Mapping the use of simulation in prehospital care - a literature review

Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Abelsson, Anna ^a   Rystedt, Ingrid ^a   Suserud, Björn Ove ^b   Lindwall, Lillemor ^a  

^a KARLSTAD UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BORÅS   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Prehospital; Simulation; Systematic literature review

Indexed keywords

AUDIOVISUAL EQUIPMENT; EDUCATION; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; HUMAN; INJURY; MEDICAL EDUCATION; METHODOLOGY; PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL; REVIEW; TEACHING;

ALLIED HEALTH PERSONNEL; EDUCATION, MEDICAL; EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES; HUMANS; MANIKINS; PATIENT SIMULATION; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

EID: 84899097158     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17577241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1757-7241-22-22     Document Type: Article

References (182)

1. Sasser S, Varghese M, Kellermann A, Lormand JD. Prehospital trauma care systems 2005, Geneva: World Health Organization, Assessed 20140408 http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2005/924159294x.pdf.
2. Marson A, Thomson J. The influence of prehospital trauma care on traffic accident mortality. J Trauma 2001, 50:917-920.
3. Bradley P. The history of simulation in medical education and possible future directions. Med Educ 2006, 40:254-262.
4. Issenberg B, McGaghie W, Petrusa E, Gordon D, Scalese R. Features and uses of high-fidelity medical simulations that lead to effective learning: a BEME systematic review. Med Teach 2005, 27(1):10-28.
5. Maran NJ, Glavin RJ. Low- to high-fidelity simulation - a continuum of medical education?. Med Educ 2003, 37(Suppl. 1):22-28.
6. Good ML. Patient simulation for training basic and advanced clinical skills. Med Educ 2003, 37(Suppl. 1):14-21.
7. Lammers R, Davenport M, Korley F, Griswold-Theodorson S, Fitch MT, Narang AT, Evans LV, Gross A, Rodriguez E, Dodge KL, Hamann CJ, Robey WC. Teaching and assessing procedural skills using simulation: metrics and methodology. Acad Emerg Med 2008, 15:1079-1087.
8. Criss E. Patient simulators: changing the face of ems education. JEMS 2001, 26(12):24-31.
9. Ilgen JS, Sherbino J, Cook DA. Technology-enhanced simulation in emergency medicine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med 2013, 20(2):117-127.
10. Chakravarthy B, Ter Haar E, Bhat SS, McCoy CE, Denmark TK, Lotfipour S. Simulation in medical school education: review for emergency medicine. West J Emerg Med 2011, 12(4):461-466.
11. Sandelowski M, Voils CI, Barroso J. Defining and designing mixed research synthesis studies. Res Sch 2006, 13(1):29.
12. Sandelowski M, Voils C, Barroso J. Comparability work and the management of difference in research synthesis studies. Soc Sci Med 2007, 64(1):236-247.
13. Whittermore R, Knafl K. The integrative review: updated methodology. JAN 2005, 52(2):546-553.
14. Jadad A, Moher D, Klassen T. Guides for reading and interpreting systematic reviews. II. How did the authors find the studies and assess their quality?. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1989, 152(aug):812-817.
15. Oxman AD. Systematic reviews: checklists for review articles. Br Med J 1994, 309:648-651.
16. Aziz M, Dillman D, Kirsch JR, Brambrink A. Video laryngoscopy with the macintosh video laryngoscope in simulated prehospital scenarios by paramedic students. Prehosp Emerg Care 2009, 13(2):251-255.
17. Barnes DR, Reed DB, Weinstein G, Brown LH. Blind tracheal intubation by paramedics through the LMA-unique. Prehosp Emerg Care 2003, 7(4):470-473.
18. Boedeker BH, Berg BW, Bernhagen MA, Murray WB. Endotracheal intubationation comparing a prototype storz cmac and a glidescope videolaryngoscope in a medical transport helicopter - a pilot study. Stud Health Technol Inform 2009, 142:37-39.
19. Boedeker BH, Berg BW, Bernhagen M, Murray WB. Endotracheal intubation in a medical transport helicopter - comparing direct laryngoscopy with the prototype storz cmac videolaryngoscope in a simulated difficult intubating position. Stud Health Technol Inform 2009, 142:40-42.
20. Butchart AG, Tjen C, Garg A, Young P. Paramedic laryngoscopy in the simulated difficult airway: comparison of the Venner A.P. advance and glidescope ranger video laryngoscopes. Acad Emerg Med 2011, 18(7):692-698.
21. Byars DV, Brodsky RA, Evans D, Lo B, Guins T, Perkins AM. Comparison of direct laryngoscopy to pediatric king LT-D in simulated airways. Pediatr Emerg Care 2012, 28(8):750-752.
22. Castle N, Owen R, Hann M, Naidoo R, Reeves D. Assessment of the speed and ease of insertion of three supraglottic airway devices by paramedics: a manikin study. Emerg Med J 2010, 27(11):860-863.
23. Chen L, Hsiao AL. Randomized trial of endotracheal tube versus laryngeal mask airway in simulated prehospital pediatric arrest. Pediatrics 2008, 122(2):294-297.
24. Cinar O, Cevik E, Yildirim AO, Yasar M, Kilic E, Comert B. Comparison of glidescope video laryngoscope and intubationating laryngeal mask airway with direct laryngoscopy for endotracheal intubationation. Eur J Emerg Med 2011, 18(2):117-120.
25. Frascone RJ, Pippert G, Heegaard W, Molinari P, Dries D. Successful training of hems personnel in laryngeal mask airway and intubating laryngeal mask airway placement. Air Med J 2008, 27(4):185-187.
26. Gregory P, Woollard M, Lighton D, Munro G, Jenkinson E, Newcombe RG, O'Meara P, Hamilton L. Comparison of malleable stylet and reusable and disposable bougies by paramedics in a simulated difficult intubation. Anaesthesia 2012, 67(4):371-376.
27. Grosomanidis V, Amaniti E, Pourzitak CH, Fyntanidou V, Mouratidis K, Vasilakos D. Comparison between intubation through ILMA and Airtraq, in different non-conventional patient positions: a manikin study. Emerg Med J 2012, 29(1):32-36.
28. Guyette FX, Roth KR, LaCovey DC, Rittenberger JC. Feasibility of laryngeal mask airway use by prehospital personnel in simulated pediatric respiratory arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care 2007, 11(2):245-249.
29. Hoyle JD, Jones JS, Deibel M, Lock DT, Reischman D. Comparative study of airway management techniques with restricted access to patient airway. Prehosp Emerg Care 2007, 11(3):330-336.
30. Jokela J, Nurmi J, Genzwuerker HV, Castrén M. Laryngeal tube and intubation laryngeal mask insertion in a manikin by first-responder trainees after a short video-clip demonstration. Prehosp Disaster Med 2009, 24(1):63-66.
31. Larsen MJ, Guyette FX, Suyama J. Comparison of three airway management techniques in a simulated tactical setting. Prehosp Emerg Care 2010, 14(4):510-514.
32. Le DH, Reed DB, Weinstein G, Gregory M, Brown LH. Paramedic use of endotracheal tube introducers for the difficult airway. Prehosp Emerg Care 2001, 5(2):155-158.
33. Lewis AR, Hodzovic I, Whelan J, Wilkes AR, Bowler I, Whitfield R. A paramedic study comparing the use of the Airtraq, airway scope and Macintosh laryngoscopes in simulated prehospital airway scenarios. Anaesthesia 2010, 65(12):1187-1193.
34. Menzies R, Manji H. The intubating laryngeal mask: is there a role for paramedics?. Emerg Med J 2007, 24(3):198-199.
35. Messa MJ, Kupas DF, Dunham DL. Comparison of bougie-assisted intubation with traditional endotracheal intubation in a simulated difficult airway. Prehosp Emerg Care 2011, 15(1):30-33.
36. Mitchell MS, Lee White M, King WD, Wang HE. Paramedic King Laryngeal tube airway insertion versus endotracheal intubation in simulated pediatric respiratory arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care 2012, 16(2):284-288.
37. Mitterlechner T, Wipp A, Herff H, Wenzel V, Strasak AM, Felbinger TW, Schmittinger CA. A comparison of the suction laryngoscope and the Macintosh laryngoscope in emergency medical technicians: a manikin model of severe airway haemorrhage. Emerg Med J 2012, 29(1):54-55.
38. Nasim S, Maharaj CH, Butt I, Malik MA, O' Donnell J, Higgins BD, Harte BH, Laffey J. Comparison of the Airtraq and Truview laryngoscopes to the Macintosh laryngoscope for use by Advanced Paramedics in easy and simulated difficult intubation in manikins. BMC Emerg Med 2009, 13(9):2.
39. Nasim S, Maharaj CH, Malik MA, O' Donnell J, Higgins BD, Laffey JG. Comparison of the Glidescope and Pentax AWS laryngoscopes to the Macintosh laryngoscope for use by advanced paramedics in easy and simulated difficult intubation. BMC Emerg Med 2009, 17(9):9.
40. Nowicki TA, Suozzi JC, Dziedzic M, Kamin R, Donahue S, Robinson K. Comparison of use of the Airtraq with direct laryngoscopy by paramedics in the simulated airway. Prehosp Emerg Care 2009, 13(1):75-80.
41. Phelan MP, Moscati R, D'Aprix T, Miller G. Paramedic use of the endotracheal tube introducer in a difficult airway model. Prehosp Emerg Care 2003, 7(2):244-246.
42. Piepho T, Weinert K, Heid FM, Werner C, Noppens RR. Comparison of the McGrath® Series 5 and GlideScope® Ranger with the Macintosh laryngoscope by paramedics. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2011, 19(1):4.
43. Polk JD, Super DM, Kovach B, Russell S, Mancuso C, Fallon W. Comparison of the laryngeal mask airway versus blind endotracheal intubation in the simulated entrapped patient: a preliminary study. Air Med J 2001, 20(2):21-22.
44. Ritter SC, Guyette FX. Prehospital pediatric King LT-D use: a pilot study. Prehosp Emerg Care 2011, 15(3):401-404.
45. Rumball C, Macdonald D, Barber P, Wong H, Smecher C. Endotracheal intubation and esophageal tracheal Combitube insertion by regular ambulance attendants: a comparative trial. Prehosp Emerg Care 2004, 8(1):15-22.
46. Russi CS, Wilcox CL, House HR. The laryngeal tube device: a simple and timely adjunct to airway management. Am J Emerg Med 2007, 25(3):263-267.
47. Russi CS, Miller L, Hartley MJ. A comparison of the King-LT to endotracheal intubation and Combitube in a simulated difficult airway. Prehosp Emerg Care 2008, 12(1):35-41.
48. Ruetzler K, Roessler B, Potura L, Priemayr A, Robak O, Schuster E, Frass M. Performance and skill retention of intubation by paramedics using seven different airway devices -a manikin study. Resuscitation 2011, 82(5):593-597.
49. Swanson ER, Fosnocht DE, Matthews K, Barton ED. Comparison of the intubation laryngeal mask airway versus laryngoscopy in the Bell 206-L3 EMS helicopter. Air Med J 2004, 23(1):36-39.
50. Varney SM, Dooley M, Bebarta VS. Faster intubation with direct laryngoscopy vs handheld videoscope in uncomplicated manikin airways. Am J Emerg Med 2009, 27(3):259-261.
51. Woollard M, Lighton D, Mannion W, Watt J, McCrea C, Johns I, Hamilton L, O'Meara P, Cotton C, Smyth M. Airtraq vs standard laryngoscopy by student paramedics and experienced prehospital laryngoscopists managing a model of difficult intubation. Anaesthesia 2008, 63(1):26-31.
52. Givens GC, Shelton SL, Brown EA. Emergency cricothyrotomy in confined space airway emergencies: a comparison. Prehosp Emerg Care 2011, 26(04):259-261.
53. Woollard M, Mannion W, Lighton D, Johns I, O'meara P, Cotton C, Smyth M. Use of the Airtraq laryngoscope in a model of difficult intubation by prehospital providers not previously trained in laryngoscopy. Anaesthesia 2007, 62(10):1061-1065.
54. Davis DP, Buono C, Ford J, Paulson L, Koenig W, Carrison D. The effectiveness of a novel, algorithm-based difficult airway curriculum for air medical crews using human patient simulators. Prehosp Emerg Care 2007, 11(1):72-79.
55. Batchelder AJ, Steel A, Mackenzie R, Hormis AP, Daniels TS, Holding N. Simulation as a tool to improve the safety of pre-hospital anaesthesia-a pilot study. Anaesthesia 2009, 64(9):978-983.
56. Bradley JS, Billows GL, Olinger ML, Boha SP, Cordell WH, Nelson DR. Prehospital oral endotracheal intubation by rural basic emergency medical technicians. Ann Emerg Med 1998, 32(1):26-32.
57. Guyette FX, Rittenberger JC, Platt T, Suffoletto B, Hostler D, Wang HE. Feasibility of basic emergency medical technicians to perform selected advanced life support interventions. Prehosp Emerg Care 2006, 10(4):518-521.
58. Hein C, Owen H, Plummer J. A training program for novice paramedics provides initial laryngeal mask airway insertion skill and improves skill retention. Simul Healthc 2010, 5(1):33-39.
59. Kelmenson C, Salzman J, Griffith K, Kaye K, Frascone RJ. Focus on RSI: Does training in the or create an optimal RSI program?. JEMS 2008, 33(3):110-112.
60. March JA, Farrow JL, Brown LH, Dunn KA, Perkins PK. A breathing manikin model for teaching nasotracheal intubation to EMS professionals. Prehosp Emerg Care 1997, 1(4):269-272.
61. Murray MJ, Vermeulen MJ, Morrison LJ, Waite T. Evaluation of prehospital insertion of the laryngeal mask airway by primary care paramedics with only classroom mannequin training. CJEM 2002, 4(5):338-343.
62. Sayre MR, Sakles J, Mistler A, Evans J, Kramer A, Pancioli AM. Teaching basic EMTs endotracheal intubation: can basic EMTs discriminate between endotracheal and esophageal intubation?. Prehosp Disaster Med 1994, 9(4):234-237.
63. Youngquist ST, Henderson DP, Gausche-Hill M, Goodrich SM, Poore PD, Lewis RJ. Paramedic self-efficacy and skill retention in pediatric airway management. Acad Emerg Med 2008, 15(12):1295-1303.
64. Hall RE, Plant JR, Bands CJ, Wall AR, Kang J, Hall CA. Human patient simulation is effective for teaching paramedic students endotracheal intubation. Acad Emerg Med 2005, 12(9):850-855.
65. Stewart RD, Paris PM, Pelton GH, Garretson D. Effect of varied training techniques on field endotracheal intubation success rates. Ann Emerg Med 1984, 13(11):1032-1036.
66. Trooskin SZ, Rabinowitz S, Eldridge C, McGowan DE, Flancbaum L. Teaching endotracheal intubation using animals and cadavers. Prehosp Disaster Med 1992, 7(02):179-182.
67. Adnet F, Lapostolle F, Borron SW, Hennequin B, Leclercq G, Fleury M. Optimization of glottic exposure during intubation of a patient lying supine on the ground. Am J Emerg Med 1997, 15(6):555-557.
68. Robinson K, Donaghy K, Katz R. Inverse intubation in air medical transport. Air Med J 2004, 23(1):40-43.
69. Thomas SH, Farkas A, Wedel S. Cabin configuration and prolonged oral endotracheal Intubationation in the AS365N2 Dauphin EMS helicopter. Air Med J 1996, 15(2):65-68.
70. Castle N, Pillay Y, Spencer N. What is the optimal position of an intubator wearing CBRN-PPE when intubating on the floor: a manikin study. Resuscitation 2011, 82(5):588-592.
71. Pinchalk M, Roth RN, Paris PM, Hostler D. Comparison of times to intubate a simulated trauma patient in two positions. Prehosp Emerg Care 2003, 7(2):252-257.
72. Samuel N, Winkler K, Peled S, Krauss B, Shavit I. External laryngeal manipulation does not improve the intubation success rate by novice intubators in a manikin study. Am J Emerg Med 2012, 30(9):2005-2010.
73. Parwani V, Hoffman RJ, Russell A, Bharel C, Preblick C, Hahn IH. Practicing paramedics cannot generate or estimate safe endotracheal tube cuff pressure using standard techniques. Prehosp Emerg Care 2007, 11(3):307-311.
74. Castle N, Owen R, Clark S, Hann M, Reeces D, Gurney I. Comparison of techniques for securing the endotracheal tube while wearing chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear protection: a manikin study. Prehosp Disaster Med 2010, 25(6):589-594.
75. Gough JE, Thomas SH, Brown LH, Reese JE, Stone CK. Does the ambulance environment adversely affect the ability to perform oral endotracheal intubation?. Prehosp Disaster Med 1996, 11(2):141-143.
76. Kim YM, Kang HG, Kim JH, Chung HS, Yim HW, Jeong SH. Direct versus video laryngoscopic intubation by novice prehospital intubators with and without chest compressions: a pilot manikin study. Prehosp Emerg Care 2011, 15(1):98-103.
77. Bond WF, Kostenbader M, McCarthy JF. Prehospital and hospital-based health care providers' experienced with a human patient simulator. Prehosp Emerg Care 2001, 5(3):284-287.
78. Hinchey PR, De Maio VJ, Patel A, Cabañas JG. Air medical providers' physiological response to a simulated trauma scenario. Air Med J 2011, 30(2):86-90.
79. Wyatt A, Archer F, Fallows B. Use of simulators in teaching and learning: paramedics' evaluation of a patient simulator?. JEPHC 2007, 5(2):1-16.
80. Barsuk D, Berkenstadt H, Stein M, Lin G, Ziv A. Advanced patient simulators in pre-hospital trauma management training - the trainees' perspective. Harefuah 2003, 142(2):87-90.
81. Kim TE, Reibling ET, Denmark KT. Student perception of high fidelity medical simulation for an international trauma life support course. Prehosp Disaster Med 2012, 27(1):27-30.
82. Willett TG, Kirlew M, Cardinal P, Karas P. An evaluation of the Acute Critical Events Simulation (ACES) course for family medicine residents. Can J Rural Med 2011, 16(3):89-95.
83. Gillett B, Peckler B, Sinert R, Onkst C, Nabors S, Issley S, Maguire C, Galwankarm S, Arquilla B. Simulation in a disaster drill: comparison of high-fidelity simulators versus trained actors. Acad Emerg Med 2008, 15(11):1144-1151.
84. Sergeev I, Lipsky AM, Ganor O, Lending G, Abebe-Campino G, Morose A, Katzenell U, Ash N, Glassberg E. Training modalities and self-confidence building in performance of life-saving procedures. Mil Med 2012, 177(8):901-906.
85. Lammers R, Byrwa M, Fales W. Root causes of errors in a simulated prehospital pediatric emergency. Acad Emerg Med 2012, 19(1):37-47.
86. Treloar D, Hawayek J, Montgomery JR, Russell W. On-site and distance education of emergency medicine personnel with a human patient simulator. Mil Med 2001, 166(11):1003-1006.
87. Hemman EA. Improving combat medic learning using a personal computer-based virtual training simulator. Mil Med 2005, 170(9):723-727.
88. Wilkerson W, Avstreih D, Gruppen L, Beier KP, Woolliscroft J. Using immersive simulation for training first responders for mass casualty incidents. Acad Emerg Med 2008, 15(11):1152-1159.
89. Williams B, Brown T, Archer F. Can dvd simulations provide an effective alternative for paramedic clinical placement education?. Emerg Med J 2009, 26(5):377-381.
90. Williams B, Brown T, Scholes R, French J, Archer F. Can interdisciplinary clinical DVD simulations transform clinical fieldwork education for paramedic, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, and nursing students?. J Allied Health 2010, 39(1):3-10.
91. Spaite DW, Karriker KJ, Seng M, Conroy C, Battaglia N, Tibbitts M, Salik RM. Training paramedics: emergency care for children with special health care needs. Prehosp Emerg Care 2000, 4(2):178-185.
92. Studnek JR, Fernandez AR, Shimberg B, Garifo M, Correll M. The association between emergency medical services field performance assessed by high-fidelity simulation and the cognitive knowledge of practicing paramedics. Acad Emerg Med 2011, 18(11):1177-1185.
93. Leblanc VR, Regehr C, Tavares W, Scott AK, Macdonald R, King K. The impact of stress on paramedic performance during simulated critical events. Prehosp Disaster Med 2012, 27(4):369-374.
94. Wright SW, Lindsell CJ, Hinckley WR, Williams A, Holland C, Lewis CH, Heimburger G. High fidelity medical simulation in the difficult environment of a helicopter: feasibility, self-efficacy and cost. BMC Med Educ 2006, 5(6):49.
95. Rubiano AM, Sánchez AI, Guyette F, Puyana JC. Trauma care training for national police nurses in Colombia. Prehosp Emerg Care 2010, 14(1):124-130.
96. Miller GT, Scott JA, Issenberg SB, Petrusa ER, Brotons AA, Gordon DL, McGaghie WC, Gordon MS. Development, implementation and outcomes of a training program for responders to acts of terrorism. Prehosp Emerg Care 2006, 10(2):239-246.
97. Scott JA, Miller GT, Issenberg SB, Brotons AA, Gordon DL, Gordon MS, McGaghie WC, Petrusa ER. Skill improvement during emergency response to terrorism training. Prehosp Emerg Care 2006, 10(4):507-514.
98. Kobayashi L, Suner S, Shapiro MJ, Jay G, Sullivan F, Overly F, Seekell C, Hill A, Williams KA. Multipatient disaster scenario design using mixed modality medical simulation for the evaluation of civilian prehospital medical response: a " dirty bomb" case study. Simul Healthc 2006, 1(2):72-78.
99. Klein KR, Atas JG, Collins J. Testing emergency medical personnel response to patients with suspected infectious disease. Prehosp Disaster Med 2004, 19(3):256-265.
100. Subbarao I, Bond WF, Johnson C, Hsu EB, Wasser TE. Using innovative simulation modalities for civilian-based, chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive training in the acute management of terrorist victims: A pilot study. Prehosp Disaster Med 2006, 21(4):272-275.
101. Lammers RL, Byrwa MJ, Fales WD, Hale RA. Simulation-based assessment of paramedic pediatric resuscitation skills. Prehosp Emerg Care 2009, 13(3):345-356.
102. Anderson TE, Arthur K, Kleinman M, Drawbaugh R, Eitel DR, Ogden CS, Baker D. Intraosseous infusion: success of a standardized regional training program for prehospital advanced life support providers. Ann Emerg Med 1994, 23(1):52-55.
103. Miller DD, Guimond G, Hostler DP, Platt T, Wang HE. Feasibility of sternal intraosseous access by emergency medical technician students. Prehosp Emerg Care 2005, 9(1):73-78.
104. Findlay J, Johnson DL, Macnab AJ, MacDonald D, Shellborn R, Susak L. Paramedic evaluation of adult intraosseous infusion system. Prehosp Disaster Med 2006, 21(5):329-334.
105. McDermott C, Collins NC. Prehospital medication administration: a randomised study comparing intranasal and intravenous routes. Emerg Med Int 2012, doi:10.1155/2012/476161.
106. Brooke M, Walton J, Scutt D, Connolly J, Jarman B. Acquisition and interpretation of focused diagnostic ultrasound images by ultrasound-naive advanced paramedics: trialling a PHUS education programme. Emerg Med J 2012, 29(4):322-326.
107. Heiner JD, McArthur TJ. The ultrasound identification of simulated long bone fractures by prehospital providers. Wilderness Environ Med 2010, 21(2):137-140.
108. Charash WE, Caputo MP, Clark H, Callas PW, Rogers FB, Crookes BA, Alborg MS, Ricci MA. Telemedicine to a moving ambulance improves outcome after trauma in simulated patients. J Trauma 2011, 71(1):49-54.
109. Skorning M, Bergrath S, Rörtgen D, Beckers SK, Brokmann JC, Gillmann B, Herding J, Protogerakis M, Fitzner C, Rossaint R. Teleconsultation in pre-hospital emergency medical services: real-time telemedical support in a prospective controlled simulation study. Resuscitation 2012, 83(5):626-632.
110. Rissanen S, Jousela I, Jeong JR, Rintamäki H. Heat stress and bulkiness of chemical protective clothing impair performance of medical personnel in basic lifesaving tasks. Ergonomics 2008, 51(7):1011-1022.
111. Schumacher J, Gray SA, Weidelt L, Brinker A, Prior K, Stratling WM. Comparison of powered and conventional air-purifying respirators during simulated resuscitation of casualties contaminated with hazardous substances. Emerg Med J 2009, 26(7):501-505.
112. Brummer S, Dickinson ET, Shofer FS, McCans JP, Mechem CC. Effect of night vision goggles on performance of advanced life support skills by emergency personnel. Mil Med 2006, 171(4):280-282.
113. Henriksson O, Lundgren P, Kuklane K, Holmér I, Naredi P, Bjornstig U. Protection against cold in prehospital care: evaporative heat loss reduction by wet clothing removal or the addition of a vapor barrier - a thermal manikin study. Prehosp Disaster Med 2012, 27(1):53-58.
114. Henriksson O, Lundgren JP, Kuklane K, Holmér I, Bjornstig U. Protection against cold in prehospital care - thermal insulation properties of blankets and rescue bags in different wind conditions. Prehosp Disaster Med 2009, 24(5):408-415.
115. Skulec R, Truhlár A, Dostál P, Seblová J, Knor J, Dostálová G, Skulec S, Cerny V. Prehospital cooling by cold infusion: searching for the optimal infusion regimen. Emerg Med J 2011, 28(8):695-699.
116. Campbell M, Weiss S, Froman P, Cheney P, Gadomski D, Alexander-Shook M, Ernst A. Impact of a restraint training module on paramedic students' likelihood to use restraint techniques. Prehosp Emerg Care 2008, 12(3):388-392.
117. King RB, Filips D, Blitz S, Logsetty S. Evaluation of possible tourniquet systems for use in the canadian forces. J Trauma 2006, 60(5):1061-1071.
118. Breederveld RS, Nieuwenhuis MK, Tuinebreijer WE, Aardenburg B. Effect of training in the emergency management of severe burns on the knowledge and performance of emergency care workers as measured by an online simulated burn incident. Burns 2011, 37(2):281-287.
119. Smith JJ, Malyon AD, Scerri GV, Burge TS. A comparison of serial halving and the rule of nines as a pre-hospital assessment tool in burns. Br J Plast Surg 2005, 58(7):957-967.
120. Sahni R, Menegazzi JJ, Mosesso VN. Paramedic evaluation of clinical indicators of cervical spinal injury. Prehosp Emerg Care 1997, 1(1):16-18.
121. Frank M, Schmucker U, Stengel D, Fischer L, Lange J, Grossjohann R, Ekkernkamp A, Matthes G. Proper estimation of blood loss on scene of trauma: tool or tale?. J Trauma 2010, 69(5):1191-1195.
122. Tall G, Wise D, Grove P, Wilkinson C. The accuracy of external blood loss estimation by ambulance and hospital personnel. Emerg Med (Fremantle) 2003, 15(4):318-321.
123. Williams B, Boyle M. Estimation of external blood loss by paramedics: is there any point?. Prehosp Disaster Med 2007, 22(6):502-506.
124. Barnekow-Bergkvist M, Aasa U, Angquist KA, Johansson H. Prediction of development of fatigue during a simulated ambulance work task from physical performance tests. Ergonomics 2004, 47(11):1238-1250.
125. Lavender SA, Conrad KM, Reichelt PA, Johnson PW, Meyer FT. Biomechanical analyses of paramedics simulating frequently performed strenuous work tasks. Appl Ergon 2000, 31(2):167-177.
126. Lavender SA, Conrad KM, Reichelt PA, Meyer FT, Johnson PW. Postural analysis of paramedics simulating frequently performed strenuous work tasks. Appl Ergon 2000, 31(1):45-57.
127. Sherwood HB, Donze A, Giebe J. Mechanical vibration in ambulance transport. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 1994, 23(6):457-463.
128. Brown TB, Dias JA, Saini D, Shah RC, Cofield SS, Terndrup TE, Kaslow RA, Waterbor JW. Relationship between knowledge of cardiopulmonary resuscitation guidelines and performance. Resuscitation 2006, 69(2):253-261.
129. Liberman M, Lavoie A, Mulder D, Sampalis J. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: errors made by pre-hospital emergency medical personnel. Resuscitation 1999, 42(1):47-55.
130. Nielsen AM, Isbye DL, Lippert FK, Rasmussen LS. Basic life support and automated external defibrillator skills among ambulance personnel: a manikin study performed in a rural low-volume ambulance setting. Scand j Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2012, 8(20):34.
131. Woollard M, Poposki J, McWhinnie B, Rawlins L, Munro G, O'Meara P. Achy breaky makey wakey heart? A randomised crossover trial of musical prompts. Emerg Med J 2012, 29(4):290-294.
132. Bayley R, Weinger M, Meador S, Slovis C. Impact of ambulance crew configuration on simulated cardiac arrest resuscitation. Prehosp Emerg Care 2008, 12(1):62-68.
133. Braunfels S, Meinhard K, Zieher B, Koetter KP, Maleck WH, Petroianu GA. A randomized, controlled trial of the efficacy of closed chest compressions in ambulances. Prehosp Emerg Care 1997, 1(3):128-131.
134. Hüpfl M, Duma A, Uray T, Maier C, Fiegl N, Bogner N, Nagele P. Over-the-head cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves efficacy in basic life support performed by professional medical personnel with a single rescuer: a simulation study. Anesth Analg 2005, 101(1):200-205.
135. Kim JA, Vogel D, Guimond G, Hostler D, Wang HE, Menegazzi JJ. A randomized, controlled comparison of cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed on the floor and on a moving ambulance stretcher. Prehosp Emerg Care 2006, 10(1):68-70.
136. Ilper H, Kunz T, Pfleger H, Schalk R, Byhahn C, Ackermann H, Breitkreutz R. Comparative quality analysis of hands-off time in simulated basic and advanced life support following european resuscitation council 2000 and 2005 guidelines. Emerg Med J 2012, 29(2):95-99.
137. Wik L, Steen PA. The ventilation/compression ratio influences the effectiveness of two rescuer advanced cardiac life support on a manikin. Resuscitation 1996, 31(2):113-119.
138. Martin-Gill C, Guyette FX, Rittenberger JC. Effect of crew size on objective measures of resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care 2010, 14(2):229-234.
139. Bollig G, Steen PA, Wik L. Standard versus over-the-head cardiopulmonary resuscitation during simulated advanced life support. Prehosp Emerg Care 2007, 11(4):443-447.
140. Kim CH, Kim GW. The efficacy of alternative cardiopulmomonary resuscitation methods when compared to standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a simulation study. Hong Kong J Emerg Med 2012, 19(4):242-248.
141. Maisch S, Gamon E, Ilisch A, Goetz AE, Schmidt GN. Comparison of the over-the-head, lateral and alternating positions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed by a single rescuer with a bag-valve-mask device. Emerg Med J 2011, 28(11):974-978.
142. Claesson A, Karlsson T, Thorén AB, Herlitz J. Delay and performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in surf lifeguards after simulated cardiac arrest due to drowning. Am J Emerg Med 2011, 29(9):1044-1050.
143. Chung TN, Kim SW, Cho YS, Chung SP, Park I, Kim SH. Effect of vehicle speed on the quality of closed-chest compression during ambulance transport. Resuscitation 2010, 81(7):841-847.
144. Stone CK, Thomas SH. Can correct closed-chest compressions be performed during prehospital transport?. Prehosp Disaster Med 1995, 10(2):121-123.
145. Hostler D, Wang H, Parrish K, Platt TE, Guimond G. The effect of a voice assist manikin (VAM) system on CPR quality among prehospital providers. Prehosp Emerg Care 2005, 9(1):53-60.
146. Watson L, Sault W, Gwyn R, Verbeek PR. The " delay effect" of donning a gown during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a simulation model. CJEM 2008, 10(4):333-338.
147. MacDonald RD, LeBlanc V, McArthur B, Dubrowski A. Performance of resuscitation skills by paramedic personnel in chemical protective suits. Prehosp Emerg Care 2006, 10(2):254-259.
148. Aune S, Karlsson T, Herlitz J. Evaluation of 2 different instruments for exposing the chest in conjunction with a cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med 2011, 29(5):549-553.
149. Blomberg H, Gedeborg R, Berglund L, Karlsten R, Johansson J. Poor chest compression quality with mechanical compressions in simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a randomized, cross-over manikin study. Resuscitation 2011, 82(10):1332-1337.
150. Sunde K, Wik L, Steen PA. Quality of mechanical, manual standard and active compression-decompression cpr on the arrest site and during transport in a manikin model. Resuscitation 1997, 34(3):235-242.
151. Skogvoll E, Wik L. Active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ACD-CPR) compared with standard CPR in a manikin model-decompression force, compression rate, depth and duration. Resuscitation 1997, 34(1):11-16.
152. Chi CH, Wu FG, Wu TH. Rescuers' effect on active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ACD-CPR) operating. Am J Emerg Med 2003, 21(7):561-562.
153. Tomte O, Sunde K, Lorem T, Auestad B, Souders C, Jensen J, Wik L. Advanced life support performance with manual and mechanical chest compressions in a randomized, multicentre manikin study. Resuscitation 2009, 80(10):1152-1157.
154. Segal N, Laurent F, Maman L, Plaisance P, Augustin P. Accuracy of a feedback device for cardiopulmonary resuscitation on a dental chair. Emerg Med J 2012, 29(11):890-893.
155. Thomas SH, Stone CK, Austin PE, March JA, Brinkley S. Utilization of a pressure-sensing monitor to improve in-flight chest compressions. Am J Emerg Med 1995, 13(2):155-157.
156. Adams BD, Carr B, Raez A, Hunter CJ. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the combat hospital and forward operating base: use of automated external defibrillators. Mil Med 2009, 174(6):584-587.
157. Pytte M, Pedersen TE, Ottem J, Rokvam AS, Sunde K. Comparison of hands-off time during CPR with manual and semi-automatic defibrillation in a manikin model. Resuscitation 2007, 73(1):131-136.
158. Hoadley TA. Learning advanced cardiac life support: a comparison study of the effects of low- and high-fidelity simulation. Nurs Educ Perspect 2009, 30(2):91-95.
159. Siebers C, Müssig B, Huppertz T, Kanz KG. Atemwegsmanagement in der initialphase der reanimation = airway management in the initial phase of resuscitation. Notfall & Rettungsmedizin 2009, 12(4):277-282.
160. Greeslade GL. Single operator cardiopulmonary resuscitation in ambulances. Which ventilationn device?. Anaesthesia 1991, 46(5):391-394.
161. Ariawan I, Agustini M, Seamans Y, Tsu V, Kosim MS. Choosing the appropriate neonatal resuscitation device for village midwives. J Perinatol 2011, 31(10):664-670.
162. Terndrup TE, Kanter RK, Cherry RA. A comparison of infant ventilationn methods performed by prehospital personnel. Ann Emerg Med 1989, 18(6):607-611.
163. Terndrup TE, Warner DA. Infant ventilation and oxygenation by basic life support providers: comparison of methods. Prehosp Disaster Med 1992, 7(1):35-40.
164. Davidovic L, LaCovey D, Pitetti RD. Comparison of 1- versus 2-person bag-valve-mask techniques for manikin ventilationn of infants and children. Ann Emerg Med 2005, 46(1):37-42.
165. Nehme Z, Boyle MJ. Smaller self-inflating bags produce greater guideline consistent ventilationn in simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation. BMC Emerg Med 2009, 20(9):4. doi:10.1186/1471-227X-9-4.
166. Terndrup TE, Cherry RA, McCabe JB. Comparison of ventilation performance: standard resuscitation bag and the resuscitation bag controller. J Emerg Med 1990, 8(2):121-125.
167. Fluck RR, Sorbello JG. Comparison of tidal volumes, minute ventilation, and respiratory frequencies delivered by paramedic and respiratory care students with pocket mask versus demand valve. Respir Care 1991, 36(10):1105-1112.
168. Simon EL, Lecat PJ, Haller NA, Williams CJ, Martin SW, Carney JA, Pakiela JA. Improved auscultation skills in paramedic students using a modified stethoscope. J Emerg Med 2012, 43(6):1091-1097.
169. Langhan ML, Ching K, Northrup V, Alletag M, Kadia P, Santucci K, Chen L. A randomized controlled trial of capnography in the correction of simulated endotracheal tube dislodgement. Acad Emerg Med 2011, 18(6):590-596.
170. Kilner T. Triage decisions of prehospital emergency health care providers, using a multiple casualty scenario paper exercise. Emerg Med J 2002, 19(4):348-353.
171. Vincent DS, Berg BW, Ikegami K. Mass-casualty triage training for international healthcare workers in the Asia-Pacific region using manikin-based simulations. Prehosp Disaster Med 2009, 24(3):206-213.
172. Sanddal TL, Loyacono T, Sanddal ND. Effect of jumpstart training on immediate and short-term pediatric triage performance. Pediatr Emerg Care 2004, 20(11):749-753.
173. Cicero MX, Auerbach MA, Zigmont J, Riera A, Ching K, Baum CR. Simulation training with structured debriefing improves residents' pediatric disaster triage performance. Prehosp Disaster Med 2012, 27(3):239-244.
174. Vincent DS, Burgess L, Berg BW, Connolly KK. Teaching mass casualty triage skills using iterative multimanikin simulations. Prehosp Disaster Med 2009, 13(2):241-246.
175. Chi CH, Chao WH, Chuang CC, Tsai MC, Tsai LM. Emergency medical technicians' disaster training by tabletop exercise. Am J Emerg Med 2001, 19(5):433-436.
176. Idrose AM, Adnan WA, Villa GF, Abdullah AH. The use of classroom training and simulation in the training of medical responders for airport disaster. Emerg Med J 2007, 24(1):7-11.
177. Landis SS, Benson NH, Whitley TW. A comparison of four methods of testing emergency medical technician triage skills. Am J Emerg Med 1989, 7(1):1-4.
178. Rehn M, Vigerust T, Andersen JE, Krüger AJ, Lossius HM. Major incident patient evacuation: full-scale field exercise feasibility study. Air Med J 2011, 30(3):153-157.
179. Lerner EB, Schwartz RB, Coule PL, Pirrallo RG. Use of salt triage in a simulated mass-casualty incident. Prehosp Emerg Care 2010, 14(1):21-25.
180. Leary M, Walsh D, Battaglia N, O'Connor R, Abella B, Bobrow B. The experts weigh in: a CPR quality improvement roundtable. CPR Performance Counts: Quality Improves Survival 2010, 16-19. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Safety Publications.
181. Weinberg E, Auerbach M, Shah N. The use of simulation for pediatric training and assessment. Curr Opin Pediatr 2009, 21:282-287.
182. Abelsson A, Lindwall L. The Prehospital assessment of severe trauma patients' performed by the specialist ambulance nurse in Sweden - a phenomenographic study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2012, 20(67):1-8.