UV-B radiation, its effects and defense mechanisms in terrestrial plants

Environmental Adaptations and Stress Tolerance of Plants in the Era of Climate Change

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 57-73

  Prado, Fernando E ^a   Rosa, Mariana ^a   Prado, Carolina ^a   Podazza, Griselda ^b   Interdonato, Roque ^a   González, Juan A ^b   Hilal, Mirna ^a  

^a Facultad de Cs Naturales e IML   (Argentina)

^b FUNDACIÓN MIGUEL LILLO   (Argentina)

Author keywords

DNA damage; DNA repair; Metabolites; Morphogenic responses; Secondary metabolites; Signaling; UV B radiation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84897964794     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0815-4_3     Document Type: Chapter

References (160)

1. Agati G, Tattini M (2010) Multiple functional roles of flavonoids in photoprotection. New Phytol 186:786-793.
2. Agati G, Matteini P, Goti A, Tattini M (2007) Chloroplast- located flavonoids can scavenge singlet oxygen. New Phytol 174:77-89.
3. Agrawal SB, Singh S, Agrawal M (2009) Ultraviolet-B induced changes in gene expression and antioxidants in plants. Adv Bot Res 52:47-86.
4. A-H-Mackerness S, Surplus SL, Blake P, John CF, Buchanan-Wollaston V et al (1999) Ultraviolet-B- induced stress and changes in gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana: role of signaling pathways controlled by jasmonic acid, ethylene and reactive oxygen species. Plant Cell Environ 22:1413-1423.
5. A-H-Mackerness S, John CF, Jordan B, Thomas B (2001) Early signalling components in ultraviolet-B responses: distinct roles for different reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. FEBS Lett 489:237-242.
6. Amudha P, Jayakumar M, Kulandaivelu G (2010) Photosystems activities and polypeptide composition of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba and Vigna mungo thyla- koids as affected by exclusion of solar UV radiation. Biol Plant 54:339-343.
7. Apel K, Hirt H (2004) Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu Rev Plant Biol 55:373-399.
8. Archetti M, Döring TF, Hagen SB, Hughes NM, Leather SR et al (2009) Unraveling the evolution of autumn colours: an interdisciplinary approach. Trends Ecol Evol 24:166-173.
9. Ballare CL (2003) Stress under the sun. Spotlight on ultra- violet-B responses. Plant Physiol 132:1725-1727.
10. Ballare CL, Barnes PW, Flint SD (1995) Inhibition of hypocotyl elongation by UV-B radiation in deetiolat- ing tomato seedlings. 1. The photoreceptor. Physiol Plant 93:584-592.
11. Ballare CL, Rousseaux MC, Searles PS, Zaller JG, Giordano CV et al (2001) Impacts of solar ultraviolet- B radiation on terrestrial ecosystems of Tierra del Fuego (southern Argentina): an overview of recent progress. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 62:67-77.
12. Barnes PW, Shinkle JR, Flint SD, Ryel RJ (2005) UV-B radiation, photomorphogenesis and plant-plant interactions. Prog Bot 66:313-340.
13. Bassman JH (2004) Ecosystem consequences of enhanced solar ultraviolet radiation: secondary plant metabolites as mediators of multiple trophic interactions in terrestrial plant communities. Photochem Photobiol 79:382-398.
14. Bieza K, Lois R (2001) An Arabidopsis mutant tolerant to lethal ultraviolet-B levels shows constitutively elevated accumulation of flavonoids and other phenolics. Plant Physiol 126:1105-1115.
15. Björn LO, McKenzie RL (2007) Attempts to probe the ozone layer and the ultraviolet-B levels of the past. Ambio 36:366-371.
16. Björn LO, Widell S, Wang T (2002) Evolution of UV-B regulation and protection in plants. Adv Space Res 30:1557-1562.
17. Boccalandro HE, Mazza CA, Mazzella MA, Casal JJ, Ballare CL (2001) Ultraviolet B radiation enhances a phytochrome-B mediated photomorphogenic response in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 126:780-788.
18. Brenes-Arguedas T, Horton MW, Coley PD, Lokvam J, Rachel A, Waddell RA et al (2006) Contrasting mechanisms of secondary metabolite accumulation during leaf development in two tropical tree species with different leaf expansion strategies. Oecologia 149:91-100.
19. Britt AB (2004) Repair of DNA damage induced by solar UV. Photosynth Res 81:105-112.
20. Brosche M, Schuler MA, Kalbina I, Connor L,(2002) Gene regulation by low level UV-B radiation: identification by DNA array analysis. Photochem Photobiol Sci 1:656-664.
21. Brown BA, Jenkins GI (2008) UV-B signalling pathways with different fluence-rate response profiles are distinguished in mature Arabidopsis leaf tissue by requirement for UVR8, HY5, and HYH. Plant Physiol 146:576-588.
22. Brown BA, Cloix C, Jiang GH, Kaiserli E, Herzyk P et al (2005) A UV-B-specific signaling component orchestrates plant UV protection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:18225-18230.
23. Bruno JF, Stachowicz JJ, Bertness MD (2003) Inclusion of facilitation into ecological theory. Trends Ecol Evol 18:119-125.
24. Buer CS, Imin N, Djordjevic MA (2010) Flavonoids: new roles for old molecules. J Integr Plant Biol 52:98-111.
25. Bukhov NG (2004) Dynamic light regulation of photosynthesis (A review). Russ J Plant Physiol 51:742-753.
26. Burchard P, Bilger W, Weissenböck G (2000) Contribution of hydroxycinnamates and flavonoids to epidermal shielding of UV-A and UV-B radiation in developing rye primary leaves as assessed by ultraviolet-induced chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. Plant Cell Environ 23:1373-1380.
27. Caldwell MM, Bornman JF, Bailaré CL, Flint SD, Kulandaivelu G (2007) Terrestrial ecosystems, increased solar ultraviolet radiation, and interactions with other climate change factors. Photochem Photobiol Sci 6:252-266.
28. Carvalho RF, Takaki M, Azevedo RA (2010) Plant pigments: the many faces of light perception. Acta Physiol Plant. doi:10.1007/s11738-010-0533-7.
29. Chalker-Scott L (2002) Do anthocyanins function as osmo- regulators in leaf tissues? Adv Bot Res 37:103-127.
30. Clarke LJ, Robinson SA (2008) Cell wall-bound ultraviolet-screening compounds explain the high ultraviolet tolerance of the Antarctic moss, Ceratodon purpureus. New Phytol 179:776-783.
31. Cloix C, Jenkins GI (2008) Interaction of the Arabidopsis UV-B-specific signaling component UVR8 with chromatin. Mol Plant 1:118-128.
32. Close DC, Beadle CL (2003) The ecophysiology of foliar anthocyanin. Bot Rev 69:149-161.
33. Cockell CS, Horneck G (2001) The history of the UV radiation climate of the Earth-theoretical and space- based observations. Photochem Photobiol 73:447-451.
34. Convey P, Smith RIL (2006) Responses of terrestrial Antarctic ecosystems to climate change. Plant Ecol 182:1-10.
35. Cybulski WJ, Peterjohn WT, Sullivan JH (2000) The influence of elevated ultraviolet-B radiation on tissue quality and decomposition of loblolly pine needles. Environ Exp Bot 44:231-241.
36. Dany AL, Douki T, Triantaphylides C, Cadet J (2001) Repair of the main UV-induced thymine dimeric lesions within Arabidopsis thaliana DNA: evidence for the major involvement of photoreactivation pathways. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 65:127-135.
37. Day TA, Ruhland CT, Xiong F (2001) Influence of solar UV-B radiation on Antarctic terrestrial plants: results from a 4-year field study. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 62:78-87.
38. Demkura PV, Abdala G, Baldwin IT, Ballaré CL (2010) Jasmonate-dependent and -independent pathways mediate specific effects of solar ultraviolet B radiation on leaf phenolics and antiherbivore defense. Plant Physiol 152:1084-1095.
39. Dixon P, Weinig C, Schmitt J (2001) Susceptibility to UV damage in Impatiens capensis (Balsaminaceae): testing for opportunity costs to shade-avoidance and population differentiation. Am J Bot 88:1401-1408.
40. Dormann CF, Woodin SJ (2002) Climate change in the Arctic: using plant functional types in a meta-analysis of field experiments. Funct Ecol 16:4-17.
41. Favory J, Stec A, Gruber H, Rizzini L, Oravecz A et al (2009) Interaction of COP1 and UVR8 regulates UV-B-induced photomorphogenesis and stress acclimation in Arabidopsis. EMBO J 28:591-601.
42. Feucht W, Treutter D, Polster J (2004) Flavanol binding of nuclei from tree species. Plant Cell Rep 22:430-436.
43. Flint SD, Caldwell MM (2003) A biological spectral weighting function for ozone depletion research with higher plants. Physiol Plant 117:137-144.
44. Flint SD, Ryel RJ, Caldwell MM (2003) Ecosystem UV-B experiments in terrestrial communities: a review of recent findings and methodologies. Agric For Meteorol 120:177-189.
45. Flint SD, Ryel RJ, Hudelson TJ, Caldwell MM (2009) Serious complications in experiments in which UV doses are affected by using different lamp heights. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 97:48-53.
46. Fukuda S, Satoh A, Kasahara H, Matsuyama H, Takeuchi Y (2008) Effects of ultraviolet-B irradiation on the cuticular wax of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) cotyledons. J Plant Res 121:179-189.
47. Furness NH, Upadhyaya MK (2002) Differential susceptibility of agricultural weeds to ultraviolet-B radiation. Can J Plant Sci 82:789-796.
48. Gallo ME, Sinsabaugh RL, Cabaniss SE (2006) The role of ultraviolet radiation in litter decomposition in arid ecosystems. Appl Soil Ecol 34:82-91.
49. Gerhardt KE, Wilson MI, Greenberg BM (2005) Ultraviolet wavelength dependence of photomorphological and photosynthetic responses in Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana. Photochem Photobiol 81:1061-1068.
50. Gilbert M, Pors Y, Grover K, Weingart I, Skotnica J et al (2009) Intra- and interspecific differences of 10 barley and 10 tomato cultivars in response to short-time UV-B radiation: a study analysing thermoluminescence, fluorescence, gas-exchange and biochemical parameters. Environ Pollut 157:1603-1612.
51. Giordano CV, Galatro A, Puntarulo S, Ballaré CL (2004) The inhibitory effects of UV-B radiation (280-315 nm) on Gunnera magellanica growth correlate with increased DNA damage but not with oxidative damage to lipids. Plant Cell Environ 27:1415-1423.
52. González JA, Liberman-Cruz M, Boero C, Gallardo M, Prado FE (2002) Leaf thickness, protective and photosynthetic pigments and carbohydrate content in leaves of the world’s highest elevation tree Polylepis tarapa- cana (Rosaceae). Phyton 71:41-53.
53. González JA, Gallardo MG, Boero C, Liberman-Cruz M, Prado FE (2007) Altitudinal and seasonal variation of protective and photosynthetic pigments in leaves of the world’s highest elevation trees Polylepis tarapac- ana (Rosaceae). Acta Oecol 32:36-41.
54. González JA, Rosa MA, Parrado MF, Hilal M, Prado FE (2009) Morphological and physiological responses of two varieties of a highland species (Chenopodium qui- noa Willd.) growing under near-ambient and strongly reduced solar UV-B in a lowland location. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 96:144-151.
55. Gould KS (2004) Nature’s swiss army knife: the diverse protective roles of anthocyanins in leaves. J Biomed Biotechnol 5:314-320.
56. Hada H, Hidema J, Maekawa M, Kumagai T (2003) Higher amounts of anthocyanins and UV-absorbing compounds effectively lowered CPD photorepair in purple rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Cell Environ 26:1691-1701.
57. He JM, Bai XL, Wang RB, Cao B, She XP (2007) The involvement of nitric oxide in ultraviolet-B-inhibited pollen germination and tube growth of Paulownia tomentosa in vitro. Physiol Plant 131:273-282.
58. Hectors K, Prinsen E, De Coen W, Jansen MAK, Guisez Y (2007) Arabidopsis thaliana plants acclimated to low dose rates of ultraviolet B radiation show specific changes in morphology and gene expression in the absence of stress symptoms. New Phytol 175:255-270.
59. Hidema J, Taguchi T, Ono T, Teranishi M, Yamamoto K, Kumagai T (2007) Increase in CPD photolyase activity functions effectively to prevent growth inhibition caused by UVB radiation. Plant J 50:70-79.
60. Hilal M, Parrado MF, Rosa M, Gallardo M, Orce L et al (2004) Epidermal lignin deposition in quinoa cotyledons in response to UV-B radiation. Photochem Photobiol 79:205-210.
61. Hilal M, Rodríguez-Montelongo L, Rosa M, Gallardo M, González JA et al (2008) Solar and supplemental UV-B radiation effects in lemon peel UV-B absorbing compound content Seasonal variations. Photochem Photobiol 84:1480-1486.
62. Hofmann RW, Campbell BD, Bloor SJ, Swinny EF, Markham KR et al (2003) Responses to UV-B radiation in Trifolium repens L. - physiological links to plant productivity and water availability. Plant Cell Environ 26:603-612.
63. Holton N, Cano-Delgado A, Harrison K, Montoya T, Chory J, Bishop GJ (2007) Tomato BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVEl is required for systemin-induced root elongation in Solanum pimpinellifolium but is not essential for wound signaling. Plant Cell 19:1709-1717.
64. Hoque E, Remus G (1999) Natural UV-screening mechanisms of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) needles. Photochem Photobiol 69:177-192.
65. Hughes NM, Neufeld HS, Burkey KO (2005) Functional role of anthocyanins in high-light winter leaves of the evergreen herb Galax urceolata. New Phytol 168:575-587.
66. Ibañez S, Rosa M, Hilal M, González JA, Prado FE (2008) Leaves of Citrus aurantifolia exhibit a different sensibility to solar UV-B radiation according to development stage in relation to photosynthetic pigments and UV-B absorbing compounds production. J Photochem Photobiol B 90:163-169.
67. Imamoto Y, Kataoka M (2007) Structure and photoreaction of photoactive yellow protein, a structural prototype of the PAS domain superfamily. Photochem Photobiol 83:40-49.
68. Ivanova PI, Dobrikova AG, Taneva SG, Apostolova EL (2008)Sensitivity of the photosynthetic apparatus to UV-A radiation: role of light-harvesting complex II-photosystem II supercomplex organization. Radiat Environ Biophys 47:169-177.
69. Izaguirre MM, Scopel AL, Baldwin IT, Ballaré CL (2003) Convergent responses to stress: solar ultraviolet-B radiation and Manduca sexta herbivory elicit overlapping transcriptional responses in field-grown plants of Nicotiana longiflora. Plant Physiol 132:1755-1767.
70. Izaguirre MM, Mazza CA, Svat s A, Baldwin IT, Ballaré CL (2007) Solar ultraviolet-B radiation and insect her- bivory trigger partially overlapping phenolic responses in Nicotiana attenuata and Nicotiana longiflora. Ann Bot 99:103-109.
71. Jenkins GI (2009) Signal transduction in responses to UV-B radiation. Annu Rev Plant Biol 60:407-431.
72. Jiang L, Wang Y, Björn LO, Li S (2009) Arabidopsis RADICAL-INDUCED CELL DEATHI is involved in UV-B signaling. Photochem Photobiol Sci 8:838-846.
73. Jordan BR (2002) Molecular response of plant cells to UV-B stress. Funct Plant Biol 29:909-916.
74. Julkunen-Tiitto R, Häggman H, Aphalo PJ, Lavola A, Tegelberg R, Veteli T (2005) Growth and defense in deciduous trees and shrubs under UV-B. Environ Pollut 137:404-414.
75. Kadur G, Swapan B, Sunita K, Sanjeev Y, Arjun T et al (2007) Growth enhancement of soybean (Glycine max) upon exclusion of UV-B and UV-B/A components of solar radiation: characterization of photosynthetic parameters in leaves. Photosynth Res 94:299-306.
76. Kakani VG, Reddy KR, Zhao D, Mohammed AR (2003) Effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) morphology and anatomy. Ann Bot 91:817-826.
77. Kalbina I, Li S, Kalbin G, Björn LO, Strid A (2008) Two separate UV-B radiation wavelength regions control expression of different molecular markers in Arabidopsis thaliana. Funct Plant Biol 35:222-227.
78. Kimura S, Tahira Y, Ishibashi T, Mori Y, Mori T et al (2004) DNA repair in higher plants; photoreactivation is the major DNA repair pathway in non proliferating cells while excision repair (nucleotide excision repair and base excision repair) is active in proliferating cells. Nucleic Acids Res 32:2760-2767.
79. Kolodner D, Marsischky GT (1999) Eukaryotic DNA mismatch repair. Curr Opin Genet Dev 9:89-96.
80. Koti S, Reddy KR, Kakani VG, Zhao D, Reddy VR (2004) Soybean (Glycine max) pollen germination characteristics, flower and poUen morphology in response to enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation. Ann Bot 94:855-864.
81. Krauss P, Markstädter C, Rieder M (1997) Attenuation of UV radiation by plant cuticles from woody species. Plant Cell Environ 20:1079-1085.
82. Krizek DT (2004) Influence ofPAR and UV-A in determining plant sensitivity and photomorphogenic responses to UV-B radiation. Photochem Photobiol 79:307-315.
83. Krizek DT, Mirecki RM (2004) Evidence for phytotoxic effects of cellulose acetate in UV exclusion studies. Environ Exp Bot 51:33-43.
84. Krizek DT, Clark HD, Mirecki RM (2005) Spectral properties of selected UV-blocking and UV-transmitting covering materials with application for production of high-value crops in high tunnels. Photochem Photobiol 81:1047-1051.
85. Kucera B, Leubner-Metzger G, Wellmann E (2003) Distinct ultraviolet-signaling pathways in bean leaves. DNA damage is associated with ß-1,3 glucanase gene induction, but not with flavonoid formation. Plant Physiol 133:1445-1452.
86. Kytridis VP, Manetas Y (2006) Mesophyll versus epidermal anthocyanins as potential in vivo antioxidants: evidence linking the putative antioxidant role to the proximity of oxy-radical source. J Exp Bot 57: 2203-2210.
87. Laposi R, Veres S, Mile O, Meszaros I (2002) Photosynthesis-ecophysiological properties of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) under the exclusion of ambient UV-B radiation. Acta Biol Szegediensis 46:243-245.
88. Leshem YY, Kuiper PJC (1996) Is there a GAS (general adaptation syndrome) response to various types of environmental stress? Biol Plant 38:1-18.
89. Li FR, Peng SL, Chen BM, Hou YP (2010) A meta-analysis of the responses of woody and herbaceous plants to elevated ultraviolet-B radiation. Acta Oecol 36:1-9.
90. Liakopoulos G, Stavrianakou S, Karabourniotis G (2006) Trichome layers versus dehaired lamina of Olea euro- paea leaves: differences in flavonoid distribution, UV-absorbing capacity, and wax yield. Environ Exp Bot 55:294-304.
91. Liu Z, Hong SW, Escobar M, Vierling E, Mitchell D et al (2003) Arabidopsis UVH6, a homolog of human XPD and yeast RAD3 DNA repair genes, functions in DNA repair and is essential for plant growth. Plant Physiol 132:1405-1414.
92. Long JC, Jenkins GI (1998) Involvement of plasma membrane redox activity and calcium homeostasis in the UV-B and UV-A/blue light induction of gene expression in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 10:2077-2086.
93. McKenzie RL, Seckmeyer G, Bais AF, Kerr JB, Madronich S (2001) Satellite retrievals of erythemal UV dose compared with ground-based measurements at northern and southern midlatitudes. J Geophys Res 106:24051-24062.
94. McKenzie RL, Aucamp PJ, Bais AF, Björn LO, Ilyas M (2007) Changes in biologically-active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. Photochem Photobiol Sci 6:218-231.
95. Merzlyak MN, Chivkunova OB, Solovchenko AE, Naqvi KR (2008a) Light absorption by anthocyanins in juvenile, stressed, and senescing leaves. J Exp Bot 59:3903-3911.
96. Merzlyak MN, Melø TB, Naqvi KR (2008b) Effect of anthocyanins, carotenoids, and flavonols on chlorophyll fluorescence excitation spectra in apple fruit: signature analysis, assessment, modelling, and relevance to photoprotection. J Exp Bot 59:349-359.
97. Micheletti MI, Piacentini RD, Madronich S (2003) Sensitivity of biologically active UV radiation to stratospheric ozone changes: effects of action spectrum shape and wavelength range. Photochem Photobiol 78:456-461.
98. Morales LO, Tegelberg R, Brosche M, Keinanen M, Lindfor A, Aphalo PJ (2010) Effects of solar UV-A and UV-B radiation on gene expression and phenolic accumulation in Betula pendula leaves. Tree Physiol 30:923-934.
99. Mpoloka SW, Abratt VA, Mundree SG, Thomson JA, Musil CF (2007) Potential effects of prolonged ultraviolet radiation exposure in plants: chloroplast DNA analysis. Am Eur J Agric Environ Sci 2:437-441.
100. Musil CF, Björn LO, Scourfield MWJ, Bodeker GE (2002a) How substantial are ultraviolet B supplementation inaccuracies in experimental square-wave delivery systems? Environ Exp Bot 47:25-38.
101. Musil CF, Chimphango SBM, Dakora FD (2002b) Effects of elevated ultraviolet-B radiation on native and cultivated plants of Southern Africa. Ann Bot 90:127-137.
102. Neill SO, Gould KS (2003) Anthocyanins in leaves: light attenuators or antioxidants? Funct Plant Biol 30:865-873.
103. Newsham KK, Robinson SA (2009) Responses of plants in polar regions to UVB exposure: a meta-analysis. Glob Change Biol 15:2574-2589.
104. Oravecz A, Baumann A, Máté Z, Brzezinska A, Molinier J et al (2006) CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMOR PHOGENIC1 is required for the UV-B response in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 18:1975-1990.
105. Page JE, Towers GHN (2002) Anthocyanins protect light- sensitive thiarubrine phototoxins. Planta 215:478-484.
106. Pal M, Sharma A, Abrol YP, Sengupta UK (1997) Exclusion of UV-B radiation from normal solar spectrum on the growth of mung bean and maize. Agric Ecosyst Environ 61:29-34.
107. Pancotto VA, Sala OE, Cabello M, López NI, Robson TM et al (2003) Solar UV-B decreases decomposition in herbaceous plant litter in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina: potential role of an altered decomposer community. Glob Change Biol 9:1465-1474.
108. Phoenix GK, Gwynn-Jones D, Lee JA, Callaghan TV (2003) Ecological importance of ambient solar ultraviolet radiation to a sub-arctic heath community. Plant Ecol 165:263-273.
109. Pliura A, Baliuckiene A, Baliuckas V (2008) Phenogenetic response of silver birch populations and half-sib families to elevated ozone and ultraviolet-B radiation at juvenile age. Environ Pollut 156:152-161.
110. Pradhan MK, Joshi PN, Nair JS, Ramaswamy NK, Iyer RK et al (2006) UV-B exposure enhances senescence of wheat leaves: modulation by photosynthetically active radiation. Radiat Environ Biophys 45:221-229.
111. 2under controlled environment conditions. Physiol Plant 125:247-259.
112. Ren J, Duan B, Zhang X, Korpelainen H, Li C (2010) Differences in growth and physiological traits of two poplars originating from different altitudes as affected by UV-B radiation and nutrient availability. Physiol Plant 138:278-288.
113. Rex M, Salawitch RJ, von der Gathen P, Harris NRP, Chipperfield MP, Naujokat B (2004) Arctic ozone loss and climate change. Geophys Res Lett 31:L04116.
114. Robson TM, Pancotto VA, Flint SD, Ballaré CL, Sala OE et al (2003) Six years of solar UV-B manipulations affect growth of Sphagnum and vascular plants in a Tierra del Fuego peatland. New Phytol 160:379-389.
115. Rozema J (2000) Effects of solar UV-B radiation on terrestrial biota. In: Hester RE, Harrison RM (eds) Causes and environmental implications of increased UV-B radiation. issues in environmental science and technology, vol 14. RSC, Cambridge, pp 86-105.
116. Rozema J, van de Staaij JWM, Tosserams M (1997) Effects of UV-B radiation on plants from agro- and natural ecosystems. In: Lumsden P (ed) Plants and UV-B. Responses to environmental change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 213-232.
117. Rozema J, Noordijk AJ, Broekman RA, van Beem A, Meijkamp BM et al (2001) (Poly)phenolic compounds in pollen and spores of Antarctic plants as indicators of solar UV-B. Plant Ecol 154:11-26.
118. Rozema J, Björn LO, Bornman JF, Gaberscik A, Häder DP et al (2002) The role of UV-B radiation in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems-an experimental and functional analysis of the evolution of UV-absorbing compounds. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 66:2-12.
119. Rozema J, Boelen P, Blokker P (2005) Depletion of stratospheric ozone over the Antarctic and Arctic: responses of plants of polar terrestrial ecosystems to enhanced UV-B, an overview. Environ Pollut 137:428-442.
120. Rozema J, Boelen P, Solheim B, Zielke M, Buskens A et al (2006) Stratospheric ozone depletion: high arctic tundra plant growth on Svalbard is not affected by enhanced UV-B after 7 years of UV-B supplementation in the field. Plant Ecol 182:121-135.
121. Ryan KG, Hunt JE (2005) The effects of UVB radiation on temperate southern hemisphere forests. Environ Pollut 137:415-427.
122. Sampson BJ, Cane JH (1999) Impact of enhanced ultravi- olet-B radiation on flower, poUen, and nectar production. Am J Bot 86:108-114.
123. Santos I, Fidalgo F, Almeida JM, Salema R (2004) Biochemical and ultrastructural changes in leaves of potato plants grown under supplementary UV B radiation. Plant Sci 167:925-935.
124. Sarma AD, Sharma R (1999) Anthocyanin-DNA copigmentation complex: mutual protection against oxidative damage. Phytochemistry 52:1313-1318.
125. Schmitz-Hoerner R, Weissenböck G (2003) Contribution of phenolic compounds to the UV-B screening capacity of developing barley primary leaves in relation to DNA damage and repair under elevated UV-B levels. Phytochemistry 64:243-245.
126. Searles PS, Flint SD, Caldwell MM (2001) A meta-analysis of plant field studies simulating stratospheric ozone depletion. Oecologia 127:1-10.
127. Searles PS, Flint SD, Diaz SB, Rousseaux MC, BaUare CL, Caldwell MM (2002) Plant response to solar ultraviolet-B radiation in a southern South American Sphagnum peatland. J Ecol 90:704-713.
128. Semerdjieva SI, Sheffield E, Phoenix GK, Gwynn-Jones D, Callaghan TV, Johnson GN (2003) Contrasting strategies for UV-B screening in sub-Arctic dwarf shrubs. Plant Cell Environ 26:957-964.
129. Shinkle JR, Atkins AK, Humphrey EE, Rodgers CW, Wheeler SL, Barnes PW (2004) Growth and morphological responses to different UV wavebands in cucumber (Cucumis sativum) and other dicotyledonous seedlings. Physiol Plant 120:240-248.
130. Shulski MD, Walter-Shea EA, Hubbard KG, Yuen GY, Horst G (2004) Penetration of photosynthetically active radiation and ultraviolet radiation into alfalfa and tall Fescue canopies. Agron J 96:1562-1571.
131. Singh SP, Kumari S, Rastogi RP, Singh KL, Sinha RP (2008) Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs): chemical structure, biosynthesis and significance as UV-absorbing/screening compounds. Indian J Exp Biol 46:7-17.
132. Smith GJ, Markham KR (1998) Tautomerism of flavonol glucosides - relevance to plant UV protection and flower colour. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 118:99-105.
133. Snell KRS, Kokubun T, Griffiths H, Convey P, Hodgson DA, Newsham KK (2009) Quantifying the metabolic cost to an Antarctic liverwort of responding to UV-B radiation exposure. Glob Change Biol 15:2563-2573.
134. Solovchenko AE, Merzlyak MN (2008) Screening of visible and UV radiation as a photoprotective mechanism in plants. Russ J Plant Physiol 55:803-822.
135. Stratmann J (2003) Ultraviolet-B radiation co-opts defense signaling pathways. Trends Plant Sci 8:526-533.
136. Sullivan JH (2005) Possible impacts of changes in UV-B radiation on North American trees and forests. Environ Pollut 137:380-389.
137. Surplus SL, Jordan BR, Murphy AM, Carr JP, Thomas B, A-H-Mackerness S (1998) Ultraviolet-B induced responses in Arabidopsis thaliana: role of salicylic acid and reactive oxygen species in the regulation of transcripts encoding photosynthetic and acidic pathogenesis-related proteins. Plant Cell Environ 21:685-694.
138. Taalas P, Kaurola J, Kylling A, Shindell D, Sausen R et al (2000) The impact of greenhouse gases and haloge- nated species on future solar UV radiation doses. Geophys Res Lett 27:1127-1130.
139. Takeuchi Y, Inoue T, Takemura K, Hada M, Takahashi S et al (2007) Induction and inhibition of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photolyase in etiolated cucumber (Cucumis sativus) cotyledons after ultraviolet irradiation depends on wavelength. J Plant Res 120:365-374.
140. Tattini M, Galardi C, Pinelli P, Massai R, Remorini D, Agati G (2004) Differential accumulation of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamates in leaves of Ligustrum vulgare under excess light and drought stress. New Phytol 163:547-561.
141. Tattini M, Guidi L, Morassi-Bonzi L, Pinelli P, Remorini D et al (2005) On the role of flavonoids in the integrated mechanisms of response of Ligustrum vulgare and Phillyrea latifolia to high solar radiation. New Phytol 167:457-470.
142. Tegelberg R, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Aphalo PJ (2004) Red:far- red light ratio and UV-B radiation: their effects on leaf phenolics and growth of silver birch seedlings. Plant Cell Environ 27:1005-1013.
143. Trost-Sedej T, Gaberscik A(2008) The effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on physiological activity and growth of Norway spruce planted outdoors over 5 years. Trees 22:423-435.
144. Turcsanyi E, Vass I (2000) Inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport by UV-A radiation targets the photosystem II complex. Photochem Photobiol 72:513-520.
145. Turunen M, Latola K (2005) UV-B radiation and acclimation in timberline plants. Environ Pollut 137:390-403.
146. Tuteja N, Singh MB, Misra MK, Bhalla PL, Tuteja R (2001) Molecular mechanisms of DNA damage and repair: progress in plants. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 36:337-397.
147. Ulm R, Nagy F (2005) Signalling and gene regulation in response to ultraviolet light. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8:477-482.
148. Varalakshmi D, Lakshmi N, Guruprasad KN (2003) Physiological changes in soybean Cv. JS 71-05 after the exclusion of UV-A and UV-B from the solar radiation. Indian J Plant Physiol:602-606.
149. Velders GJM, Andersen SO, Daniel JS, Fahey DW, McFarland M (2007) The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:4814-4819.
150. Wang ZY, He JX (2004) Brassinosteroid signal transduction - choices of signals and receptors. Trends Plant Sci 9:91-96.
151. Winefield C (2002) The final steps in anthocyanin formation: a story of modification and sequestration. Adv Bot Res 37:55-74.
152. Winter TR, Rostas M (2008) Ambient ultraviolet radiation induces protective responses in soybean but does not attenuate indirect defense. Environ Pollut 155:290-297.
153. Xu K, Qiu S (2007) Responses of superhigh-yield hybrid rice Liangyoupeijiu to enhancement of ultraviolet-B radiation. Plant Sci 172:139-149.
154. Xu C, Natarajan S, Sullivan JH (2008) Impact of solar ultraviolet-B radiation on the antioxidant defense system in soybean lines differing in flavonoid contents. Environ Exp Bot 63:39-48.
155. 2. Plant Physiol 115:1405-1412.
156. Yang H, Clendenin WM, Wong D, Demple B, Slupska MM et al (2001) Enhanced activity of adenine-DNA glycosylase (Myh) by AP endonuclease (Ape1) in mammalian base excision repair of an A/GO mismatch. Nucleic Acids Res 29:743-752.
157. Yang Y, Yao Y, He H (2008) Influence of ambient and enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation on the plant growth and physiological properties in two contrasting populations of Hippophae rhamnoides. J Plant Res 121:377-385.
158. Yi C, Deng XW (2005) COP1 - from plant photomorphogenesis to mammalian tumorigenesis. Trends Cell Biol 15:618-625.
159. Zavala JA, Ravetta DA (2002) The effect of solar UV-B radiation on terpenes and biomass production in Grindelia chiloensis (Asteraceae), a woody perennial of Patagonia. Argent Plant Ecol 161:185-191.
160. Zu YG, Pang HH, Yu JH, Li DW, Wei XX et al (2010) Responses in the morphology, physiology and biochemistry of Taxus chinensis var. mairei grown under supplementary UV-B radiation. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 98:152-158.