메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 477-494

Phylogeography of brown bears (Ursus arctos) of Alaska and paraphyly within the Ursidae

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HELARCTOS MALAYANUS; URSIDAE; URSUS ARCTOS; URSUS MARITIMUS;

EID: 0030162288     PISSN: 10557903     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/mpev.1996.0044     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (182)

References (82)
  • 2
    • 0026717198 scopus 로고
    • The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina
    • Arnason, U., and Johnsson, E. (1992). The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina. J. Mol. Evol. 34: 493-505.
    • (1992) J. Mol. Evol. , vol.34 , pp. 493-505
    • Arnason, U.1    Johnsson, E.2
  • 3
    • 0027360057 scopus 로고
    • The nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial DNA molecule of the grey seal, Halicherus grypus, and comparison with mitochondrial sequences of other true seals
    • Arnason, U., Gullberg, A., Johnsson, E., and Ledje, C. (1993). The nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial DNA molecule of the grey seal, Halicherus grypus, and comparison with mitochondrial sequences of other true seals. J. Mol. Evol. 37: 323-330.
    • (1993) J. Mol. Evol. , vol.37 , pp. 323-330
    • Arnason, U.1    Gullberg, A.2    Johnsson, E.3    Ledje, C.4
  • 4
    • 0023058733 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial DNA and the evolutionary genetics of higher animals
    • Avise, J. C. (1986). Mitochondrial DNA and the evolutionary genetics of higher animals. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London (Biol.) B 312: 325-342.
    • (1986) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London (Biol.) B , vol.312 , pp. 325-342
    • Avise, J.C.1
  • 5
    • 0025052299 scopus 로고
    • Flocks of African fishes
    • Avise, J. C. (1990). Flocks of African fishes. Nature 347: 512-513.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.347 , pp. 512-513
    • Avise, J.C.1
  • 6
    • 0021003189 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial DNA differentiation during the speciation process in Peromyscus
    • Avise, J. C., Shapira, J. F., Daniel, S. W., Aquadro, C. F., and Lansman, R. A. (1983). Mitochondrial DNA differentiation during the speciation process in Peromyscus. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1: 38-56.
    • (1983) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.1 , pp. 38-56
    • Avise, J.C.1    Shapira, J.F.2    Daniel, S.W.3    Aquadro, C.F.4    Lansman, R.A.5
  • 8
    • 0002961523 scopus 로고
    • Principles of genealogical concordance in species concepts and biological taxonomy
    • Avise, J. C., and Ball, R. M. (1990). Principles of genealogical concordance in species concepts and biological taxonomy. Oxford Surv. Evol. Biol. 7: 45-67.
    • (1990) Oxford Surv. Evol. Biol. , vol.7 , pp. 45-67
    • Avise, J.C.1    Ball, R.M.2
  • 9
    • 0002241570 scopus 로고
    • Freshwater amphipod crustaceans of glaciated North America
    • Bousfield, E. L. (1958). Freshwater amphipod crustaceans of glaciated North America. Can. Field. Nat. 72: 55-113.
    • (1958) Can. Field. Nat. , vol.72 , pp. 55-113
    • Bousfield, E.L.1
  • 13
    • 0002161741 scopus 로고
    • Cordilleran ice sheet
    • F. J. Fulton, Ed., Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada
    • Clague, J. J. (1989). Cordilleran ice sheet. "Quarternary Geology of Canada and Greenland" (F. J. Fulton, Ed.), No. 1, Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada.
    • (1989) Quarternary Geology of Canada and Greenland , Issue.1
    • Clague, J.J.1
  • 16
    • 0001674189 scopus 로고
    • Interspecific and intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in North American bears (Ursus)
    • Cronin, M., Amstrup, S. C., Garner, G. W., and Vyse, E. R. (1991). Interspecific and intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in North American bears (Ursus). Can. J. Zool. 69: 2985-2992.
    • (1991) Can. J. Zool. , vol.69 , pp. 2985-2992
    • Cronin, M.1    Amstrup, S.C.2    Garner, G.W.3    Vyse, E.R.4
  • 17
    • 85029968996 scopus 로고
    • Final programmatic environmental impact statement: The grizzly bear in northwestern Montana
    • Helena, MT
    • Dood, A. R., Brannon, R. D., and Mace, R. D. (1986). Final programmatic environmental impact statement: The grizzly bear in northwestern Montana, Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Helena, MT.
    • (1986) Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks
    • Dood, A.R.1    Brannon, R.D.2    Mace, R.D.3
  • 19
    • 84959747425 scopus 로고
    • Toward defining the course of evolution: Minimum change for a specified tree topology
    • Fitch, W. M. (1971). Toward defining the course of evolution: Minimum change for a specified tree topology. Syst. Zool. 20: 406-416.
    • (1971) Syst. Zool. , vol.20 , pp. 406-416
    • Fitch, W.M.1
  • 20
    • 33645812424 scopus 로고
    • Routes: Alternate migration corridors for early man in North America
    • Fladmark, K. R. (1979). Routes: Alternate migration corridors for early man in North America. Am. Antiq. 44: 55-69.
    • (1979) Am. Antiq. , vol.44 , pp. 55-69
    • Fladmark, K.R.1
  • 23
    • 0024352214 scopus 로고
    • The complete nucleotide sequence of the Rattus norvegicus mitochondrial genome: Cryptic signals revealed by comparative analysis between vertebrates
    • Gadaleta, G., Pepe, G., DeCandia, G., Quagliaro, C., Sbisa, E., and Saccone, C. (1989). The complete nucleotide sequence of the Rattus norvegicus mitochondrial genome: Cryptic signals revealed by comparative analysis between vertebrates. J. Mol. Evol. 28: 497-516.
    • (1989) J. Mol. Evol. , vol.28 , pp. 497-516
    • Gadaleta, G.1    Pepe, G.2    DeCandia, G.3    Quagliaro, C.4    Sbisa, E.5    Saccone, C.6
  • 24
    • 0020660458 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial DNA sequences in the nuclear genome of a locust
    • Gellissen, G., Bradfield, J. Y., White, B. N., and Wyatt, G. R. (1983). Mitochondrial DNA sequences in the nuclear genome of a locust. Nature 301: 631-634.
    • (1983) Nature , vol.301 , pp. 631-634
    • Gellissen, G.1    Bradfield, J.Y.2    White, B.N.3    Wyatt, G.R.4
  • 26
    • 0024486266 scopus 로고
    • Animal mitochondrial DNA as a genetic marker in population and evolutionary biology
    • Harrison, R. G. (1989). Animal mitochondrial DNA as a genetic marker in population and evolutionary biology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 4: 6-11.
    • (1989) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.4 , pp. 6-11
    • Harrison, R.G.1
  • 27
    • 0039910981 scopus 로고
    • Palynology and phytogeographic interest on northwestern Vancouver Island
    • Heusser, C. J. (1972). Palynology and phytogeographic interest on northwestern Vancouver Island. Can. J. Bot. 62: 2356-2362.
    • (1972) Can. J. Bot. , vol.62 , pp. 2356-2362
    • Heusser, C.J.1
  • 28
    • 0021688630 scopus 로고
    • DNA sequence from the quagga, an extinct member of the horse family
    • Higuchi, R. G., Bowman, B., Freiberger, M., Ryder, O. A., and Wilson, A. C. (1984). DNA sequence from the quagga, an extinct member of the horse family. Nature 312: 282-284.
    • (1984) Nature , vol.312 , pp. 282-284
    • Higuchi, R.G.1    Bowman, B.2    Freiberger, M.3    Ryder, O.A.4    Wilson, A.C.5
  • 29
    • 0023077723 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial DNA of the extinct quagga: Relatedness and extent of postmortum change
    • Higuchi, R. G., Wrischnik, L. A., Oakes, E., George, M., Tong, B., and Wilson, A. C. (1987). Mitochondrial DNA of the extinct quagga: Relatedness and extent of postmortum change. J. Mol. Evol. 25:283-287.
    • (1987) J. Mol. Evol. , vol.25 , pp. 283-287
    • Higuchi, R.G.1    Wrischnik, L.A.2    Oakes, E.3    George, M.4    Tong, B.5    Wilson, A.C.6
  • 30
    • 0027055554 scopus 로고
    • Signal, noise, and reliability in molecular phylogenetic analysis
    • Hillis, D. M., and Huelsenbeck, J. P. (1992). Signal, noise, and reliability in molecular phylogenetic analysis. J. Hered. 83:189-195.
    • (1992) J. Hered. , vol.83 , pp. 189-195
    • Hillis, D.M.1    Huelsenbeck, J.P.2
  • 31
    • 0024318517 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary conservation of protein regions in the protonmotive cytochrome b and their posssible roles in redox catalysis
    • Howell, N. (1989). Evolutionary conservation of protein regions in the protonmotive cytochrome b and their posssible roles in redox catalysis. J. Mol. Evol. 29: 157-169.
    • (1989) J. Mol. Evol. , vol.29 , pp. 157-169
    • Howell, N.1
  • 32
    • 0025764044 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the cyt b gene of mammals
    • Irwin, D. M., Kocher, T. D., and Wilson, A. C. (1991). Evolution of the cyt b gene of mammals. J. Mol. Evol. 32: 128-144.
    • (1991) J. Mol. Evol. , vol.32 , pp. 128-144
    • Irwin, D.M.1    Kocher, T.D.2    Wilson, A.C.3
  • 33
    • 84871125998 scopus 로고
    • Insects of western Canada, with special reference to certain Carabidae (Coleoptera): Present distribution patterns and their origins
    • Kavanaugh, D. H. (1980). Insects of western Canada, with special reference to certain Carabidae (Coleoptera): Present distribution patterns and their origins. Can. Entomol. 112: 1129-1144.
    • (1980) Can. Entomol. , vol.112 , pp. 1129-1144
    • Kavanaugh, D.H.1
  • 34
    • 0019296687 scopus 로고
    • A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitution through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences
    • Kimura, M. (1980). A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitution through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 16: 111-120.
    • (1980) J. Mol. Evol. , vol.16 , pp. 111-120
    • Kimura, M.1
  • 35
    • 84963036271 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative phyletics and the evolution of anurans
    • Kluge, A. G., and Farris, J. S. (1969). Quantitative phyletics and the evolution of anurans. Syst. Zool. 18: 1-32.
    • (1969) Syst. Zool. , vol.18 , pp. 1-32
    • Kluge, A.G.1    Farris, J.S.2
  • 37
    • 0040503915 scopus 로고
    • Cross-breeding between a female European brown bear (Ursus arctos) and a male polar bear (U. Maritimus) in the Logzkin Zoo
    • Kowalska, Z. (1965). Cross-breeding between a female European brown bear (Ursus arctos) and a male polar bear (U. maritimus) in the Logzkin Zoo. Przegi Zool. 9: 313-319.
    • (1965) Przegi Zool. , vol.9 , pp. 313-319
    • Kowalska, Z.1
  • 39
    • 0002677094 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of the polar bear, Ursus maritimus (Phipps)
    • Kurtén, B. (1964). The evolution of the polar bear, Ursus maritimus (Phipps). Acta Zool. Fenn. 108: 1-30.
    • (1964) Acta Zool. Fenn. , vol.108 , pp. 1-30
    • Kurtén, B.1
  • 41
    • 0006595717 scopus 로고
    • Transberingian relationships of Ursus arctos Linne (brown and grizzly bears)
    • Kurtén, B. (1973). Transberingian relationships of Ursus arctos Linne (brown and grizzly bears). Commentat. Biol. 65: 1-10.
    • (1973) Commentat. Biol. , vol.65 , pp. 1-10
    • Kurtén, B.1
  • 42
    • 0025955981 scopus 로고
    • Introgression of coyote mitochondrial DNA into sympatric North American gray wolf populations
    • Lehman, N., Eisenhawer, A., Hansen, K., Mech, L. D., Peterson, R. O., Gogan, P. J. P., and Wayne, R. K. (1991). Introgression of coyote mitochondrial DNA into sympatric North American gray wolf populations. Evolution 45: 104-119.
    • (1991) Evolution , vol.45 , pp. 104-119
    • Lehman, N.1    Eisenhawer, A.2    Hansen, K.3    Mech, L.D.4    Peterson, R.O.5    Gogan, P.J.P.6    Wayne, R.K.7
  • 43
    • 0000553110 scopus 로고
    • Peromyscus maniculatus macrorhinus and the problem of insularity
    • McCabe, T. T. and Cowan, McT. (1945). Peromyscus maniculatus macrorhinus and the problem of insularity. Trans. R. Can. Inst. 1945: 117-215.
    • (1945) Trans. R. Can. Inst. , vol.1945 , pp. 117-215
    • McCabe, T.T.1    Cowan, Mc.T.2
  • 44
    • 0038999386 scopus 로고
    • Review of the grizzly and big brown bears of North America (genus Ursus) with description of a new genus, Vetularctos
    • Merriam, C. H. (1918). Review of the grizzly and big brown bears of North America (genus Ursus) with description of a new genus, Vetularctos. North. Am. Fauna. 41: 1-136.
    • (1918) North. Am. Fauna. , vol.41 , pp. 1-136
    • Merriam, C.H.1
  • 45
    • 85029971571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The brown bear in Alaska
    • in press. C. Servheen and S. Herrero, Eds., IUCN Species Survival Commission
    • Miller, S. D., and Schoen, J. W. (in press). The brown bear in Alaska. In "Bear Conservation Action Plan." (C. Servheen and S. Herrero, Eds.), IUCN Species Survival Commission.
    • Bear Conservation Action Plan.
    • Miller, S.D.1    Schoen, J.W.2
  • 46
    • 0023480940 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA: Relevance for population biology and systematics
    • Moritz, C., Dowling, T. E., and Brown, W. M. (1987). Evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA: Relevance for population biology and systematics. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18: 269-292.
    • (1987) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.18 , pp. 269-292
    • Moritz, C.1    Dowling, T.E.2    Brown, W.M.3
  • 47
    • 0002267691 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic relationships of mitochondrial DNA under various demographic models of speciation
    • (E. Novo and S. Karlin, Eds.), pp. 515-534. Academic Press, New York
    • Neigel, J. E., and Avise, J. C. (1986). Phylogenetic relationships of mitochondrial DNA under various demographic models of speciation. pp. 515-534 In "Evolutionary Processes and Theory" (E. Novo and S. Karlin, Eds.), pp. 515-534. Academic Press, New York.
    • (1986) Evolutionary Processes and Theory , pp. 515-534
    • Neigel, J.E.1    Avise, J.C.2
  • 50
    • 0000192554 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial DNA in Gasterosteus and Pleistocene glacial refugium on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia
    • O'Reilly, P., Reimchen, T. E., Beech, R., and Stobek, C. (1993). Mitochondrial DNA in Gasterosteus and Pleistocene glacial refugium on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Evolution 47: 678-684.
    • (1993) Evolution , vol.47 , pp. 678-684
    • O'Reilly, P.1    Reimchen, T.E.2    Beech, R.3    Stobek, C.4
  • 51
    • 0023822631 scopus 로고
    • Relationships between gene trees and species trees
    • Pamilo, P., and Nei, M. (1988). Relationships between gene trees and species trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 5: 568-583.
    • (1988) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.5 , pp. 568-583
    • Pamilo, P.1    Nei, M.2
  • 52
    • 0009539620 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of DNA sequence variation
    • F. Cooke and P. A. Buckley, Eds., Academic Press, New York
    • Quinn, T. W., and White, B. N. (1987). Analysis of DNA sequence variation. In "Avian Genetics: A population and Ecological Approach" (F. Cooke and P. A. Buckley, Eds.), pp. 163-198, Academic Press, New York.
    • (1987) Avian Genetics: A Population and Ecological Approach , pp. 163-198
    • Quinn, T.W.1    White, B.N.2
  • 53
    • 0000276558 scopus 로고
    • Affinities of the Hawaiian goose based on two types of mitochondrial DNA analysis
    • Quinn, T. W., Shields, G. F., and Wilson, A. C. (1991). Affinities of the Hawaiian goose based on two types of mitochondrial DNA analysis. The Auk 108: 585-593.
    • (1991) The Auk , vol.108 , pp. 585-593
    • Quinn, T.W.1    Shields, G.F.2    Wilson, A.C.3
  • 54
    • 0037737882 scopus 로고
    • On the status of some arctic mammals
    • Rausch, R. L. (1953). On the status of some arctic mammals. Arctic 6: 91-148.
    • (1953) Arctic , vol.6 , pp. 91-148
    • Rausch, R.L.1
  • 55
    • 0002727109 scopus 로고
    • Geographic variation in size in North American brown bears, Ursus arctos L. As indicated by condylobasal length
    • Rausch, R. L. (1963). Geographic variation in size in North American brown bears, Ursus arctos L. as indicated by condylobasal length. Can. J. Zool. 41: 33-45.
    • (1963) Can. J. Zool. , vol.41 , pp. 33-45
    • Rausch, R.L.1
  • 57
    • 0000029727 scopus 로고
    • Native American biological diversity and the biogeographic influence of ice age refugia
    • Rogers, R. A., Rogers, L. A., Hoffman, R. S., and Martin, L. D. (1991). Native American biological diversity and the biogeographic influence of ice age refugia. J. Biogeogr. 18: 623-630.
    • (1991) J. Biogeogr. , vol.18 , pp. 623-630
    • Rogers, R.A.1    Rogers, L.A.2    Hoffman, R.S.3    Martin, L.D.4
  • 58
    • 0023375195 scopus 로고
    • The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees
    • Saitou, N., and Nei, M. (1987). The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 4: 406-425.
    • (1987) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.4 , pp. 406-425
    • Saitou, N.1    Nei, M.2
  • 59
    • 0017681196 scopus 로고
    • DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors
    • Sanger, F., Niklen, S., and Coulson, A. R. (1977). DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 74:5463-5467.
    • (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , vol.74 , pp. 5463-5467
    • Sanger, F.1    Niklen, S.2    Coulson, A.R.3
  • 60
    • 0040777806 scopus 로고
    • Forest management and bear conservation
    • N. Maruyama, B. Bobek, Y. Ono, W. Regelin, L. Bartos, and P. Ratcliffe, Eds., Fifth International Congress of Ecology. Tsukuba and Yokohama, Japan
    • Schoen, J. W. (1991). Forest management and bear conservation. In "Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wildlife Conservation" (N. Maruyama, B. Bobek, Y. Ono, W. Regelin, L. Bartos, and P. Ratcliffe, Eds.), pp. 97-101, Fifth International Congress of Ecology. Tsukuba and Yokohama, Japan.
    • (1991) Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wildlife Conservation , pp. 97-101
    • Schoen, J.W.1
  • 62
    • 0000614505 scopus 로고
    • Phytogeography of northwestern North America: Bryophytes and vascular plants
    • Schofield, W. B. (1969). Phytogeography of northwestern North America: Bryophytes and vascular plants. Madrono 20: 155-207.
    • (1969) Madrono , vol.20 , pp. 155-207
    • Schofield, W.B.1
  • 63
    • 0000208604 scopus 로고
    • Structure and affinities of the bryoflora of the Queen Charlotte Islands
    • G. G. Scudder and N. Gessler, Eds., Queen Charlotte Islands Museum Press. Queen Charlotte City, BC, Canada
    • Schofield, W. B. (1989). Structure and affinities of the bryoflora of the Queen Charlotte Islands. In "The Outer Shores" (G. G. Scudder and N. Gessler, Eds.), pp. 109-119. Queen Charlotte Islands Museum Press. Queen Charlotte City, BC, Canada.
    • (1989) The Outer Shores , pp. 109-119
    • Schofield, W.B.1
  • 65
    • 0023046874 scopus 로고
    • Codon usage in yeast: Cluster analysis clearly differentiates highly and lowly expressed genes
    • Sharp, P. M., Tuohy, T. M. F., and Mosurski, K. R. (1986). Codon usage in yeast: Cluster analysis clearly differentiates highly and lowly expressed genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 14: 5125-5143.
    • (1986) Nucleic Acids Res. , vol.14 , pp. 5125-5143
    • Sharp, P.M.1    Tuohy, T.M.F.2    Mosurski, K.R.3
  • 66
    • 0001128031 scopus 로고
    • Subspecies of Canada geese (Branta canadensis) have distinct mitochondrial DNAs
    • Shields, G. F., and Wilson, A. C. (1987). Subspecies of Canada geese (Branta canadensis) have distinct mitochondrial DNAs. Evolution 41: 662-666.
    • (1987) Evolution , vol.41 , pp. 662-666
    • Shields, G.F.1    Wilson, A.C.2
  • 67
    • 0001639602 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic relationships of North American Ursids based on analysis of mitochondrial DNA
    • Shields, G. F., and Kocher, T. D. (1991). Phylogenetic relationships of North American Ursids based on analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Evolution 45: 218-221.
    • (1991) Evolution , vol.45 , pp. 218-221
    • Shields, G.F.1    Kocher, T.D.2
  • 68
    • 0026534736 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial DNA-like sequence in the nuclear genome of an akodontine rodent
    • Smith, M. F., Thomas, W. K., and Patton, J. L. (1992). Mitochondrial DNA-like sequence in the nuclear genome of an akodontine rodent. Mol. Biol. Evol. 9: 204-215.
    • (1992) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.9 , pp. 204-215
    • Smith, M.F.1    Thomas, W.K.2    Patton, J.L.3
  • 69
    • 0000691695 scopus 로고
    • Effects of intraspecific variation on phylogenetic inference: A likelihood analysis of mtDNA restriction site data in cyprinid fishes
    • Smouse, P. E., Dowling, T. E., Tworek, J. A., Hoeh, W. R., and Brown, W. M. (1991). Effects of intraspecific variation on phylogenetic inference: A likelihood analysis of mtDNA restriction site data in cyprinid fishes. Syst. Zool. 40: 393-409.
    • (1991) Syst. Zool. , vol.40 , pp. 393-409
    • Smouse, P.E.1    Dowling, T.E.2    Tworek, J.A.3    Hoeh, W.R.4    Brown, W.M.5
  • 73
    • 0026585676 scopus 로고
    • Genetique de l'ours brun des pyrenees (Ursus arctos): Premiers resultats
    • Taberlet, P. and Bouvet, J. (1992). Genetique de l'ours brun des Pyrenees (Ursus arctos): Premiers resultats. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 314: 15-21.
    • (1992) C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris , vol.314 , pp. 15-21
    • Taberlet, P.1    Bouvet, J.2
  • 74
    • 0030162986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A phylogeny of the bears (Ursidae) inferred from complete sequences of three mitochondrial genes
    • Talbaot, S. L., and Shields, G. F. (1996). A phylogeny of the bears (Ursidae) inferred from complete sequences of three mitochondrial genes. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 5: 567-575.
    • (1996) Mol. Phyl. Evol. , vol.5 , pp. 567-575
    • Talbaot, S.L.1    Shields, G.F.2
  • 75
    • 0027157960 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees
    • Tamura, K. and Nei, M. (1993). Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 10: 512-526.
    • (1993) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.10 , pp. 512-526
    • Tamura, K.1    Nei, M.2
  • 76
    • 0024753145 scopus 로고
    • Shifting constraints of tRNA during mitochondrial DNA evolution in animals
    • Thomas, W. K., Maa, J., and Wilson, A. C. (1989). Shifting constraints of tRNA during mitochondrial DNA evolution in animals. New Biol. 1: 93-100.
    • (1989) New Biol. , vol.1 , pp. 93-100
    • Thomas, W.K.1    Maa, J.2    Wilson, A.C.3
  • 77
    • 85040870074 scopus 로고
    • Interagency Brown Bear Committee, USDA, Washington DC
    • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) (1987). "Grizzly Bear Compendium," Interagency Brown Bear Committee, pp. 3-4, USDA, Washington DC.
    • (1987) Grizzly Bear Compendium , pp. 3-4
  • 78
    • 0011902409 scopus 로고
    • Missoula, MT
    • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) (1990). "Grizzly Bear Recovery Plan." Missoula, MT.
    • (1990) Grizzly Bear Recovery Plan
  • 79
    • 0025923821 scopus 로고
    • Chelex 100 as a medium for simple extraction of DNA from PCR-based typing from forensic material
    • Walsh, P. S., Metzger, D. A., and Higuchi, R. (1991). Chelex 100 as a medium for simple extraction of DNA from PCR-based typing from forensic material. Biotechniques 19: 506-513.
    • (1991) Biotechniques , vol.19 , pp. 506-513
    • Walsh, P.S.1    Metzger, D.A.2    Higuchi, R.3
  • 80
    • 0020411945 scopus 로고
    • Ice-free conditions on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, at the height of the late Wisconsin glaciation
    • Warner, B. G., Mathewes, R. W., and Clague, J. J. (1982). Ice-free conditions on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, at the height of the late Wisconsin glaciation. Science 218: 675-677.
    • (1982) Science , vol.218 , pp. 675-677
    • Warner, B.G.1    Mathewes, R.W.2    Clague, J.J.3
  • 81
    • 12044252105 scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial DNA analysis implying extensive hybridization of the endangered red wolf, Canis rufus
    • Wayne, R. K., and Jenks, S. M. (1991). Mitochondrial DNA analysis implying extensive hybridization of the endangered red wolf, Canis rufus. Nature 351: 565-568.
    • (1991) Nature , vol.351 , pp. 565-568
    • Wayne, R.K.1    Jenks, S.M.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.