jeffrey, Machines in Our Hearts: The Cardiac Pacemaker, the Implantable Defi- brillator, and American Health Care (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001).
119. Fox and Sweezey, Spare Parts, chapter 6. Cooley implanted the first artificial heart in April 1969.
120. For an account of Kolff's life and work, see Broers, Doktor Kolff.
121. Renée C. Fox and Judith P. Swazey, The Courage to Fail (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), 118.
122. W. F. House and J. Urban, "Long-term Results of Electrode Implantation and Electronic Stimulation of the Cochlea in Man," Annals of Otology 82 (1973): 504.
123. M. M. Merzenich and F. A. Sooy, Report of a Workshop on Cochlear Implants (San Francisco: University of California, 1974).
124. William F. House, Cochlear Implants: My Perspective (Newport Beach, CA: All- Hear Inc., 1995), 4.
125. Nelson Y. S. Kiang, "Discussant Remarks," Annals of Otology 82 (1973): 511-12.
126. W. H. Dobelle, "Discussant Remarks," Annals of Otology 82 (1973): 517.
127. Claude-Henri Chouard, Entendre sans Oreilles (Paris: Robert Laffont, 1978), 78.
128. June Epstein, The Story of the Bionic Ear (Melbourne: Hyland House, 1989), 33.
129. Chouard, Entendre, 135.
130. D. Albinhac, Les Implants Cochleaires: Contribution à l'Histoire de l'Experimentation Humaine (thesis, Ecole Nationale de la Santé Publique, Rennes, 1978).
131. J. C. Ballantyne, E. F. Evans, and A. W. Morrison, "Electrical Auditory Stimulation in the Management of Profound Hearing Loss," Supplement to Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1978).
132. A.R.D. Thornton, ed., A Review of Artificial Auditory Stimulation (Southampton: Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, 1977).
133. Graeme Clark, Sounds from Silence: Graeme Clark and the Bionic Ear Story (St. Leonards, NSW: Allen and Unwin, 2000).
134. R. C. Bilger et al., "Evaluation of Patients Presently Fitted with Implanted Auditory Prostheses," Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology 86 suppl. 38 (1977): 92-140.
135. R. Garud and A. H. Van de Ven, "Technological Innovation and Industry Emergence: The Case of Cochlear Implants," in A. H. Van de Ven, H. L. Angle, and M. S. Poole, eds., Research on the Management of Innovation: The Minnesota Studies (New York: Harper and Row, 1989), 503.
136. A. H. Van de Ven, D. E. Polley, R. Garud, and S. Venkataraman, The Innovation Journey (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
137. B. J. Edgerton, W. F. House, J. A. Brimacombe, and L. S. Eisenberg, "Status of the Cochlear Implant Program at the House Ear Institute," Advances in Audiology 2 (1984): 68-89.
138. Cochlear AG. See Clark, Sounds from Silence, 162.
139. Van de Ven et al., Innovation Journey, 262.
140. See Susan Bartlett Foote, Managing the Medical Arms Race: Innovation and Public Policy in the Medical Device Industry (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 162.
141. N. M. Kane and P. D. Manoukian, "The Effect of the Medicare Prospective Payment System on the Adoption of New Technology: the Case of Cochlear Implants," New England Journal of Medicine 321(1989): 1378-83.
142. Clark, Sounds from Silence, 160.
143. Garud and Van de Ven, "Technological Innovation," 504.
144. A.R.D. Thornton, "Estimation of the Number of Patients Who Might Be Suitable for Cochlear Implant and Similar Procedures," British Journal of Audiology 20 (1986): 221-29.
145. A. Davis, H. Fortnum, and G. O'Donoghue, "Children Who Could Benefit from a Cochlear Implant: A European Estimate of Projected Numbers, Cost, and Relevant Characteristics," International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 31 (1995): 221-33.
146. Gerald E. Loeb, "Remarks," in W. F. House, L. Grammatico, C. Fugain, G. E. Loeb, E. E. Douek, and F. Blair Simmons, "Cochlear Implants in Children: Panel Discussion," in Schindler and Merzenich, Cochlear Implants, 575-87.
147. National Institutes of Health, "Consensus Development Conference Statement on Cochlear Implants," Archives of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery 115 (1989): 31-36.
148. E. Owens and D. Kessler, eds., Cochlear Implants in Young Deaf Children (Boston: Little, Brown, 1989).
149. Food and Drug Administration, Summary of Safety and Effectiveness Data, Premarket Approval Application P890027, June 27, 1990.
150. National Institutes of Health, Cochlear Implants in Adults and Children, NIH Consensus Statement, vol. 13, no. 2, 1995.
151. In the United States, approximately 23,000 adults and 15,500 children had been implanted by the end of 2006 (http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/ coch. asp, accessed August 2008).
152. M. J. Coyle, "Confessions of a Serial Entrepreneur: A Conversation with Alfred E. Mann," Health Affairs 25 (2006): 104-13.
153. M. V. Goycoolea and the Latin American Cochlear Implant Group, "Latin American Experience with the Cochlear Implant," Acta Oto-Laryngologica 125 (2005): 468-73.
154. Fan-Gang Zeng, "Viewpoint," Hearing Journal 60 (2007): 48-49.
155. Sherry R. Adler, "Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use among Women with Breast Cancer," Medical Anthropology Quarterly 13 (1999): 214-22.
156. See D. M. Eisenberg, R. B. Davis, S. L. Ettner, et al., "Trends in Alternative Medicine Use in the United States, 1990-1997," Journal of the American Medical Association 280 (1998): 1569-75.
157. Phil Brown, S. Zavestoski, S. McCormick, B. Mayer, R. Morello-Frosch, and R. Gasior Altman, "Embodied Health Movements: New Approaches to Social Movements in Health," Sociology of Health and Illness 26 (2004): 50-80.
158. Katie Ward, Mark Davis, and Paul Flowers, "Patient 'Expertise' and Innovative Health Technologies," in Webster, New Technologies, 97-111.
159. Alex Broom and Philip Tovey, "Therapeutic Pluralism? Evidence, Power, and Legitimacy in UK Cancer Services," Sociology of Health and Illness 29 (2007): 551-69.
160. Nissim Mizrachi, Judith T. Shuval, and Sky Gross, "Boundary at Work: Alternative Medicine in Biomedical Settings," Sociology of Health and Illness 27 (2005): 20-43;
161. Broom and Tovey, "Therapeutic Pluralism." 8. Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-ana (consulted October 21, 2008).
162. Fan quoted in Robert M. Sade, "Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Foundations, Ethics, and Law," Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics 31 (2003): 183-90.
163. Paul C. Higgins, Outsiders in a Hearing World: A Sociology of Deafness (Thousand Oaks: Sage Books, 1980), 14.
164. Harlan Lane, When the Mind Hears (New York: Random House, 1984).
165. Jonathan Rée, I See a Voice: A Philosophical History (London: Flamingo, 1999).
166. See Douglas C. Baynton, Forbidden Signs: American Culture and the Campaign against Sign Language (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1996).
167. M. M. Maxwell and P. Kraemer, "Speech and Identity in the Deaf Narrative," Text 10 (1990): 339.
168. William C. Stokoe, afterword to Charlotte Baker and Robin Battison, eds., Sign Language and the Deaf Community: Essays in Honor of William C. Stokoe (Silver Springs, MD: National Association of the Deaf, 1980), 265.
169. Edward Klima and Ursula Bellugi, The Signs of Language (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979);
170. Howard Poizner, Edward Klima, and Ursula Bellugi, What the Hands Reveal about the Brain (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987).
171. John C. Marshall, introduction to Poizner, Klima, and Bellugi, What the Hands Reveal, xiii.
172. Bernard T. Tervoort, "Gebaren en gebarentaal in Europa," in B. T. Tervoort, ed., Hand over Hand: Nieuwe Inzichten in de Communicatie van Doven (Muiderberg: Dick Coutinho, 1983), 55-69.
173. Barbara Kannapell in Baker and Battison, Sign Language, 109.
174. Carol Padden and Tom Humphries, Deaf in America: Voices from a Culture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988).
175. See Linda F. Hogle, Recovering the Nation's Body: Cultural Memory, Medicine, and the Politics of Redemption (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1999).
176. Margaret Lock, Twice Dead: Organ Transplants and the Reinvention of Death (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).
177. Rebecca Dresser, When Science Offers Salvation: Patient Advocacy and Research Ethics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 131.
178. Chouard, Entendre, 124-25.
179. Administrative Council of UNISDA, document dated April 16, 1977, quoted by Albinhac, Les Implants, 94-95.
180. M. F. "L'oreille artificielle est prématurée et dangereuse," L'Aurore, February 27, 1979.
181. G. Jones, "Electrodes Work for Deaf Girl," Daily Telegraph, August 16, 1984.
182. G. Jones, "Hope of Restoring Deaf Girl's Hearing with Electrodes Implant," Daily Telegraph, August 13, 1984.
183. S. O'Hagan, "Cochlear Implants: A Cause for Concern," Talk (Autumn 1984): 10-11.
184. "Surgeons Warned on Ear Operation," The Standard, October 22, 1984.
185. Carlo Laurenzi, "The Bionic Ear and the Mythology of Paediatric Implants," British Journal of Audiology 27 (1993): 1-5.
186. Clark, Sounds from Silence, 71.
187. M. D. Garretson, ed., Perspectives in Deafness: A Deaf American Monograph (Silver Springs, MD: National Association of the Deaf, 1991), 97-105.
188. Rebecca Dresser provides comparable examples of health advocacy groups responding to exaggerated accounts of "breakthroughs" in cancer treatment. See Dresser, Science Offers Salvation, 132-33.
189. Josette Chalude, "Deaf Power," Communiquer 62 (1982): 3-4.
190. Quoted in Albinhac, Les Implants, 86.
191. Jean Grémion, La Planète des Sourds (Paris: Sylvie Messinger, 1990).
192. Heather Mohay, "Deafness in Children," Medical Journal of Australia 154 (1991): 372-74.
193. A. J. Kelly, Letter to the editor, Medical Journal of Australia 154 (1991): 491.
194. W.P.R. Gibson, "Opposition from Deaf Groups to the Cochlear Implant," Medical Journal of Australia 155 (1991): 212-14.
195. Harlan Lane, The Mask of Benevolence: Disabling the Deaf Community (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1992).
196. Theodore M. Porter, Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).
197. Desmond J. Power and Mervyn P. Hyde, "The Cochlear Implant and the Deaf Community," Medical Journal of Australia 157 (1992): 421-22.
198. The National Union of the Deaf was a small radical organization active in the 1970s and 1980s. See Paddy Ladd, "Oralism's 'Final Solution,'" British Deaf News (Autumn 1985): 5-6.
199. E. Dolnick, "Deafness as Culture," Atlantic Monthly, September 1993, 43.
200. Lane, Mask of Benevolence.
201. For a more recent expression of Harlan Lane's views, see Harlan Lane, "Ethnicity, Ethics, and the Deaf-World," Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 10 (2005): 291-310.
202. Harlan Lane and Benjamin Bahan, "Ethics of Cochlear Implantation in Young Children: A Review and Reply from a Deaf-World Perspective," Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery 119 (1998): 297-313.
203. Robert A. Crouch, "Letting the Deaf be Deaf: Reconsidering the Use of Cochlear Implants in Prelingually Deaf Children," Hastings Center Report 27 (1997): 14-21.
204. Lane and Bahan, "Ethics."
205. N. L. Cohen, "Cochlear Implants in Young Children: Ethical Considerations," Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology 104 suppl. 166 (1995): 17-19.
206. Lane and Bahan, "Ethics."
207. For example, it was of importance to patient advocates demanding wider criteria of access to clinical trials. See Dresser, Science Offers Salvation, 52-62.
208. Nora Jacobson, Cleavage: Technology, Controversy, and the Ironies of the Man-made Breast (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2000), 195.
209. National Association of the Deaf, Cochlear Implants in Children (Silver Springs, MD: National Association of the Deaf, 1991).
210. Alonso Plough, Borrowed Time: Artificial Organs and the Politics of Extending Lives (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986), 19.
211. Lane, "Ethnicity."
212. Quoted by Dolnick, "Deafness as Culture," 43.
213. Cochlear Corporation, Annual Report for 2007 (http://www.cochlea.com).
214. Benedicte Ingstad and Susan Reynolds Whyte, eds., Disability in Local and Global Worlds (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), 10.
215. J. Rogers Hollingsworth, J. Hage, and R. A. Hanneman, State Intervention in Medical Care: Consequences for Britain, France, Sweden, and the United States, 1890-1970 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990).
216. Parthasarathy, Building Genetic Medicine.
217. Arjun Appadurai, "Grassroots Globalization and the Research Imagination," in A. Appadurai, ed., Globalization (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001), 5-6.
218. Doug Alker, Really Not Interested in the Deaf (published by the author, 2000).
219. Mark P. Haggard, "Straight Thinking about Cochlear Implants," British Journal of Audiology 20 (1986): 5-7.
220. Letter from Harry Cayton, director of the NDCS, to G. M. O'Donoghue FRCS, dated March 2, 1989.
221. British Deaf Association, Policy on Cochlear Implants (Carlisle: BDA, 1994).
222. Q. A. Summerfield and D. H. Marshall, Cochlear Implantation in the UK, 1990- 1994, report by the MRC Institute of Hearing Research, Nottingham (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1995).
223. Jan Brouwer de Koning, "Elektrisch binnenoor overtreft gebarentaal," Trefpunt 8 (1993): 16-17.
224. Sam Pattipeiluhu, "Cochleaire implantatie: De ondergang van Dovencultuur?" Woord en Gebaar 15 (1995): 15-16.
225. Academisch Ziekenhuis Nijmegen, Cochleaire implantatie bij kinderen van mart 1993 tot mart 1996.
226. D. Stephens, R. Stephens, and A. von Eisenhart-Rothe, "Attitudes toward Hearing-Impaired Children in Less Developed Countries: A Pilot Study," Audiology 39 (2000): 184-91.
227. Peter Conrad and Valerie Leiter, "Medicalization, Markets, and Consumers," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 45 special issue (2004): 158-76.
228. Fan-Gang Zeng, "Cochlear Implants in Developing Countries," Contact 10 (1996): 5-9.
229. M.I.J. Khan, N. Mukhtar, S. R. Saeed, and R. T. Ramsden, "The Pakistan (Lahore) Cochlear Implant Programme: Issues Relating to Implantation in a Developing Country," Journal of Laryngology and Otology 121 (2007): 745-50.
230. The New Vision, http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/613955.
231. Fox and Swazey, Observing Bioethics, 217.
232. Ruud Koopmans and Jan Willem Duyvendak, "The Political Construction of the Nuclear Energy Issue and Its Impact on the Mobilization of Antinuclear Movements in Western Europe," Social Problems 42 (1995): 235-51.
233. Sourds en Colère, Dossier (Paris, undated).
234. See Laborit's autobiography, Emmanuelle Laborit, The Cry of the Gull (Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press, 1998).
235. For an account of the establishment and procedures of the French national ethics committee, see Fox and Swazey, Observing Bioethics, 233-58.
236. Laurence Folléa, "Querelle de langage chez les sourds," Le Monde, May 26, 1994.
237. Comité Consultatif National d'Ethique pour les Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé (CCNE), Avis sur l'implant cochleaire chez l'enfant sourd pré-lingual (Paris: CCNE, December 1994), 44.
238. Dominique Schnapper, La France de l'Intégration: Sociologie de la Nation en 1990 (Paris: Editions Gallimard, 1991).
239. Hilde Haualand, "The Two-Week Village: The Significance of Sacred Occasions for the Deaf Community," in Ingstand and Whyte, Disability, 33-55.
240. Khan et al., "Pakistan Cochlear Implant Programme."
241. Zeng, "Cochlear Implants in Developing Countries."
242. Leila Monaghan, Constanze Schmaling, Karen Nakamura, and Graham H. Turner, eds., Many Ways to Be Deaf: International Variation in Deaf Communities (Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press, 2003).
243. Karen Nakamura, "U-turns, Deaf Shock, and the Hard of Hearing: Japanese Deaf Identities at the Borderlands," in Monaghan, Many Ways to Be Deaf, 211-29;
244. Karen Nakamura, Deaf in Japan: Signing and the Politics of Identity (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006).
245. James Woodward, "Sign Languages and Deaf Identities in Thailand and Viet Nam," in Monaghan, Many Ways to Be Deaf, 283-301.
246. Richard J. Senghas, "New Ways to Be Deaf in Nicaragua: Changes in Language, Personhood, and Community," in Monaghan, Many Ways to Be Deaf, 260-82;
247. Laura Polich, The Emergence of the Deaf Community in Nicaragua (Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press, 2005).
248. L.B.W. Jongkees, "Doven weer horen?" Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 122 (1978): 1621.
249. L.B.W. Jongkees, "Doven weer horen?" Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 126 (1982): 1459.
250. E. H. Huizing and G. F. Smoorenburg, eds., De Elektrische Binnenoorprosthese (Utrecht: Nederlands Vereniging voor Audiologie, 1986).
251. Martyn Hammersley and Paul Atkinson, Ethnography: Principles in Practice (London: Routledge, 1989).
252. Jennifer Harris, "Boiled Eggs and Baked Beans: A Personal Account of a Hearing Researcher's Journey through Deaf Culture," Disability and Society 10 (1995): 295-308;
253. Higgins, Outsiders.
254. Johan Ros, "C.I. onderzoek, wat is dat?" Woord en Gebaar 13 (1993): 18-19.
255. S. Kamerling, "De cochleaire implant: Een hoortoestel waar niemand echt horend van wordt," Doven en Welzijn, December 15-17, 1993.
256. P. Messer and T. van Corven, "Artsen en doven strijden over 'nieuw paar oren,'" Trouw, November 1, 1993.
257. Kerstin Heiling, The Development of Deaf Children: Academic Achievement Levels and Social Processes (Hamburg: Signum, 1995).
258. The classic study of Dutch political culture is Arend Lijphart, The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968).
259. Downey and Dumit, Cyborgs and Citadels, 16.
260. Anspach and Mizrachi, "The Field Worker's Fields," 721.
261. Jan Pieter Govers, "Nieuwe oren van de keizer: Realiteit of illusie?" (Ede: unpublished thesis, 1994), 134.
262. Stuart Blume, "Veel gevolgen van cochleaire implantatie zijn nog volstrekt onduidelijk," Woord en Gebaar 15 (January 1995): 9-10.
263. Stuart Blume, "Implantatie teams zijn bereid dialoog aan te gaan met de Dovengemeenschap," Woord en Gebaar 15 (March 1995): 6.
264. Academisch Ziekenhuis Nijmegen, Cochleaire implantatie bij kinderen van mart 1993 tot mart 1996, 124.
265. Maarten Evenblij, "Een beetje doof met een elektrisch oor," De Volkskrant, February 3, 1996.
266. Ziekenfondsraad (Health Insurance Council of the Netherlands), Rapport Cochleaire Implantatie bij Kinderen (Amstelveen, December 1996).
267. See her autobiography, Bonnie Poitras Tucker, The Feel of Silence (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995).
268. Bonnie Poitras Tucker, "Deaf Culture, Cochlear Implants, and Elective Disability," Hastings Center Report 28, no. 4 (1998): 6-14.
269. D.M.R. Kelsay and R. S. Tyler, "Advantages and Disadvantages Expected and Realized by Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients as Reported by Their Parents," American Journal of Otology 17 (1996): 866-73.
270. T. H. Sach and D. K. Whynes, "Paediatric Cochlear Implantation: The Views of Parents," International Journal of Audiology 44 (2005): 400-407.
271. T. N. Kluwin and D. A. Stewart, "Cochlear Implants for Younger Children: A Preliminary Description of the Parental Decision Process and Outcomes," American Annals of the Deaf 145 (2000): 26-32.
272. A. Steinberg, A. Brainsky, L. Bain, L. Montoya, M. Indenbaum, and W. Potsic, "Parental Values in the Decision about Cochlear Implantation," International Journal of Pediatric Otolaryngology 55 (2000): 99-107.
273. S. Okubo, M. Takahashi, and I. Kai, "How Japanese Parents of Deaf Children Arrive at Decisions Regarding Cochlear Implantation Surgery: A Qualitative Study," Social Science and Medicine 66 (2008): 2436-47.
274. Sach and Whyne, "Paediatric Cochlear Implantation," 405.
275. Okubo Takahashi, and Kai, "Japanese Parents," 2442.
276. Robert Q. Pollard Jr., "Conceptualizing and Conducting Preoperative Psychological Assessments of Cochlear Implant Candidates," Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 1 (1996): 16-28.
277. Pollard, "Conceptualizing and Conducting," 22.
278. O. Corrigan, "Empty Ethics: The Problem with Informed Consent," Sociology of Health and Illness 25 (2003): 768-92.
279. T. Balkany, A. V. Hodges, and K. Goodman, "Additional Comments" following Lane and Bahan, "Ethics."
280. B. Freedman, A. Fuks, and C. Weijer, "In Loco Parentis: Minimal Risk as an Ethical Threshold for Research on Children," Hastings Center Report 23 (1993): 13-19.
281. P. Alderson, "Competent Children? Minors' Consent to Health Care Treatment and Research," Social Science and Medicine 65 (2007): 2272-83.
282. Lucy Yardley, "The Quest for Natural Communication: Technology, Language, and Deafness," Health 1 (1997): 37-55.
283. John B. Christiansen and Irene W. Leigh, Cochlear Implants in Children: Ethics and Choices (Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press, 2002), 84.
284. Christiansen and Leigh, Cochlear Implants, 266.
285. Rayna Rapp and Faye Ginsburg, "Enabling Disability: Rewriting Kinship, Reimagining Citizenship," Public Culture 13 (2001): 533-56.
286. The concept had been attacked in the pages of the French parents' association ANPEDA. See chapter 3.
287. See http://www.cochlear.com.
288. Svetlana Kolchick, "With Implant Miss America May Hear Again," USAToday. com (http://www.usatoday.com/life2002-08-07-whitestone-x.htm, consulted October 2002).
289. Charles E. Bosk, "Professional Ethicist Available: Logical, Secular, Friendly," Daedalus 128 (Fall 1999): 47-68.
290. Okubo Takahashi, and Kai, "Japanese Parents," 2442.
291. Sach and Whynes, "Paediatric Cochlear Implantation." 31.
292. Beverly Biderman, Wired for Sound: A Journey into Hearing (Toronto: Trifolium Books, 1998), 2.
293. Biderman, Wired for Sound, 119.
294. National Cochlear Implant Users Association, Cochlear Implants: A Collection of Experiences of Users of All Ages (High Wycombe, UK: NCIUA, 2001).
295. Thomson, in NCIUA, Cochlear Implants, 20-21.
296. Introduced by the French Post Office in 1982, Minitel was a telephone line-based textual communication system that can be seen as a precursor of e-mail.
297. A. Talle, "From 'Complete' to 'Impaired' Body: Female Circumcision in Somalia and London," in Ingstad and Whyte, Disability, 56-77.
298. See Nakamura, Deaf in Japan; Jan-Kåre Breivik, Deaf Identities in the Making (Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press, 2005).
299. Christiansen and Leigh, Cochlear Implants, 213.
300. Okubo Takahashi, and Kai, "Japanese Parents," 2444.
301. Eric Parens and Adrienne Asch, "The Disability Rights Critique of Prenatal Testing: Refl ections and Recommendations," Hastings Center Report 29 suppl. (1999): S1-S22.
302. Christiansen and Leigh, Cochlear Implants, 204.
303. See Nicholas B. King, "Security, Disease, Commerce: Ideologies of Postcolonial Global Health," Social Studies of Science 32 (2006): 763-89.
304. M. P. Haggard, First European Symposium on Paediatric Cochlear Implantation, Abstract 63 (Nottingham, September 1992).
305. R. Carter and D. Hailey, "Economic Evaluation of the Cochlear Implant," International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 15 (1999): 520-30.
306. A. K. Cheng et al., "Cost-Utility Analysis of the Cochlear Implant in Children," Journal of the American Medical Association 284 (2000): 850-56.
307. See S. M. Garber, S. Ridgely, M. Bradley, and K. W. Chin, "Payment under Public and Private Insurance and Access to Cochlear Implants," Archives of Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery 128 (2002): 1145-52.
308. Gunilla Preisler, Anna-Lena Tvingstedt, and Margareta Ahlström, "A Psychosocial Follow-up Study of Deaf Preschool Children Using Cochlear Implants," Childcare Health and Development 28 (2002): 403-18.
309. M. C. Creditor and J. B. Garrett, "The Information Base for Diffusion of Technology: Computed Tomography Scanning," New England Journal of Medicine 297 (1977): 49- 53.
310. Nancy Scheper-Hughes, "The Global Traffic in Human Organs," Current Anthropology 41 (2000): 191-224.
311. Thomas Parke Hughes, Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983);
312. Thomas Parke Hughes, "Technological Momentum," in Merritt Roe Smith and Leo Marx, eds., Does Technology Drive History? The Dilemma of Technological Determinism (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994), 101-13.
313. Crouch, "Letting the Deaf Be Deaf." 15.
314. N. Daniels, "Equity and Population Health: Towards a Broader Bioethics Agenda," Hastings Center Report 36 (2006): 22-35.
315. Gregg M. Bloche, "Clinical Loyalties and the Social Purposes of Medicine," Journal of the American Medical Association 280 (1999): 268-74.
316. Gregg M. Bloche, "Caretakers and Collaborators," Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 10 (2001): 275-84.
317. Margaret Olivia Little, "Cosmetic Surgery, Suspect Norms, and the Ethics of Complicity," in Erik Parens, ed., Enhancing Human Traits: Ethical and Social Implications (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1998), 162-76.
318. Charles Taylor, Multiculturalism and "The Politics of Recognition" (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992).
319. For a subtle and comprehensive discussion of the notion of collective rights, see Kwame Anthony Appiah, The Ethics of Identity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005).
320. Difficulty of access to media and to political decision makers can be seen as an indicator of injustice. See Iris Marion Young, "Activist Challenges to Deliberative Democracy," Political Theory 29 (2001): 670-90.
321. See, for example, Michael Pursglove and Anna Komarova, "The Changing World of the Russian Deaf Community," in Monaghan et al., Many Ways to Be Deaf, 249-59.
322. Pursglove and Komarova write that "according to one expert, the term deaf culture in its Western sense, is understood by no more than 20 people." Pursglove and Komarova, "The Changing World," 255.
323. Senghas, "New Ways to Be Deaf in Nicaragua," 261.
324. Celia Davies, "Grounding Governance in Dialogue? Discourse, Practice, and the Potential for a New Public Sector Organizational Form in Britain," Public Administration 85 (2007): 47-66.
325. National Institutes of Health, Consensus Development Conference Statement Cochlear Implants in Adults and Children 13, no. 2 (May 15-17, 1995), 4.
326. See http://www.ccne-ethique.fr (consulted November 5, 2008).
327. Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson, "Deliberative Democracy beyond Process," Journal of Political Philosophy 10 (2002): 153-74.
328. Christiansen and Leigh, Cochlear Implants, 321.
329. I. Sinha, L. Jones, R. L. Smyth, and P. R. Williamson, "A Systematic Review of Studies That Aim to Determine which Outcomes to Measure in Clinical Trials in Children," PLOS Medicine 5 (2008): 0569-0578.
330. Alberto Melucci and Leonardo Avritzer, "Complexity, Cultural Pluralism, and Democracy: Collective Action in the Public Space," Social Science Information 39 (2000): 507-27.
331. Brown, Zavestoski, et al., "Embodied Health Movements," 72.
332. Rabeharisoa, "From Representation to Mediation," 504.