Genetic relationships of extant brown bears (Ursus arctos) and polar bears (Ursus maritimus)

Journal of Heredity

Volumn 103, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 873-881

  Cronin, Matthew A ^a,b   MacNeil, Michael D ^a,b  

^a University of Alaska   (United States)

^b AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

Author keywords

brown bear; genetic distance; microsatellite DNA; polar bear; species

Indexed keywords

MICROSATELLITE DNA;

ARTICLE; BAYES THEOREM; BEAR; CELL NUCLEUS; CONTROLLED STUDY; EXTANT SPECIES; GENE CLUSTER; GENE FLOW; GENE FREQUENCY; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC DISTANCE; GENOTYPE; LIFE HISTORY TRAIT; MITOCHONDRION; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY; NONHUMAN; POLAR BEAR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; URSUS ARCTOS;

ALLELES; ANIMALS; BAYES THEOREM; GENE FLOW; GENETIC VARIATION; GENETICS, POPULATION; MICROSATELLITE REPEATS; PHYLOGENY; URSIDAE;

URSUS ARCTOS; URSUS MARITIMUS;

EID: 84870491617     PISSN: 00221503     EISSN: 14657333     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jhered/ess090     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Amstrup SC. 2003. Polar Bear, Ursus maritimus. In: Feldhamer GA, Thompson BC, Chapman JA, editors. Wild mammals of North America: biology, management, and conservation. Baltimore (MD): Hopkins University Press. p. 587-610.
2. Anonymous. 2006. Erratum. J Hered. 97: NP.
3. Arnason U, Gullberg A, Janke A, Kullberg M. 2007. Mitogenomic analyses of caniform relationships. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 45: 863-874.
4. Baker RJ, Bradley RD. 2006. Speciation in mammals and the genetic species concept. J Mammal. 87: 643-662.
5. BGI. 2011. BGI 10K sequencing project mammals, carnivores; [cited 2011 Nov 2]. Available from: http://en.genomics.cn/navigation/show-navigation. action?navigation.id=220
6. Bon C, Caudy N, de Dieuleveult M, Fosse P, Philippe M, Maksud F, Beraud-Colomb E, Bouzaid E, Kefi R, Laugier C, et al. 2008. Deciphering the complete mitochondrial genome and phylogeny of the extinct cave bear in the Paleolithic painted cave of Chauvet. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 105: 17447-17452.
7. Coates BS, Sumerford DV, Miller NJ, Kim KS, Sappington TW, Siegfried BD, Lewis LC. 2009. Comparative performance of single nucleotide polymorphism and microsatellite markers for population genetic analysis. J Hered. 100: 556-564.
8. Craighead L, Paetkau D, Reynolds HV, Vyse ER, Strobeck C. 1995. Microsatellite analysis of paternity and reproduction in Arctic grizzly bears. J Hered. 86: 255-261.
9. Crompton A, Obbard ME, Petersen SD, Wilson PJ. 2008. Population genetic structure in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Hudson Bay, Canada: implications for future climate change. Biol Conservation. 141: 2528-2539.
10. Cronin MA. 2007. Limitations of molecular genetics in conservation. Nature. 447: 638.
11. Cronin, MA, Amstrup SC, Garner GW, Vyse ER. 1991. Interspecific and intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in North American bears (Ursus). Can J Zool. 69: 2985-2992.
12. Cronin MA, Amstrup SC, Scribner KT. 2006. Microsatellite DNA and mitochondrial DNA variation in polar bears in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas, Alaska. Can J Zool. 84: 655-660.
13. Cronin M, Shideler R, Hechtel J, Strobeck C, Paetkau D. 1999. Genetic relationships of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in the Prudhoe Bay region of Alaska: inference from microsatellite DNA, mitochondrial DNA, and field observations. J Hered. 90: 622-628.
14. Cronin MA, Shideler R, Waits LP, Nelson RJ. 2005. Genetic variation and relatedness in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in the Prudhoe Bay region and adjacent areas in northern Alaska. Ursus. 16: 70-84.
15. Davison J, Ho SYW, Brayk SC, Korsten M, Tammeleht E, Hindrikson M, Østbye K, Østbye E, Lauritzen S-E, Austin J, et al. 2011. Late-Quaternary biogeographic scenarios for the brown bear (Ursus arctos), a wild mammal model species. Quat Sci Reviews. 30: 418-430.
16. Doupé JP, England JH, Furze M, Paetkau D. 2007. Most northerly observation of a grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) in Canada: Photographic and DNA evidence from Melville Island, Northwesat Territories. Arctic. 60: 271-276.
17. Edwards CJ, Suchard MA, Lemey P, Welch JJ, Barnes I, Fulton TL, Barnett R, O'Connell TC, Coxon P, Monaghan N, et al. 2011. Ancient hybridization and an Irish origin for the modern polar bear matriline. Curr Biol. 21: 1251-1258.
18. Eldredge N, Cracraft J. 1980. Phylogenetic patterns and the evolutionary process. New York: Columbia University Press.
19. Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J. 2005. Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Mol Ecol. 14: 2611-2620.
20. Falush D, Stephens M, Pritchard JK. 2003. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: linked loci and correlated allele frequencies. Genetics. 164: 1567-1587.
21. Felsenstein, J. 2004. PHYLIP (Phylogeny Inference Package) version 3.6. Distributed by the author. Seattle: Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington.
22. Fitch WM, Margoliash E. 1967. Construction of phylogenetic trees. Science. 155: 279-284.
23. Goldman D, Giri PR, O'Brien SJ. 1989. Molecular genetic-distance estimates among the Ursidae as indicated by one and two-dimensional protein electrophoresis. Evolution. 43: 282-295.
24. Goudet J. 1995. FSTAT (version 1.2): a computer program to calculate F-statistics. J Hered. 86: 485-486.
25. Gray AP. 1972. Mammalian hybrids. Farnham Royal, Slougth England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.
26. Hailer F, Kutschera VE, Hallström BM, Klassert D, Fain SR, Leonard JA, Arnason U, Janke A. 2012. Nuclear genomic sequences reveal that polar bears are an old and distinct bear lineage. Science. 336: 344-347.
27. Ingólfsson O, Wiig O. 2008. Late Pleistocene fossil find in Svalbard: the oldest remains of a polar bear (Ursus maritimus) Phipps, 1744) ever discovered. Polar Res. 28:455-462.
28. Kelly BP, Whiteley A, Tallmon D. 2010. The Arctic melting pot. Nature. 468: 891.
29. Kowalska Z. 1969. A note on bear hybrids Thalarctos maritimus X Ursus arctos at Lodz Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook. 9: 89.
30. Krause J, Unger T, Noçon A, Malaspinas AS, Kolokotronis SO, Stiller M, Soibelzon L, Spriggs H, Dear PH, Briggs AW, et al. 2008. Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary. BMC Evol Biol. 8: 220.
31. Kurtén B. 1964. The evolution of the polar bear, Ursus maritimus (Phipps). Acta Zool Fenn. 108: 1-30.
32. Kurtén B. 1968. Pleistocene mammals of Europe. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
33. Lindqvist C, Schuster SC, Sun Y, Talbot SL, Qi J, Ratan A, Tomsho LP, Kasson L, Zeyl E, Aars J, et al. 2010. Complete mitochondrial genome of a Pleistocene jawbone unveils the origin of polar bear. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 107: 5053-5057.
34. Marris E. 2007. The species and the specious. Nature. 446: 250-253.
35. Mayr E. 1963. Populations, species, and evolution. Cambridge (MA): Belknap Press, Harvard University Press.
36. Miller CR, Waits LP. 2003. The history of effective population size and genetic diversity in the Yellowstone grizzly (Ursus arctos): implications for conservation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100: 4334-4339.
37. Miller W, Schuster SC, Welch AJ, Ratan A, Bedoya-Reina OC, Zhao F, Kim HL, Burhans RC, Drautz DI, Wittekindt NE, et al. 2012. Polar and brown bear genomes reveal ancient admixture and demographic footprint of past climate change. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 109: E2382-E2390.
38. Nei M. 1972. Genetic distance between populations. Am Nat. 106: 283-292.
39. Paetkau D, Amstrup SC, Born EW, Calvert W, Derocher AE, Garner GW, Messier F, Stirling I, Taylor M, Wiig O, et al. 1999. Genetic structure of the world's polar bear populations. Mol Ecol. 8: 1571-1584.
40. Paetkau D, Calvert W, Stirling I, Strobeck C. 1995. Microsatellite analysis of population structure in Canadian polar bears. Mol Ecol. 4: 347-354.
41. Paetkau D, Shields GF, Strobeck C. 1998a. Gene flow between insular, coastal and interior populations of brown bears in Alaska. Mol Ecol. 7: 1283-1292.
42. Paetkau D, Waits LP, Clarkson PL, Craighead L, Strobeck C. 1997. An empirical evaluation of genetic distance statistics using microsatellite data from bear (Ursidae) populations. Genetics. 147: 1943-1957.
43. Paetkau D, Waits LP, Craighead L, Clarkson PL, Strobeck C. 1998b. Dramatic variation in genetic diversity across the range of North American brown bears. Conserv Biol. 12: 418-429.
44. Pagès M, Calvignac S, Klein C, Paris M, Hughes S, Hänni C. 2008. Combined analysis of fourteen nuclear genes refines the Ursidae phylogeny. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 47: 73-83.
45. Park SDE. 2001. Trypanotolerance in West African cattle and the population genetic effects of selection [PhD dissertation]. [Dublin (Ireland)]: University of Dublin.
46. Preuß A, Gansloßer U, Purschke G, Magiera U. 2009. Bear-hybrids: behavior and phenotype. Zool Garten NF. 78: 204-220.
47. Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P. 2000. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics. 155: 945-959.
48. Pritchard JK, Wen X, Falush D. 2010. Documentation for Structure software Version 2.3. [Cited 2011 Jun 17]. Available from: http://pritch.bsd.uchicago. edu/structure.html.
49. Roy MS, Geffen E, Smith D, Ostrander EA, Wayne RK. 1994. Patterns of differentiation and hybridization in North American wolflike canids, revealed by analysis of microsatellite loci. Mol Biol Evol. 11: 553-570.
50. Shields GF, Adams D, Garner G, Labelle M, Pietsch J, Ramsay M, Schwartz C, Titus K, Williamson S. 2000. Phylogeography of mitochondrial DNA variation in brown bears and polar bears. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 15: 319-326.
51. Stirling I. 2011. Polar bears: the natural history of a threatened species. Brighton (MA): Fitzhenry & Whiteside.
52. Sun JX, Mullikin JC, Patterson N, Reich DE. 2009. Microsatellites are molecular clocks that support accurate inferences about history. Mol Biol Evol. 26: 1017-1027.
53. Talbot SL, Shields GF. 1996a. Phylogeography of brown bears (Ursus arctos) of Alaska and paraphyly within the Ursidae. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 5: 477-494.
54. Talbot SL, Shields GF. 1996b. A phylogeny of the bears (Ursidae) inferred from complete sequences of three mitochondrial genes. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 5: 567-575.
55. Waits LP, Talbot SL, Ward RH, Shields GF. 1998. Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of the North American brown bear and implications for conservation. Conserv Biol. 12: 408-417.
56. Waits LP, Sullivan J, O'Brien SJ, Ward RH. 1999. Rapid radiation events in the family Ursidae indicated by likelihood phylogenetic estimation from multiple fragments of mtDNA. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 13: 82-92.
57. Wayne RK, Van Valkenburgh B, O'Brien SJ. 1991. Molecular distance and divergence time in carnivores and primates. Mol Biol Evol. 8: 297-319.
58. Weir BS, Cockerham CC. 1984. Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution. 38: 1358-1370.
59. Yu L, Li QW, Ryder OA, Zhang YP. 2004. Phylogeny of the bears (Ursidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 32: 480-494.
60. Yu L, Li YW, Ryder OA, Zhang YP. 2007. Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation. BMC Evol Biol. 7: 198.
61. Zeyl E, Aars J, Ehrich D, Wiig O. 2009. Families in space: relatedness in the Barents Sea population of polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Mol Ecol. 18: 735-749.