메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 105, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 312-323

Molecular phylogeny and snp variation of polar bears (ursus maritimus), brown bears (u. arctos), and black bears (u. americanus) derived from genome sequences

Author keywords

black bears; brown; molecular clock; Phylogeny; polar; single nucleotide polymorphism; ultraconserved elements; Ursus

Indexed keywords

AILUROPODA; AILUROPODA MELANOLEUCA; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; BROWN BEAR; CLADISTICS; CONSENSUS SEQUENCE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC DISTANCE; GENOME ANALYSIS; GENOTYPE; HETEROZYGOSITY; HIGH THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING; MALE; MOLECULAR CLOCK; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY; NONHUMAN; POLAR BEAR; POPULATION DIFFERENTIATION; POPULATION GENETIC STRUCTURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SISTER GROUP; SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION; UNITED STATES; URSUS AMERICANUS; BLACK BEAR; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENE MAPPING; GENE SEQUENCE; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOME; MONOPHYLY; POPULATION STRUCTURE; SEX CHROMOSOME; ANIMAL; BEAR; CHROMOSOME MAP; CLASSIFICATION; DNA SEQUENCE; GENE FREQUENCY; GENETICS; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PEDIGREE; PHYLOGENY; POPULATION GENETICS;

EID: 84899015956     PISSN: 00221503     EISSN: 14657333     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jhered/est133     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (21)

References (71)
  • 1
    • 84879552403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An interglacial polar bear and an early Weichselian glaciation at Poolepynten, western Svalbard
    • doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2012.00289.x. ISSN0300-9483
    • Alexanderson H, Ingó lfsson O, Murray AS, Dudek J. 2013. An interglacial polar bear and an early Weichselian glaciation at Poolepynten, western Svalbard. Boreas. 42:532-543. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2012.00289.x. ISSN:0300-9483
    • (2013) Boreas , vol.42 , pp. 532-543
    • Alexanderson, H.1    Ingólfsson, O.2    Murray, A.S.3    Dudek, J.4
  • 6
    • 67650757433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TrimAl: A tool for automated a lignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses
    • Capella-Gutierrez S, Silla-Martínez JM, Gabaldón T. 2009. trimAl: a tool for automated a lignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses. Bioinformatics. 25:1972-1973.
    • (2009) Bioinformatics , vol.25 , pp. 1972-1973
    • Capella-Gutierrez, S.1    Silla-Martínez, J.M.2    Gabaldón, T.3
  • 7
    • 0346052536 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial DNA analysis of hybridization between sympatric white-tailed deer and mule deer in west Texas
    • Carr SM, Ballinger SW, Derr JN, Blankenship LH, Bickham JW. 1986. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of hybridization between sympatric white-tailed deer and mule deer in west Texas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 83:9576-9580.
    • (1986) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.83 , pp. 9576-9580
    • Carr, S.M.1    Ballinger, S.W.2    Derr, J.N.3    Blankenship, L.H.4    Bickham, J.W.5
  • 8
    • 84865382153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • More than 1000 ultraconserved elements provide evidence that turtles are the sister group of archosaurs
    • Crawford NG, Faircloth BC, McCormack JE, Brumfield RT, Winker K, Glenn TC. 2012. More than 1000 ultraconserved elements provide evidence that turtles are the sister group of archosaurs. Biol Lett. 8:783-786.
    • (2012) Biol Lett , vol.8 , pp. 783-786
    • Crawford, N.G.1    Faircloth, B.C.2    McCormack, J.E.3    Brumfield, R.T.4    Winker, K.5    Glenn, T.C.6
  • 9
    • 0001674189 scopus 로고
    • Interspecific and intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in North American bears (Ursus)
    • Cronin MA, Amstrup SC, Garner GW, Vyse ER. 1991. Interspecific and intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in North American bears (Ursus). Can J Zool. 69:2985-2992.
    • (1991) Can J Zool , vol.69 , pp. 2985-2992
    • Cronin, C..1    Amstrup, S.C.2    Garner, G.W.3    Vyse, E.R.4
  • 10
    • 33747042159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microsatellite DNA and mitochondrial DNA variation in polar bears in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas, Alaska
    • Cronin MA, Amstr up SC, Scribner KT. 2006. Microsatellite DNA and mitochondrial DNA variation in polar bears in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas, Alaska. Can J Zool. 84:655-660.
    • (2006) Can J Zool , vol.84 , pp. 655-660
    • Cronin, C..1    Amstrup, S.C.2    Scribner, K.T.3
  • 11
    • 84870491617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic relationships of extant brown bears (Ursus arctos) and polar bears (Ursus maritimus
    • Cronin MA, MacNeil MD. 2012. Genetic relationships of extant brown bears (Ursus arctos) and polar bears (Ursus maritimus). J Hered. 103:873-881.
    • (2012) J Hered , Issue.103 , pp. 873-881
    • Cronin, C..1    Macneil, M.D.2
  • 12
    • 84884488756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic relationships of North American b ears (Ursus) inferred from amplified fragment length polymorphisms and mitochondrial DNA sequences
    • Cronin MA, McDonough MM, Huynh HM, Baker RJ. 2013. Genetic relationships of North American b ears (Ursus) inferred from amplified fragment length polymorphisms and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Can J Zool. 91:626-634.
    • (2013) Can J Zool , Issue.91 , pp. 626-634
    • Cronin, C..1    McDonough, M.M.2    Huynh, H.M.3    Baker, R.J.4
  • 14
    • 33749122708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mammalian ultraconserved elements are strongly depleted among segmental duplications and copy number variants
    • Derti A, Roth FP, Church GM, W u CT. 2006. Mammalian ultraconserved elements are strongly depleted among segmental duplications and copy number variants. Nat Genet. 38:1216-1220.
    • (2006) Nat Genet , vol.38 , pp. 1216-1220
    • Derti, A.1    Roth, F.P.2    Church, G.M.3    Wu, C.T.4
  • 15
    • 0022780570 scopus 로고
    • Discordance of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA phylogenies in Hawaiian Drosophila
    • DeSalle R, Giddings LV. 1986. Discordance of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA phylogenies in Hawaiian Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 83:6902-6906.
    • (1986) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.83 , pp. 6902-6906
    • Desalle, R.1    Giddings, L.V.2
  • 17
    • 3042666256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MUSCLE: Multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput
    • Edgar RC. 2004. MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Res. 32:1792-1797.
    • (2004) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.32 , pp. 1792-1797
    • Edgar, R.C.1
  • 20
    • 33748204460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular phylogeny of the Arctoidea (Carnivora): Effect of missing data on supertree and s upermatrix analyses of multiple gene data sets
    • Fulton TL, Strobeck C. 2006. Molecular phylogeny of the Arctoidea (Carnivora): effect of missing data on supertree and s upermatrix analyses of multiple gene data sets. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 41:165-181.
    • (2006) Mol Phylogenet Evol , vol.41 , pp. 165-181
    • Fulton, T.L.1    Strobeck, C.2
  • 22
    • 70350771134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial DNA as a marker of molecular diversity: A reappraisal
    • Galtier N, Nabholz B, Glémin S, Hurst GD. 2009. Mitochondrial DNA as a marker of molecular diversity: a reappraisal. Mol Ecol. 18:4541-4550.
    • (2009) Mol Ecol , vol.18 , pp. 4541-4550
    • Galtier, N.1    Nabholz, B.2    Glémin, S.3    Hurst, G.D.4
  • 23
    • 84898937556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geneious Available from
    • Geneious. 2013. Version R6 created by biomatters. Available from: http://www.geneious.com/.
    • (2013) Version R6 Created by Biomatters
  • 24
    • 0001206647 scopus 로고
    • Molecular genetic-distance estimates among the Ursidae as indicated by one and two-dimensional protein electrophoresis
    • Goldman D, Giri PR, O'Brien SJ. 1989. Molecular genetic-distance estimates among the Ursidae as indicated by one and two-dimensional protein electrophoresis. Evolution. 43:282-295.
    • (1989) Evolution , vol.43 , pp. 282-295
    • Goldman, D.1    Giri, P.R.2    O'Brien, S.J.3
  • 25
    • 84875501326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response to comment on "nuclear genomic sequences reveal that polar bears are an old and distinct bear lineage"
    • doi:10.1126/science.1228066
    • Hailer F, Kutschera VE, Hallstrom BM, Fain SR, Leonard JA, Arnason U, Janke A. 2013. Response to comment on "Nuclear genomic sequences reveal that polar bears are an old and distinct bear lineage". Science. 339:1522b. doi:10.1126/science.1228066
    • (2013) Science , vol.339
    • Hailer, F.1    Kutschera, V.E.2    Hallstrom, B.M.3    Fain, S.R.4    Leonard, J.A.5    Arnason, U.6    Janke, A.7
  • 27
    • 77249086587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayesian inference of species trees from multilocus data
    • Heled J, Drummond AJ. 2010. Bayesian inference of species trees from multilocus data. Mol Biol Evol. 27:570-580.
    • (2010) Mol Biol Evol , Issue.27 , pp. 570-580
    • Heled, J.1    Drummond, A.J.2
  • 28
    • 0002294347 scopus 로고
    • A simple sequential rejective method procedure
    • Holm S. 1979. A simple sequential rejective method procedure. Scand J Stat. 6:65-70.
    • (1979) Scand J Stat , vol.6 , pp. 65-70
    • Holm, S.1
  • 29
    • 71049180443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Pleistocene fossil find in Svalbard: The oldest remains of a polar bear (Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1744) ever discovered
    • Ingólfsson O, Wiig Ø. 2008. Late Pleistocene fossil find in Svalbard: the oldest remains of a polar bear (Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1744) ever discovered. Polar Res. 28:455-462.
    • (2008) Polar Res , vol.28 , pp. 455-462
    • Ingólfsson, O.1    Wiig, O.2
  • 30
    • 47249100207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic characterization of Kenai brown bears (Ursus arctos): Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA control region variation in brown bears of the Kenai Peninsula, south central Alaska
    • Jackson JV, Talbot SL, Farley S. 2008. Genetic characterization of Kenai brown bears (Ursus arctos): microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA control region variation in brown bears of the Kenai Peninsula, south central Alaska. Can J Zool. 86:756-764.
    • (2008) Can J Zool , vol.86 , pp. 756-764
    • Jackson, J.V.1    Talbot, S.L.2    Farley, S.3
  • 32
    • 84870450672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MEGA-CC: Computing core of molecular evolutionary genetics analysis pro gram for automated and iterative data analysis
    • Kumar S, Stecher G, Peterson D, Tamura K. 2012. MEGA-CC: computing core of molecular evolutionary genetics analysis pro gram for automated and iterative data analysis. Bioinformatics. 28:2685-2686.
    • (2012) Bioinformatics , Issue.28 , pp. 2685-2686
    • Kumar, S.1    Stecher, G.2    Peterson, D.3    Tamura, K.4
  • 33
    • 0002677094 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of the polar bear, Ursus maritimus (Phipps
    • Kurtén B. 1964. The evolution of the polar bear, Ursus maritimus (Phipps). Acta Zool Fenn. 108:1-30.
    • (1964) Acta Zool Fenn , vol.108 , pp. 1-30
    • Kurtén, B.1
  • 35
    • 75149155568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sequence and de novo assembly of the giant panda genome
    • Ailuropodamelanoleuca;ailMel1(GCA-000004335.1) Available from
    • Li R, Fan W, Tian G, Zhu H, He L, Cai J, Huang Q, Cai Q, Li B, Bai Y, et al. 2010. The sequence and de novo assembly of the giant panda genome. Nature. 463 311-317. Ailuropodamelanoleuca;ailMel1(GCA-000004335.1). Available from: http://www.ensembl.org/Ailuropoda-melanoleuca/Info/Index.
    • (2010) Nature , vol.463 , pp. 311-317
    • Li, R.1    Fan, W.2    Tian, G.3    Zhu, H.4    He, L.5    Cai, J.6    Huang, Q.7    Cai, Q.8    Li, B.9    Bai, Y.10
  • 36
    • 84879781943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genomic data from the Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus)
    • doi:10.5524/100008. Available from
    • Li B Zhang G Willersleve E Wang J Wang J 2011 Genomic data from the Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) GigaScience doi:10.5524/100008. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.5524/100008
    • (2011) GigaScience
    • Li, B.1    Zhang, G.2    Willersleve, E.3    Wang, J.4    Wang, J.5
  • 38
    • 77957686501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A maximum pseudo-likelihood approach for estimating species trees under the coalescent model
    • Liu L, Yu L, Edwards SV. 2010. A maximum pseudo-likelihood approach for estimating species trees under the coalescent model. BMC Evol Biol. 10:302.
    • (2010) BMC Evol Biol , Issue.10 , pp. 302
    • Liu, L.1    Yu, L.2    Edwards, S.V.3
  • 39
    • 84873860010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A phylogeny of birds based on over 1,500 loci collected by target enrichment and high-throughput sequencing
    • doi:10.1371/journal.pon e.0054848
    • McCormack JE, Harvey M G, Faircloth BC, Crawford NG, Glenn TC, Brumfield RT. 2013. A phylogeny of birds based on over 1,500 loci collected by target enrichment and high-throughput sequencing. PLoS ONE 8: e54848. doi:10.1371/journal.pon e.0054848
    • (2013) PLoS ONE , vol.8
    • McCormack, J.E.1    Harvey, M.G.2    Faircloth, B.C.3    Crawford, N.G.4    Glenn, T.C.5    Brumfield, R.T.6
  • 41
    • 0033828761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimate of the mutation rate per nucleotide in humans
    • Nachman MW, Crowell SL. 2000. Estimate of the mutation rate per nucleotide in humans. Genetics. 156:297-304.
    • (2000) Genetics , vol.156 , pp. 297-304
    • Nachman, M.W.1    Crowell, S.L.2
  • 42
    • 84875501326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comment on "nuclear genomic sequences reveal that polar bears are an old and distinct bear lineage"
    • doi:10.1126/science.1227339
    • Nakagome S, Mano S, Hasegawa M. 2013. Comment on "Nuclear genomic sequences reveal that polar bears are an old and distinct bear lineage" . Science. 339:1522a. doi:10.1126/science.1227339
    • (2013) Science , vol.339
    • Nakagome, S.1    Mano, S.2    Hasegawa, M.3
  • 45
    • 0032188801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene flow between insular, coastal and interior populations of brown bears in Alaska
    • Paetkau D, Shields GF, Strobeck C. 1998a . Gene flow between insular, coastal and interior populations of brown bears in Alaska. Mol Ecol. 7:1283-1292.
    • (1998) Mol Ecol , vol.7 , pp. 1283-1292
    • Paetkau, D.1    Shields, G.F.2    Strobeck, C.3
  • 46
    • 0028519167 scopus 로고
    • Microsatellite analysis of genetic variation in black bear populations
    • Paetkau D, Strobeck C. 1994. Microsatellite analysis of genetic variation in black bear populations. Mol Ecol. 3:489-495.
    • (1994) Mol Ecol , vol.3 , pp. 489-495
    • Paetkau, D.1    Strobeck, C.2
  • 47
    • 0030782517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An empirical evaluation of genetic distance statistics using microsatellite data from bear (Ursidae) populations
    • Paetkau D, W aits LP, Clarkson PL, Craighead L, Strobeck C. 1997. An empirical evaluation of genetic distance statistics using microsatellite data from bear (Ursidae) populations. Genetics. 147:1943-1957.
    • (1997) Genetics , vol.147 , pp. 1943-1957
    • Paetkau, D.1    Aits, L.P.W.2    Clarkson, P.L.3    Craighead, L.4    Strobeck, C.5
  • 48
    • 0031947757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dramatic variation in genetic diversity across the range of North American brown bears
    • Paetkau D, Waits LP, Craighead L, Clarkson PL, Strobeck C. 1998b . Dramatic variation in genetic diversity across the range of North American brown bears. Conserv Biol. 12:418-429.
    • (1998) Conserv Biol , vol.12 , pp. 418-429
    • Paetkau, D.1    Waits, L.P.2    Craighead, L.3    Clarkson, P.L.4    Strobeck, C.5
  • 50
    • 0023822631 scopus 로고
    • Relationships between gene trees and species trees
    • Pamilo P, Nei M. 1988. Relationships between gene trees and species trees. Mol Biol Evol. 5:568-583.
    • (1988) Mol Biol Evol , vol.5 , pp. 568-583
    • Pamilo, P.1    Nei, M.2
  • 51
    • 84867293252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GenAlEx 6.5: Genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update
    • doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460
    • Peakall R, Smouse PE. 2012. GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update. Bioinformatics. 28:2537-2539. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460
    • (2012) Bioinformatics , vol.28 , pp. 2537-2539
    • Peakall, R.1    Smouse, P.E.2
  • 52
    • 0020652396 scopus 로고
    • Interspecific cytoplasmic gene flow in the absence of nuclear gene flow: Evidence from Drosophila
    • Powell JR. 1983. Interspecific cytoplasmic gene flow in the absence of nuclear gene flow: evidence from Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 80:492-495.
    • (1983) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.80 , pp. 492-495
    • Powell, J.R.1
  • 54
    • 33947245620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dates from the Molecular Clock: How Wrong Can We Be
    • Pulquério MJ, Nichols RA. 2007. Dates from the molecular clock: how wrong can we be Trends Ecol Evol. 22:180-184.
    • (2007) Trends Ecol Evol , vol.22 , pp. 180-184
    • Pulquério, M.J.1    Nichols, R.A.2
  • 55
    • 0000262278 scopus 로고
    • GENEPOP (version 1.2): Population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism
    • Raymond M, Rousset F. 1995. GENEPOP (version 1.2): population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism. J Hered. 86:248-249.
    • (1995) J Hered , vol.86 , pp. 248-249
    • Raymond, M.1    Rousset, F.2
  • 56
    • 11244270692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytonuclear genomic dissociation in African elephant species
    • Roca AL, Georgiadis N, O'Brien SJ. 2005. Cytonuclear genomic dissociation in African elephant species. Nat Genet. 37:96-100.
    • (2005) Nat Genet , vol.37 , pp. 96-100
    • Roca, A.L.1    Georgiadis, N.2    O'Brien, S.J.3
  • 59
    • 0033137053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial autocorrelation analysis of individual multiallele and multilocus genetic structure
    • Smouse PE, Peakall R. 1999. Spatial autocorrelation analysis of individual multiallele and multilocus genetic structure. Heredity (Edinb). 82:561-573.
    • (1999) Heredity (Edinb) , vol.82 , pp. 561-573
    • Smouse, P.E.1    Peakall, R.2
  • 60
    • 33750403801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RAxML-VI-HPC: Maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models
    • Stamatakis A. 2006. RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics. 22:2688-2690.
    • (2006) Bioinformatics , vol.22 , pp. 2688-2690
    • Stamatakis, A.1
  • 61
    • 38949097100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-scale appearance of ultraconserv ed elements in tetrapod genomes and slowdown of the molecular clock
    • Stephen S, Pheasant M, Makunin IV, Mattick JS. 2008. Large-scale appearance of ultraconserv ed elements in tetrapod genomes and slowdown of the molecular clock. Mol Biol Evol. 25:402-408.
    • (2008) Mol Biol Evol , vol.25 , pp. 402-408
    • Stephen, S.1    Pheasant, M.2    Makunin, I.V.3    Mattick, J.S.4
  • 62
    • 0030162986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A phylogeny of the bears (Ursidae) inferred from complete sequences of three mitochondrial genes
    • Talbot SL, Shields GF. 1996 a . A phylogeny of the bears (Ursidae) inferred from complete sequences of three mitochondrial genes. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 5:567-575.
    • (1996) Mol Phylogenet Evol , vol.5 , pp. 567-575
    • Talbot, S.L.1    Shields, G.F.2
  • 63
    • 0030162288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogeography of brown bears (Ursus arctos) of Alaska and paraphyly within the Ursidae
    • Talbot SL, Shields GF. 1996 b . Phylogeography of brown bears (Ursus arctos) of Alaska and paraphyly within the Ursidae. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 5:477-494.
    • (1996) Mol Phylogenet Evol , vol.5 , pp. 477-494
    • Talbot, S.L.1    Shields, G.F.2
  • 65
    • 0033209719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid radiation events in the family Ursidae indicated by likelihood phylogenetic estimation from multiple fragments of mtDNA
    • Waits LP, Sullivan J, O'Brien SJ, Ward RH. 1999. Rapid radiation events in the family Ursidae indicated by likelihood phylogenetic estimation from multiple fragments of mtDNA. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 13:82-92.
    • (1999) Mol Phylogenet Evol , vol.13 , pp. 82-92
    • Waits, L.P.1    Sullivan, J.2    O'Brien, S.J.3    Ward, R.H.4
  • 66
    • 0031921442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of the North American brown bear and implications for conservation
    • Waits LP, Talbot SL, Ward RH, Shields GF. 1998. Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of the North American brown bear and implications for conservation. Conserv Biol. 12:408-417.
    • (1998) Conserv Biol , vol.12 , pp. 408-417
    • Waits, L.P.1    Talbot, S.L.2    Ward, R.H.3    Shields, G.F.4
  • 67
    • 84863012163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring uncertainty in the calibration of the molecular clock
    • Warnock RC, Yang Z, Donoghue PC. 2012. Exploring uncertainty in the calibration of the molecular clock. Biol Lett. 8:156-159.
    • (2012) Biol Lett , Issue.8 , pp. 156-159
    • Warnock, R.C.1    Yang, Z.2    Donoghue, P.C.3
  • 68
    • 0025760031 scopus 로고
    • Molecular distance and divergence time in carnivores and primates
    • Wayne RK, Van Valkenburgh B, O'Brien SJ. 1991. Molecular distance and divergence time in carnivores and primates. Mol Biol Evol. 8:297-319.
    • (1991) Mol Biol Evol , vol.8 , pp. 297-319
    • Wayne, R.K.1    Van Valkenburgh, B.2    O'Brien, S.J.3
  • 69
    • 75649110865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discordant mitochondrial and nuclear gene phylogenies in emydid turtles: Implications for speciation and conservation
    • Wiens JJ, Kuczynski CA, Stephens PR. 2010. Discordant mitochondrial and nuclear gene phylogenies in emydid turtles: implications for speciation and conservation. Biol J Linnean Soc. 99:445-461.
    • (2010) Biol J Linnean Soc , Issue.99 , pp. 445-461
    • Wiens, J.J.1    Kuczynski, C.A.2    Stephens, P.R.3
  • 70
    • 3042682593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogeny of the bears (Ursidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes
    • Yu L, Li QW, Ryder OA, Zhang YP. 2004. Phylogeny of the bears (Ursidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 32:480-494.
    • (2004) Mol Phylogenet Evol , vol.32 , pp. 480-494
    • Yu, L.1    Li, Q.W.2    Ryder, O.A.3    Zhang, Y.P.4
  • 71
    • 37349066179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation
    • Yu L, Li YW, Ryder OA, Zhang YP. 2007. Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation. BMC Evol Biol. 7:198.
    • (2007) BMC Evol Biol , vol.7 , pp. 198
    • Yu, L.1    Li, Y.W.2    Ryder, O.A.3    Zhang, Y.P.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.