-
1
-
-
0039921597
-
Opposition in the British Political System
-
Nevil Johnson, Opposition in the British Political System, 32 GOV'T & OPPOSITION 487, 489 & n.4 (1997).
-
(1997)
GOV'T & OPPOSITION
, vol.32
, Issue.4
, pp. 487-489
-
-
Johnson, N.1
-
2
-
-
77949870980
-
-
note
-
For an overview of the idea's development, see generally id. For broad-gauged disquisitions on the topic, see IAN SHAPIRO, DEMOCRATIC JUSTICE 39-45 (1999)
-
(1999)
DEMOCRATIC JUSTICE
, pp. 39-45
-
-
Ian, S.1
-
3
-
-
77949286409
-
Government in Opposition
-
David Fontana, Government in Opposition, 119 YALE L.J. 548 (2009);
-
(2009)
YALE L.J
, vol.119
, pp. 548
-
-
Fontana, D.1
-
4
-
-
84898617470
-
-
note
-
Jeremy Waldron, The Principle of Loyal Opposition (N.Y.U. Sch. of Law, Pub. Law & Legal Theory Research Paper Series, Working Paper No. 12-22, 2011), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2045647.
-
(2011)
The Principle of Loyal Opposition
-
-
Waldron, J.1
-
6
-
-
84898649977
-
-
note
-
We do, of course, have supermajority rules and the like. But those provisions cast minorities either in the role of junior partners to the decision or as perpetual veto gates. What these rules do not do is allow dissenters to put their own ideas into place. As I discuss infra Section III.A, federalism does just that.
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
84898632408
-
-
note
-
And the Fourteenth Amendment, of course. In order to keep the focus on the right to vote, I use the Fifteenth Amendment as my reference point.
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
84898617471
-
-
note
-
Two exceptions to the literature's failure to regard federalism as a form of loyal opposition are David Fontana, who briefly discusses federalism in his comparative overview of "government in opposition," Fontana, supra note 2, at 560, and Jeremy Waldron, who argues that the separation of powers and federalism, among other institutions, foster a "loyal opposition" in the United States, Waldron, supra note 2, at 22-26.
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
84876235807
-
The Federalis(m) Society
-
note
-
See, e.g., Heather K. Gerken, The Federalis(m) Society, 36 HARV. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y 941 (2013) [hereinafter Gerken, The Federalis(m) Society]
-
(2013)
HARV. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y
, vol.36
, pp. 941
-
-
Gerken, H.K.1
-
10
-
-
84876987405
-
Exit, Voice, and Disloyalty
-
Heather K. Gerken, Lecture, Exit, Voice, and Disloyalty, 62 DUKE L.J. 1349 (2013)
-
(2013)
DUKE L.J
, vol.62
, pp. 1349
-
-
Gerken, H.K.1
Lecture2
-
11
-
-
84878306925
-
Our Federalism(s)
-
Heather K. Gerken, Our Federalism(s), 53 WM. & MARY L. REV. 1549 (2012)
-
(2012)
WM. & MARY L. REV
, vol.53
, pp. 1549
-
-
Gerken, H.K.1
-
12
-
-
79851503317
-
The Supreme Court 2009 Term-Foreword: Federalism All the Way Down
-
note
-
Heather K. Gerken, The Supreme Court 2009 Term-Foreword: Federalism All the Way Down, 124 HARV. L. REV. 4, 44-73 (2010) [hereinafter Gerken, Foreword]
-
(2010)
HARV. L. REV
, vol.124
, Issue.4
, pp. 44-73
-
-
Gerken, H.K.1
-
13
-
-
70349257377
-
Uncooperative Federalism
-
Jessica Bulman-Pozen & Heather K. Gerken, Uncooperative Federalism, 118 YALE L.J. 1256 (2009)
-
(2009)
YALE L.J
, vol.118
, pp. 1256
-
-
Bulman-Pozen, J.1
Gerken, H.K.2
-
14
-
-
33749177273
-
Of Sovereigns and Servants
-
note
-
Heather K. Gerken, Of Sovereigns and Servants, 115 YALE L.J. 2633 (2006) [hereinafter Gerken, Of Sovereigns and Servants]
-
(2006)
YALE L.J
, vol.115
, pp. 2633
-
-
Gerken, H.K.1
-
15
-
-
14544290920
-
Second-Order Diversity
-
note
-
Heather K. Gerken, Second-Order Diversity, 118 HARV. L. REV. 1099 (2005) [hereinafter Gerken, Second-Order Diversity]
-
(2005)
HARV. L. REV
, vol.118
, pp. 1099
-
-
Gerken, H.K.1
-
16
-
-
33645991780
-
Dissenting by Deciding
-
note
-
Heather K. Gerken, Dissenting by Deciding, 57 STAN. L. REV. 1745 (2005) [hereinafter Gerken, Dissenting by Deciding].
-
(2005)
STAN. L. REV
, vol.57
, pp. 1745
-
-
Gerken, H.K.1
-
17
-
-
84898632746
-
Federalism as the New Nationalism: An Overview
-
Heather K. Gerken, Federalism as the New Nationalism: An Overview, 123 YALE L.J. 1889 (2014).
-
(2014)
YALE L.J
, vol.123
, pp. 1889
-
-
Gerken, H.K.1
-
18
-
-
84890845418
-
-
note
-
For a full description, see Gerken, Foreword, supra note 7.
-
Foreword
-
-
Gerken1
-
19
-
-
84898617469
-
-
note
-
For ease of exposition, then, I will use several terms interchangeably in describing these institutional arrangements: federalism-all-the-way-down, federalism and localism, decentralization, and "Our Federalism."
-
-
-
-
22
-
-
84898649976
-
-
note
-
Perhaps the most important divide between whites, on the one hand, and African Americans and Latinos, on the other, is their perception of how much racial discrimination exists.
-
-
-
-
23
-
-
84898668542
-
Little Change in Views of Islam and Violence
-
note
-
See After Boston, Little Change in Views of Islam and Violence, PEW RES. CENTER 4 (May 7, 2013), http://www.people-press.org/files/legacy-pdf/5-7-13%20Islam%20Release.pdf (38% of Hispanics believe there is "a lot" of discrimination against Hispanics compared to 20% of whites)
-
(2013)
PEW RES. CENTER
, vol.4
-
-
Boston, A.1
-
24
-
-
84898649975
-
For African Americans, Discrimination Is Not Dead
-
note
-
Carroll Doherty, For African Americans, Discrimination Is Not Dead, PEW RES. CENTER (June 28, 2013), http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/06/28/for-african-americans-discrimination-is-not-dead (46% of African American respondents felt there is "a lot" of discrimination against African Americans, compared to 16% of whites). But these groups also divide along a variety of policy dimensions.
-
(2013)
PEW RES. CENTER
-
-
Doherty, C.1
-
25
-
-
84898617468
-
-
note
-
See Black, White and Latino Political Attitudes, NEWS21, http://www.thenewvoters.com/database/race (last visited Dec. 4, 2013) (45% of whites favor universal healthcare whereas roughly 65% of African Americans and Hispanics do; 48% of whites favor smaller government whereas 14% and 19%, respectively, of African Americans and Hispanics do).
-
(2013)
White and Latino Political Attitudes
-
-
Black1
-
26
-
-
84898668543
-
-
note
-
Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265, 315 (1978) (opinion of Powell, J.).
-
(1978)
-
-
-
27
-
-
70349823049
-
-
note
-
Elsewhere I have called this notion of statistical mirroring "first-order diversity." Gerken, Second-Order Diversity, supra note 7, at 1106-08.
-
Second-Order Diversity
, pp. 1106-1108
-
-
Gerken1
-
29
-
-
84890845418
-
-
For examples, see Gerken, Foreword, supra note 7, at 49-50.
-
Foreword
, pp. 49-50
-
-
Gerken1
-
30
-
-
84898668544
-
-
note
-
Johnson v. De Grandy, 512 U.S. 997, 1017 (1994) (discussing the notion of proportionality in the context of voting power).
-
(1994)
-
-
-
31
-
-
84898668539
-
-
note
-
In the context of voting, the courts have often looked to what are commonly referred to as the "Senate factors" (because they are derived from a 1982 Senate report accompanying the renewal of the Voting Rights Act). These include racially polarized voting, the use of voting rules that burden minority voters, the exclusion of racial minorities from the slating process, overt racial appeals during campaigns, and the like.
-
-
-
-
32
-
-
84898617467
-
-
note
-
See Thornburg v. Gingles, 478 U.S. 30, 44-45 (1986).
-
(1986)
-
-
-
33
-
-
84898668540
-
-
note
-
See, e.g., Whitcomb v. Chavis, 403 U.S. 124, 153-55 (1971) (rejecting the notion that a minority's failure to win even a proportional share of seats is proof of discrimination lest the evidence of discrimination amount to little more than a "euphemism for political defeat at the polls").
-
(1971)
-
-
-
35
-
-
84898614325
-
Babbitt, Espy, Peña Chosen
-
note
-
Baird, Babbitt, Espy, Peña Chosen, WASH. POST, Dec. 24, 1992, at A1.
-
(1992)
WASH. POST
-
-
Baird1
-
36
-
-
0001778197
-
The Politics of Recognition
-
note
-
Political theorists who write about "the politics of recognition," for instance, have insisted on the presence of racial minorities on decisionmaking bodies in rough proportion to their share of the population. For an excellent overview of the theory, see generally Charles Taylor, The Politics of Recognition, in MULTICULTURALISM: EXAMINING THE POLITICS OF RECOGNITION 25 (Amy Gutmann ed., 1994).
-
(1994)
MULTICULTURALISM: EXAMINING the POLITICS of RECOGNITION
, pp. 25
-
-
Taylor, C.1
-
37
-
-
3342997150
-
-
note
-
Similarly, academics like Cass Sunstein have insisted on the presence of at least one dissenter on every decisionmaking body in explaining "why societies need dissent." CASS R. SUNSTEIN, WHY SOCIETIES NEED DISSENT 164-65 (2003).
-
(2003)
WHY SOCIETIES NEED DISSENT
, pp. 164-165
-
-
Cass, R.S.1
-
38
-
-
84898644168
-
-
note
-
The term was first used simply to acknowledge that a party in opposition could legitimately be termed loyal. Johnson, supra note 1, at 489 & n.4.
-
, Issue.4
, pp. 489
-
-
Johnson1
-
39
-
-
84898668541
-
-
note
-
Over time it evolved into an institutionalized system that grants the leader of the opposition party a cabinet position and creates a shadow cabinet.
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
84898632404
-
-
note
-
Id. at 492.
-
-
-
-
45
-
-
84898632405
-
-
note
-
See, e.g., Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410 (2006).
-
(2006)
-
-
-
46
-
-
84898617810
-
-
note
-
For a more in-depth exploration of these ideas, see Gerken, Dissenting by Deciding, supra note 7.
-
Dissenting By Deciding
-
-
Gerken1
-
47
-
-
84898649974
-
-
note
-
See Nat'l Socialist Party of Am. v. Vill. of Skokie, 432 U.S. 43 (1977) (per curiam).
-
(1977)
-
-
-
48
-
-
84898617464
-
-
note
-
See Snyder v. Phelps, 131 S. Ct. 1207 (2011).
-
(2011)
-
-
-
49
-
-
84898668536
-
-
note
-
The formulation was inspired by a conversation with Zephyr Teachout. Waldron poses the issue sharply: "[I]t is hard to avoid the impression that rights of free expression are just freedoms to let our words go out into the air, where by and large and for most of us they dissipate without any discernable effect on the government that is being conducted by others in our name...." Waldron, supra note 2, at 6.
-
-
-
Waldron1
-
50
-
-
84898617465
-
-
note
-
The touchstone for this argument is JOHN STUART MILL, ON LIBERTY 37-40 (The Legal Classics Library 1992) (1859).
-
(1859)
-
-
-
53
-
-
11544354937
-
In Defense of the Search for Truth as a First Amendment Justification
-
William P. Marshall, In Defense of the Search for Truth as a First Amendment Justification, 30 GA. L. REV. 1 (1995)
-
(1995)
GA. L. REV
, vol.30
, pp. 1
-
-
Marshall, W.P.1
-
54
-
-
33645997912
-
A Rationale from J. S. Mill for the Free Speech Clause
-
R. George Wright, A Rationale from J. S. Mill for the Free Speech Clause, 1985 SUP. CT. REV. 149.
-
(1985)
SUP. CT. REV
, pp. 149
-
-
George, W.R.1
-
55
-
-
84898668537
-
-
note
-
For the early and seminal example, see MILL, supra note 28, at 37-40.
-
-
-
Mill1
-
58
-
-
0004188294
-
-
note
-
Contemporary scholars of many stripes have also written in this vein. See, e.g., Owen M. Fiss, THE IRONY OF FREE SPEECH (1996)
-
(1996)
THE IRONY of FREE SPEECH
-
-
Fiss, O.M.1
-
60
-
-
8344252536
-
The First Amendment and Political Speech: An Inquiry into the Substance and Limits of Principle
-
Lillian R. BeVier, The First Amendment and Political Speech: An Inquiry into the Substance and Limits of Principle, 30 STAN. L. REV. 299, 300-01 (1978)
-
(1978)
STAN. L. REV
, vol.30
, pp. 299
-
-
Bevier, L.R.1
-
61
-
-
0003374013
-
Neutral Principles and Some First Amendment Problems
-
Robert H. Bork, Neutral Principles and Some First Amendment Problems, 47 IND. L.J. 1, 27-28 (1971)
-
(1971)
IND. L.J
, vol.47
, Issue.1
, pp. 27-28
-
-
Bork, R.H.1
-
62
-
-
0040311462
-
Free Speech and Social Structure
-
Owen M. Fiss, Free Speech and Social Structure, 71 IOWA L. REV. 1405, 1416 (1986)
-
(1986)
IOWA L. REV
, vol.71
, pp. 1405
-
-
Fiss, O.M.1
-
63
-
-
84928460367
-
Why the State?
-
note
-
Owen M. Fiss, Why the State?, 100 HARV. L. REV. 781, 788 (1987) [hereinafter Fiss, Why the State?]
-
(1987)
HARV. L. REV
, vol.100
, pp. 781
-
-
Fiss, O.M.1
-
64
-
-
0347700929
-
Free Speech Now
-
Cass R. Sunstein, Free Speech Now, 59 U. CHI. L. REV. 255, 316 (1992).
-
(1992)
U. CHI. L. REV
, vol.59
, pp. 255
-
-
Sunstein, C.R.1
-
70
-
-
0010158702
-
Scope of the First Amendment Freedom of Speech
-
C. Edwin Baker, Scope of the First Amendment Freedom of Speech, 25 UCLA L. REV. 964, 990-96 (1978)
-
(1978)
UCLA L. REV
, vol.25
, pp. 964
-
-
Edwin B., C.1
-
71
-
-
84935459594
-
The New First Amendment Jurisprudence: A Threat to Liberty
-
Charles Fried, The New First Amendment Jurisprudence: A Threat to Liberty, 59 U. CHI. L. REV. 225, 232-37 (1992).
-
(1992)
U. CHI. L. REV
, vol.59
, pp. 225
-
-
Fried, C.1
-
73
-
-
20744442842
-
Towards an Institutional First Amendment
-
Frederick Schauer, Towards an Institutional First Amendment, 89 MINN L. REV. 1256 (2005).
-
(2005)
MINN L. REV
, vol.89
, pp. 1256
-
-
Schauer, F.1
-
74
-
-
34249294044
-
Displacing Dissent: The Role of "Place" in First Amendment Jurisprudence
-
See, e.g., Thomas P. Crocker, Displacing Dissent: The Role of "Place" in First Amendment Jurisprudence, 75 FORDHAM L. REV. 2587 (2007).
-
(2007)
FORDHAM L. REV
, vol.75
, pp. 2587
-
-
Crocker, T.P.1
-
76
-
-
84898607394
-
Confessions of a Horizontalist: A Dialogue on the First Amendment
-
Larry W. Yackle, Confessions of a Horizontalist: A Dialogue on the First Amendment, 27 U. KAN. L. REV. 541 (1979).
-
(1979)
U. KAN. L. REV
, vol.27
, pp. 541
-
-
Yackle, L.W.1
-
77
-
-
84898632403
-
-
note
-
The vote obviously matters to dissenters as well and, unsurprisingly, the diversity model dominates here as well, albeit in a less explicit form. We typically assume that dissenters should be represented in rough proportion to their share of the population. Here again, it's a convenient notion for members of the majority. To be sure, they will be forced to deal with challengers. But dissenters can only succeed through argument; the majority always retains its ability to outvote them.
-
-
-
-
78
-
-
70349823049
-
-
note
-
For a more in-depth exploration of these themes, see Gerken, Second-Order Diversity, supra note 7.
-
Second-Order Diversity
-
-
Gerken1
-
81
-
-
84898617462
-
-
see also id. at 226-28, 288-99
-
-
-
-
83
-
-
84898617463
-
-
note
-
The validity of this approach was famously litigated in Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003).
-
(2003)
-
-
-
84
-
-
84898668532
-
-
note
-
A point made by the Grutter dissenters. Id. at 378-87 (Rehnquist, C.J., dissenting).
-
-
-
-
86
-
-
77955749329
-
-
note
-
For a thoughtful assessment of the relationship between safe spaces, opinion formation, and politics, see Cass R. Sunstein, GOING TO EXTREMES 151-54 (2009).
-
(2009)
GOING to EXTREMES
, pp. 151-154
-
-
Sunstein, C.R.1
-
88
-
-
84898668533
-
-
note
-
At least if they've been reading their Barron or their Fiss or their Guinier.
-
-
-
-
89
-
-
0005434963
-
Access to the Press-A New First Amendment Right
-
See generally Jerome A. Barron, Access to the Press-A New First Amendment Right, 80 HARV. L. REV. 1641 (1967)
-
(1967)
HARV. L. REV
, vol.80
, pp. 1641
-
-
Barron, J.A.1
-
91
-
-
84898632402
-
-
GUINIER, supra note 42
-
-
-
Guinier1
-
92
-
-
0000521197
-
The Triumph of Tokenism: The Voting Rights Act and the Theory of Black Electoral Success
-
Lani Guinier, The Triumph of Tokenism: The Voting Rights Act and the Theory of Black Electoral Success, 89 MICH. L. REV. 1077 (1991).
-
(1991)
MICH. L. REV
, vol.89
, pp. 1077
-
-
Guinier, L.1
-
93
-
-
84898668534
-
Almost Perfect
-
note
-
SHEL SILVERSTEIN, Almost Perfect, in A LIGHT IN THE ATTIC (1981) ("'Almost perfect... but not quite' / Those were the words of Mary Hume / At her seventh birthday party, / Looking 'round the ribboned room. / 'This tablecloth is pink and white- / Almost perfect... but not quite.'").
-
(1981)
A LIGHT IN the ATTIC
-
-
Shel, S.1
-
94
-
-
31544450965
-
Welcome to the Dark Side: Liberals Rediscover Federalism in the Wake of the War on Terror
-
note
-
In addition to my own work, supra note 7, this includes Ernie Young's work describing the role states play in empowering the party out of power at the national level, Ernest A. Young, Welcome to the Dark Side: Liberals Rediscover Federalism in the Wake of the War on Terror, 69 BROOK. L. REV. 1277, 1285-87 (2004)
-
(2004)
BROOK. L. REV
, vol.69
, pp. 1277
-
-
Young, E.A.1
-
95
-
-
84928842625
-
The Guarantee Clause and State Autonomy: Federalism for a Third Century
-
see also Deborah Jones Merritt, The Guarantee Clause and State Autonomy: Federalism for a Third Century, 88 COLUM. L. REV. 1, 7 (1988)
-
(1988)
COLUM. L. REV
, vol.88
, pp. 1
-
-
Merritt, D.J.1
-
96
-
-
84928440489
-
Some New World Lessons for the Old World
-
note
-
Akhil Amar's discussion of the role states play in monitoring federal officials and training the loyal opposition, Akhil Reed Amar, Some New World Lessons for the Old World, 58 U. CHI. L. REV. 483, 499-505 (1991)
-
(1991)
U. CHI. L. REV
, vol.58
, pp. 483
-
-
Amar, A.R.1
-
97
-
-
0010103733
-
Federalism and the Double Standard of Judicial Review
-
see also Lynn A. Baker & Ernest A. Young, Federalism and the Double Standard of Judicial Review, 51 DUKE L.J. 75, 137-38 (2001)
-
(2001)
DUKE L.J
, vol.51
, pp. 75
-
-
Baker, L.A.1
Young, E.A.2
-
98
-
-
79851494832
-
From Sovereignty to Process: The Jurisprudence of Federalism After Garcia
-
note
-
Andrzej Rapaczynski's depiction of local power as a "counterbalance" to federal lock-up, Andrzej Rapaczynski, From Sovereignty to Process: The Jurisprudence of Federalism After Garcia, 1985 SUP. CT. REV. 341, 386-88
-
(1985)
SUP. CT. REV
, pp. 341
-
-
Rapaczynski, A.1
-
99
-
-
33646406862
-
Law's Migration: American Exceptionalism, Silent Dialogues, and Federalism's Multiple Ports of Entry
-
note
-
Judith Resnik's work on localism's role in promoting international rights, Judith Resnik, Law's Migration: American Exceptionalism, Silent Dialogues, and Federalism's Multiple Ports of Entry, 115 YALE. L.J. 1564 (2006)
-
(2006)
YALE. L.J
, vol.115
, pp. 1564
-
-
Resnik, J.1
-
100
-
-
38849153183
-
The Significance of the Local in Immigration Regulation
-
note
-
Cristina Rodríguez's work on the role federalism plays in mediating immigration battles, Cristina Rodríguez, The Significance of the Local in Immigration Regulation, 106 MICH. L. REV. 567 (2008)
-
(2008)
MICH. L. REV
, vol.106
, pp. 567
-
-
Rodríguez, C.1
-
101
-
-
84889631706
-
Partisan Federalism
-
note
-
Jessica Bulman-Pozen's work on the role that states play in facilitating partisan competition, Jessica Bulman-Pozen, Partisan Federalism, 127 HARV. L. REV. 1077 (2014)
-
(2014)
HARV. L. REV
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Bulman-Pozen, J.1
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102
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33749189377
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Can Strong Mayors Empower Weak Cities? On the Power of Local Executives in a Federal System
-
note
-
the work of Richard Schragger on the role of the local in the same-sex marriage debate, Richard C. Schragger, Can Strong Mayors Empower Weak Cities? On the Power of Local Executives in a Federal System, 115 YALE L.J. 2542, 2573 (2006).
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(2006)
YALE L.J
, vol.115
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Schragger, R.C.1
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103
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84898649973
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note
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For those who immediately want to object on the grounds that something can't be both a means of achieving something and a measure of achievement, please just hang on until Section III.C.
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104
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84898617810
-
-
note
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For an in-depth analysis of this argument, see Gerken, Dissenting by Deciding, supra note 7, at 1759-74.
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Dissenting By Deciding
, pp. 1759-1774
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-
Gerken1
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105
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77953559765
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Internet Nondiscrimination Principles: Commercial Ethics for Carriers and Search Engines
-
note
-
One might be especially worried given that search engines function by pushing people to already popular sites. As one academic observed, "obscurity hurts." Frank Pasquale, Internet Nondiscrimination Principles: Commercial Ethics for Carriers and Search Engines, 2008 U. CHI. LEGAL F. 263, 264-65.
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(2008)
U. CHI. LEGAL F
, vol.263
, pp. 264-265
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Pasquale, F.1
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106
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84898668530
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After Filibuster, a Star Rises in Texas
-
note
-
Luisita Lopez Torregrosa, After Filibuster, a Star Rises in Texas, N.Y. TIMES, July 23, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/24/us/24iht-letter24.html.
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(2013)
N.Y. TIMES
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-
Torregrosa, L.L.1
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107
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15344341851
-
Submajority Rules: Forcing Accountability upon Majorities
-
note
-
Agenda setting may be the most powerful tool minorities wield in a majoritarian system. See Adrian Vermeule, Submajority Rules: Forcing Accountability upon Majorities, 13 J. POL. PHIL. 74, 80-83 (2005).
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(2005)
J. POL. PHIL
, vol.13
, pp. 74
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Vermeule, A.1
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108
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84898617810
-
-
note
-
For a fuller account, see Gerken, Dissenting by Deciding, supra note 7, at 1763-65.
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Dissenting By Deciding
, pp. 1763-1765
-
-
Gerken1
-
109
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84898668531
-
-
note
-
This idea may even undergird Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996), the first gay rights victory at the Supreme Court.
-
(1996)
-
-
-
110
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0347169652
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The Dynamics of Democracy: Travel, Premature Predation, and the Components of Political Identity
-
See, e.g., Nicholas S. Zeppos, The Dynamics of Democracy: Travel, Premature Predation, and the Components of Political Identity, 50 VAND. L. REV. 445, 452-55 (1997).
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(1997)
VAND. L. REV
, vol.50
, pp. 445
-
-
Zeppos, N.S.1
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111
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84898649970
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-
note
-
For a description of these networks, see Bulman-Pozen, supra note 47, at 1085-87
-
-
-
Bulman-Pozen1
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112
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84898649971
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-
Resnik, supra note 47
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-
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Resnik1
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114
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84898649972
-
-
note
-
For an exploration of these ideas, see Bulman-Pozen & Gerken, supra note 7, at 1285-87
-
-
-
Bulman-Pozen1
Gerken2
-
117
-
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34547251070
-
Cooperative Localism: Federal-Local Collaboration in an Era of State Sovereignty
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Nestor M. Davidson, Cooperative Localism: Federal-Local Collaboration in an Era of State Sovereignty, 93 VA. L. REV. 959 (2007).
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(2007)
VA. L. REV
, vol.93
, pp. 959
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-
Davidson, N.M.1
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118
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50449109113
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Accountability and Institutional Design: Some Thoughts on the Grammar of Governance
-
note
-
See, e.g., Jerry L. Mashaw, Accountability and Institutional Design: Some Thoughts on the Grammar of Governance, in PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY: DESIGNS, DILEMMAS AND EXPERIENCES 115, 142-44 (Michael W. Dowdle ed., 2006)
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(2006)
PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY: DESIGNS, DILEMMAS and EXPERIENCES
, vol.115
, pp. 142-144
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-
Mashaw, J.L.1
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119
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84971751165
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Street-Level Political Controls over Federal Bureaucracy
-
John T. Scholz et al., Street-Level Political Controls over Federal Bureaucracy, 85 AM. POL. SCI. REV. 829 (1991).
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(1991)
AM. POL. SCI. REV
, vol.85
, pp. 829
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-
Scholz, J.T.1
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121
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84898668529
-
-
note
-
For additional analysis, see Bulman-Pozen & Gerken, supra note 7, at 1268-70, 1288-89;
-
-
-
Bulman-Pozen1
Gerken2
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125
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84898668525
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Gerken, supra note 8.
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-
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Gerken1
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127
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84898655218
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Negotiating Conflict Through Federalism: Institutional and Popular Perspectives
-
Cristina M. Rodríguez, Negotiating Conflict Through Federalism: Institutional and Popular Perspectives, 123 YALE L.J. 2094 (2014).
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(2014)
YALE L.J
, vol.123
, pp. 2094
-
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Rodríguez, C.M.1
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128
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64649086993
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-
note
-
According to the Yale Book of Quotations, this is S.G. Tallenytyre's paraphrase of Voltaire, which Bartlett's Familiar Quotations incorrectly attributes to one of Voltaire's letters. Fred R. Shapiro, THE YALE BOOK OF QUOTATIONS 744 (2006).
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(2006)
THE YALE BOOK of QUOTATIONS
, pp. 744
-
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Shapiro, F.R.1
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129
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84898632401
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-
note
-
The legendary Fred Shapiro insists that Wilde could not have said this, which ought to be sufficient authority for anyone. See E-mail from Fred R. Shapiro to author (Nov. 17, 2013) (on file with author).
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-
-
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130
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84898668526
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note
-
This appears to be a corruption of a letter from St. Augustine: "With love for mankind and hatred of sins." Shapiro, supra note 66, at 34.
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-
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Shapiro1
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131
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84898617810
-
-
note
-
For further exploration of this idea, see Gerken, Dissenting by Deciding, supra note 7, at 1776-78.
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Dissenting By Deciding
, pp. 1776-1778
-
-
Gerken1
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133
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84898637049
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A Research Agenda for Uncooperative Federalists
-
Ernest A. Young, A Research Agenda for Uncooperative Federalists, 48 TULSA L. REV. 427, 445 n.118 (2013).
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(2013)
TULSA L. REV
, vol.48
, Issue.118
, pp. 427
-
-
Young, E.A.1
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134
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70349823049
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-
note
-
For further exploration of this idea, see Gerken, Second-Order Diversity, supra note 7, at 1142-60.
-
Second-Order Diversity
, pp. 1142-1160
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-
Gerken1
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135
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70349823049
-
-
See, e.g., Gerken, Second-Order Diversity, supra note 7, 1132-42, 1152-60, 1165-71, 1176-84
-
Second-Order Diversity
, pp. 1132-1142
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Gerken1
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136
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84898617810
-
-
Gerken, Dissenting by Deciding, supra note 7, at 1769-74, 1782-91, 1794-1804.
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Dissenting By Deciding
, pp. 1769-1774
-
-
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140
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0033245990
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Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent "Yes
-
Jane Mansbridge, Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent "Yes," 61 J. POL. 628, 628 (1999).
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(1999)
J. POL
, vol.61
, pp. 628
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Mansbridge, J.1
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141
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84898632400
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See, e.g., BARBER, supra note 74, at 119-20, 152
-
-
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Barber1
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144
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0041693917
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Race and the Right to Vote After Rice v. Cayetano
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Ellen D. Katz, Race and the Right to Vote After Rice v. Cayetano, 99 MICH. L. REV. 491, 512-14 (2000)
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(2000)
MICH. L. REV
, vol.99
, pp. 491
-
-
Katz, E.D.1
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145
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0346507715
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Conceptions of Democracy in American Constitutional Argument: Voting Rights
-
Frank I. Michelman, Conceptions of Democracy in American Constitutional Argument: Voting Rights, 41 FLA. L. REV. 443, 478-79 (1989).
-
(1989)
FLA. L. REV
, vol.41
, pp. 443
-
-
Michelman, F.I.1
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146
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0001801819
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Race, Culture, Identity: Misunderstood Connections
-
note
-
I borrow the term from K. Anthony Appiah, Race, Culture, Identity: Misunderstood Connections, in K. ANTHONY APPIAH & AMY GUTMANN, COLOR CONSCIOUS: THE POLITICAL MORALITY OF RACE 30, 97 (1996).
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(1996)
COLOR CONSCIOUS: The POLITICAL MORALITY of RACE
, pp. 30
-
-
Anthony, A.K.1
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147
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70349823049
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-
note
-
For a deeper examination of these ideas, see Gerken, Second-Order Diversity, supra note 7, at 1156-58.
-
Second-Order Diversity
, pp. 1156-1158
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-
Gerken1
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148
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84898668524
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-
note
-
At least until the Supreme Court deemed the program unconstitutional, giving the program extra scrutiny because it was enacted by a black-majority city council rather than a white one. City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469 (1989).
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(1989)
-
-
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149
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22744439434
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John Hart Ely and the Problem of Gerrymandering: The Lion in Winter
-
Pamela S. Karlan, John Hart Ely and the Problem of Gerrymandering: The Lion in Winter, 114 YALE L.J. 1329, 1332 (2005).
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(2005)
YALE L.J
, vol.114
, pp. 1329
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Karlan, P.S.1
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150
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84890845418
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-
note
-
For a fuller account, see Gerken, Foreword, supra note 7, at 52-55.
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Foreword
, pp. 52-55
-
-
Gerken1
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151
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84898668521
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-
note
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Bush v. Vera, 517 U.S. 952, 1060-76 (1996) (Souter, J., dissenting).
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(1996)
-
-
-
152
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33646025164
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Groups, Politics, and the Equal Protection Clause
-
Samuel Issacharoff & Pamela S. Karlan, Groups, Politics, and the Equal Protection Clause, 58 U. MIAMI L. REV. 35, 47-50 (2003).
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(2003)
U. MIAMI L. REV
, vol.58
, pp. 35
-
-
Issacharoff, S.1
Karlan, P.S.2
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155
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84884033286
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The Moral Distinctiveness of Representative Democracy
-
George Kateb, The Moral Distinctiveness of Representative Democracy, 91 ETHICS 357, 360 (1981).
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(1981)
ETHICS
, vol.91
, pp. 357
-
-
Kateb, G.1
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156
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84898617461
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PHILLIPS, supra note 74.
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-
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Phillips1
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157
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84898668522
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See, e.g., Mansbridge, supra note 74, at 651
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-
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Mansbridge1
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158
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84898668523
-
-
Taylor, supra note 20, at 100.
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-
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Taylor1
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159
-
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84898632397
-
-
note
-
I borrow the phrase from Justice Souter. Johnson v. De Grandy, 512 U.S. 997, 1020 (1994).
-
(1994)
-
-
-
160
-
-
84898632398
-
-
note
-
See supra Part I.
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-
-
-
161
-
-
79851478236
-
The Supreme Court 2002 Term-Comment: Admissions Rituals as Political Acts: Guardians at the Gates of our Democratic Ideals
-
Lani Guinier, The Supreme Court 2002 Term-Comment: Admissions Rituals as Political Acts: Guardians at the Gates of our Democratic Ideals, 117 HARV. L. REV. 113, 189-90 (2003).
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(2003)
HARV. L. REV
, vol.117
, pp. 113
-
-
Guinier, L.1
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162
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84898668520
-
-
note
-
E.g., Shaw v. Reno, 509 U.S. 630 (1993).
-
(1993)
-
-
-
163
-
-
84898632399
-
-
note
-
E.g., City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469 (1989)
-
(1989)
-
-
-
164
-
-
84898617460
-
-
note
-
Ricci v. DeStefano, 557 U.S. 557, 596 (2009) (Alito, J., concurring).
-
(2009)
-
-
-
165
-
-
84898668518
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note
-
E.g., Williamson v. Lee Optical of Okla., 348 U.S. 483 (1955).
-
(1955)
-
-
-
166
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84898668519
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-
note
-
E.g., Parents Involved in Cmty. Sch. v. Seattle Sch. Dist. No. 1, 551 U.S. 701 (2007).
-
(2007)
-
-
-
167
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84898649964
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-
note
-
Croson, 488 U.S. 469.
-
-
-
-
168
-
-
84898649965
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-
note
-
Ricci, 557 U.S. at 598-605 (Alito, J., concurring).
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-
-
-
169
-
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84898632396
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-
note
-
Williamson, 348 U.S. 483; United States v. Carolene Products Co., 304 U.S. 144 (1938).
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(1938)
-
-
-
170
-
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84898649966
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-
note
-
Johnson v. De Grandy, 512 U.S. 997, 1020 (1994).
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(1994)
-
-
-
171
-
-
84898668517
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-
note
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Parents Involved, 551 U.S. at 736
-
-
-
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172
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-
84898649963
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-
note
-
id. at 764 (Thomas, J., concurring)
-
-
-
-
173
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84898617459
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-
note
-
id. at 794 (Kennedy, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment)
-
-
-
-
174
-
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84898632395
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note
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id. at 806 (Breyer, J., dissenting).
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-
-
-
175
-
-
84898617458
-
-
note
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United States v. Windsor, 133 S. Ct. 2675, 2692 (2013) (quoting Bond v. United States, 131 S. Ct. 2355, 2359 (2011)).
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(2013)
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-
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176
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84898668514
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Id. at 2693.
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-
-
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177
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84898668515
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note
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See supra Section I.B.
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-
-
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178
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84898668516
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note
-
For a skeptical view of such attempts, see Waldron, supra note 2.
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-
-
Waldron1
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179
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84884028511
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Beyond Carolene Products
-
Bruce Ackerman, Beyond Carolene Products, 98 HARV. L. REV. 713, 740 (1985).
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(1985)
HARV. L. REV
, vol.98
, pp. 713
-
-
Ackerman, B.1
|