A randomised controlled trial evaluating the effect of potassium supplementation on vascular function and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Journal of Human Hypertension

Volumn 28, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 333-339

  Graham, U M ^a   McCance, D R ^a   Young, I S ^b   Mullan, K R ^a  

^a ROYAL VICTORIA HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

aldosterone; cardiovascular disease risk; potassium; vascular function

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; PLACEBO; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; SALBUTAMOL; POTASSIUM INTAKE; RENIN; SODIUM INTAKE;

ADULT; AGED; ALDOSTERONE BLOOD LEVEL; ARTICLE; AUGMENTATION INDEX; BIOCHEMISTRY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSSOVER PROCEDURE; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DIETARY INTAKE; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG TOLERABILITY; FEMALE; GASTROINTESTINAL IRRITATION; HEART HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PLASMA RENIN ACTIVITY; PULSE WAVE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; URINARY EXCRETION; VASCULARIZATION; VASODILATATION; ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE; BLOOD; BLOOD PRESSURE; DRUG EFFECTS; HEMODYNAMICS; HYPERTENSION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; POTASSIUM INTAKE; PULSATILE FLOW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SODIUM INTAKE; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

ADULT; AGED; ALDOSTERONE; BLOOD PRESSURE; CROSS-OVER STUDIES; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; FEMALE; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; POTASSIUM, DIETARY; PULSATILE FLOW; RENIN; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; RISK ASSESSMENT; SODIUM, DIETARY;

EID: 84898539194     PISSN: 09509240     EISSN: 14765527     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2013.89     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Whelton PK, He J, Cutler JA, Brancati FL, Appel LJ, Follman D et al. Effects of oral potassium on blood pressure: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1997; 277: 1624-1632.
2. Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M et al. ACC/AHA Guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction-executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines. Circulation 2004; 110: 588-636.
3. Macdonald JE, Struthers AD. What is the optimal serum potassium level in cardiovascular patients? J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 155-161.
4. Goyal A, Spertus JA, Gosch K, Venkitachalam L, Jones PG, Van den Berghe G et al. Serum potassium levels and mortality in acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 2012; 307: 157-164.
5. Stewart PM. The adrenal cortex. In: Kronenberg HM, Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PRWilliams Textbook of Endocrinology. 11th edn (Saunders Elsevier: Philadelphia, 2008), pp 445-503.
6. Young M, Funder JW. Eplerenone but not steroid withdrawal reverses cardiac fibrosis in deoxycorticosterone/salt treated rats. Endocrinology 2004; 145: 3153-3157.
7. Staermose S, Marwick TH, Gordon RD, Crowley D, Dowling A, Stowasser M. Elevated serum interleukin 6 levels in normotensive individuals with familial hyperaldosteronism type 1. Hypertension 2009; 53: e31-e32.
8. Garg R, Hurwitz S, Williams GH, Hopkins PN, Adler GK. Aldosterone production and insulin resisitance in healthy adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: 1986-1990.
9. Despres JP, Lamarche B, Mauriege P, Cantin B, Dagenais GR, Moorjani S et al. Hyperinsulinaemia as an independent risk factor for ischaemic heart disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 952-957.
10. He FJ, Marciniak M, Carney C, Markandu ND, Anand N, Fraser WD et al. Effects of potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate on endothelial function, cardiovascular risk factors and bone turnover in mild hypertensives. Hypertension 2010; 55: 681-688.
11. Joint British Societies. The Joint British Societies' guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice. Heart 2005; 91(Suppl V): v1-v52.
12. Tiu SC, Choi CH, Shek CC, Ng YW, Chan FKW, Ng CM et al. The use of aldosteronerenin ratio as a diagnostic test for primary hyperaldosteronism and its test characteristics under different conditions of blood sampling. J Clin Metab Endocrinol 2005; 90: 72-78.
13. Funder JW, Carey RM, Fardella C, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Mantero F, Stowasser M et al. Case detection, diagnosis and treatment of patients with primary aldosteronism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 3266-3281.
14. Chen CH, Nevo E, Fetics B, Pak PH, Yin FC, Maughan WL et al. Estimation of central aortic pressure waveform by mathematical transformation of radial tonometry pressure. Circulation 1997; 95: 1827-1836.
15. Siebenhofer A, Kemp CR, Sutton AJ, Williams B. The reproducibility of central aortic blood pressure measurements in healthy subjects using applanation tonometry and sphygmocardiography. J Hum Hypertens 1999; 13: 625-629.
16. Wilkinson IB, Fuchs SA, Jansen IM, Spratt JC, Murray GD, Cockcroft JR et al. Reproducibility of pulse wave velocity and augmentation index measured by pulse wave analysis. J Hypertens 1998; 16: 2079-2084.
17. Laurent S, Cockcroft J, Van Bortel L, Boutouyrie P, Giannattasio C, Hayoz D et al. Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 2588-2605.
18. Wilkinson IB, Hall IR, MacCallum H, Mackenzie IS, McEniery CM, Van der Arend BJ et al. Pulse wave analysis-clinical evaluation of a non-invasive, widely applicable method for assessing endothelial function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22: 147-152.
19. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985; 28: 412-419.
20. Hills M, Armitage P. The two period cross-over clinical trial. Br J Clin Pharmac 1979; 8: 7-20.
21. Najjar SS, Scuteri A, Shetty V, Wright JG, Muller DC, Fleg JL et al. Pulse wave velocity is an independent predictor of the longitudinal increase in systolic blood pressure and of incident hypertension in the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 1377-1383.
22. Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Kizer JR, Lee ET, Galloway JM, Ali T et al. Central pressure more strongly relates to vascular disease and outcome than does brachial pressure: the Strong Heart Study. Hypertension 2007; 50: 197-203.
23. Chirinos JA, Zambrano JP, Chakko S, Veerani A, Schob A, Willens HJ et al. Aortic pressure augmentation predicts adverse cardiovascular events in patients with established coronary artery disease. Hypertension 2005; 45: 980-985.
24. Fang Y, Mu JJ, He LC, Wang SC, Liu ZQ. Salt loading on plasma asymmetrical dimethylarginine and the protective role of potassium supplement in normotensive salt-sensitive Asians. Hypertension 2006; 48: 724-729.
25. Shi DC, Mu JJ, Chen ER, Ren J, Yang XL, Liu WM et al. Endothelial function evaluation in salt-sensitive normotensive and mild hypertensive subjects and effects of potassium supplementation. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2006; 34: 38-41.
26. Dluhy RG, Axelrod L, Underwood RH, Williams GH. Studies of the control of plasma aldosterone concentration in normal man. J Clin Invest 1972; 51: 1950-1957.
27. Brunner HR, Baer L, Sealey JE, Ledingham JGG, Laragh JH. The influence of potassium administration and of potassium deprivation on plasma renin in normal and hypertensive subjects. J Clin Invest 1970; 49: 2128-2138.
28. Chen Q, Turban S, Miller ER, Appel LJ. The effects of dietary patterns on plasma renin activity: results from the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension trial. J Hum Hypertens 2012; 26: 664-669.
29. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 709-771.
30. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, Neaton J, Martinez F, Roniker B et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1309-1321.
31. Born-Frontsberg E, Reincke M, Rump LC, Hahner S, Diederich S, Lorenz R et al. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular comorbidities of hypokalaemic and normokalaemic primary aldosteronism: results of the German Conn's registry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 1125-1130.
32. Shibata S, Nagase M, Yoshida S, Kawarazaki W, Kurihara H, Tanaka H et al. Modification of mineralocorticoid receptor function by RacI GTPase: implications in proteinuric kidney disease. Nat Med 2008; 14: 1370-1376.
33. Chamarthi B, Williams JS, Williams GH. A mechanism for salt-sensitive hypertension: abnormal dietary sodium-mediated vascular response to angiotensin-II. J Hypertens 2010; 28: 1020-1026.
34. Food Standards Agency. National Centre for Societal Research. An assessment of dietary sodium levels among adults (aged 19-64) in the UK general population in 2008, based on analysis of dietary sodium in 24 h urine samples. Accessed November 2011 http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/08sodiumreport. pdf.
35. Johansson L, Solvoll K, Bjornboe DE, Drevon CA. Under- and over-reporting of energy intake related to weight status and lifestyle in a nationwide sample. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68: 266-275.
36. Adrogue HJ, Madias ME. Sodium and potassium in the pathogenesis of hypertension. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 1966-1978.
37. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM et al. Aclinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1117-1124.
38. Turban S, Miller ER, Ange B, Appel LJ. Racial differences in urinary potassium excretion. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19: 1396-1402.