An effect of inhibitory load in children while keeping working memory load constant

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 5, Issue MAR, 2014, Pages

  Wright, Andy ^a   Diamond, Adele ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cognitive control; Executive control; Executive function; Inhibitory control; Self regulation; Simon task; Spatial Stroop task; Stimulus response compatibility

Indexed keywords

EID: 84897938122     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00213     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Allport, A., and Wylie, G. (2000). "Task switching, stimulus-response bindings, and negative priming," in Control of cognitive processes: Attention and Performance XVII, eds S. Monsell and J. Driver (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 35-70.
2. Baddeley, A. (1992). Working memory. Science 255, 556-559. doi: 10.1126/science.1736359.
3. Cepeda, N. J., Kramer, A. F., and Gonzalez, D. S. (2001). Changes in executive control across the life span: examination of task-switching performanc. Dev. Psychol. 37, 715-730. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.37.5.715.
4. Chatham, C. H., Claus, E. D., Kim, A., Curran, T., Banich, M. T., and Munakata, Y. (2012). Cognitive control reflects context monitoring, not motoric stopping in response inhibition. PLoS ONE 7:2. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031546.
5. Cohen, J. D., Braver, T. S., and Brown, J. W. (2002). Computational perspectives on dopamine function in prefrontal cortex. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 12, 223-229. doi: 10.1016/S0959-4388(02)00314-8.
6. Cohen, J. D., Perlstein, W. M., Braver, T. S., Nystrom, L. E., Noll, D. C., Jonides, J., et al. (1997). Temporal dynamics of brain activation during a working memory task. Nature 386, 604-607. doi: 10.1038/386604a0.
7. Crone, E. A., Bunge, S. A., and Van Der Molen, M. W. (2006). Switching between tasks and responses: a developmental study. Dev. Sci. 9, 278-287. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00490.x.
8. Davidson, M. C., Amso, A., Anderson, L. C., and Diamond, A. (2006). Development of cognitive control and executive functions from 4 to 13 year: evidence from manipulations of memory, inhibition, and task switching. Neuropsychologia 44, 2037-2078. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.02.006.
9. DeSoto, M. C., Fabiani, M., Geary, D. C., and Gratton, G. (2001). When in doubt, do it both ways: brain evidence of the simultaneous activation of conflicting motor responses in a spatial Stroop task. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 13, 523-536. doi: 10.1162/08989290152001934.
10. D'Esposito, M., Aguirre, G. K., Zarahn, E., Ballard, D., Shin, R. K., and Lease, J. (1998). Functional MRI studies of spatial and nonspatial working memory. Cogn. Brain Res. 7, 1-13. doi: 10.1016/S0926-6410(98)00004-4.
11. D'Esposito, M., Detre, J. A., Alsop, D. C., Shin, R. K., Atlas, S., and Grossman, M. (1995). The neural basis of the central executive system of working memory. Nature 378, 279-281. doi: 10.1038/378279a0.
12. Diamond, A. (2009). When in competition against engrained habits, is conscious representation sufficient or is inhibition of the habit also needed? Dev. Sci. 12, 20-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00773.x.
13. Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 64, 135-168. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750.
14. Diamond, A., Barnett, S., Thomas, J., and Munro, S. (2007). Preschool program improves cognitive control. Science 318, 1387-1388. doi: 10.1126/science.1151148.
15. Diamond, A., Briand, L., Fossella, J., and Gehlbach, L. (2004). Genetic and neurochemical modulation of prefrontal cognitive functions in children. Am. J. Psychiatry 161, 125-132. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.1.125.
16. Edgin, J. O., Mason, G. M., Allman, M. J., Capone, G. T., DeLeon, I., Maslen, C., et al. (2010). Development and validation of the Arizona Cognitive Test Battery for Down syndrome. J. Neurodev. Disord. 2, 149-164. doi: 10.1007/s11689-010-9054-3.
17. Egner, T., and Hirsch, J. (2005). Cognitive control mechanisms resolve conflict through cortical amplification of task-relevant information. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 1784-1790. doi: 10.1038/nn1594.
18. Evans, J. W., Fossella, J., Hampson, E., Kirschbaum, C., and Diamond, A. (2009). Gender differences in the cognitive functions sensitive to the level of dopamine in prefrontal cortex. Poster presentation, Inaugural Conference on "Executive Function and Dysfunction," (Jan. 15) University of Boulder, Boulder, CO and at the Association for Psychological Science Annual Meeting (May 25), San Francisco, CA.
19. Fitts, P. M., and Seeger, C. M. (1953). S-R compatibility: spatial characteristics of stimulus and response codes. J. Exp. Psychol. 81, 174-176. doi: 10.1037/h0062827.
20. Gazzaley, A., Cooney, J. W., Rissman, J., and D'Esposito, M. (2005). Top-down suppression deficit underlies working memory impairment in normal aging. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 1298-1300. doi: 10.1038/nn1543.
21. Georgopoulos, A. (1994). Population activity in the control of movement. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 37, 103-119.
22. Georgopoulos, A. P., Lurito, J. T., Petrides, M., Schwartz, A. B., and Massey, J. T. (1989). Mental rotation of the neuronal population vector. Science 243, 234-236. doi: 10.1126/science.2911737.
23. Gerardi-Coulton, G. (2000). Sensitivity to spatial conflict and the development of self-regulation in children 24-36 months of age. Dev. Sci. 3, 397-404. doi: 10.1111/1467-7687.00134.
24. Gernsbacher, M. A. (1993). Less skilled readers have less efficient suppression mechanisms. Psychol. Sci. 4, 294-298. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00567.x.
25. Hanania, R., and Smith, L. B. (2010). Selective attention and attention switching: towards a unified developmental approach. Dev. Sci. 13, 622-635. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00921.x.
26. Hartman, M., and Hasher, L. (1991). Aging and suppression: memory for previously relevant information. Psychol. Aging 6, 587-594. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.6.4.587.
27. Hommel, B. (2011). The Simon effect as tool and heuristic. Acta Psychol. 136, 189-202. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.04.011.
28. Hommel, B., Proctor, R. W., and Vu, K.-P. L. (2004). A feature integration account of sequential effects in the Simon task. Psychol. Res. 68, 1-17. doi: 10.1007/s00426-003-0132-y.
29. Kornblum, S., Stevens, G. T., Whipple, A., and Requin, J. (1999). The effects of irrelevant stimuli: 1. The time course of S-S and S-R consistency effects with Stroop-like stimuli, Simon-like tasks, and their factorial combinations. J. Exp. Psychol. 25(A), 688-714. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.25.3.688.
30. Kunde, W., and Stocker, C. (2002). A Simon effect for stimulus-response duration. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 55A, 581-592. doi: 10.1080/02724980143000433.
31. Leroux, G., Joliot, M., Dubal, S., Mazoyer, B., Tzourio-Mazoyer, N., and Houde, O. (2006). Cognitive inhibition of number/length interference in a Piaget-like task in young adults: evidence from ERPs and fMRI. Hum. Brain Mapp. 27, 498-509. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.06.003.
32. Lesaffre, E. (2008). Superiority, equivalence, and non-inferiority trials. Bull. NYU Hosp. Jt. Dis. 2, 150-154.
33. Levy, B. J., and Anderson, M. C. (2002). Inhibitory processes and the control of memory retrieval. Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) 6, 299-305. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01923-X.
34. Lu, C. H., and Proctor, R. W. (1995). The influence of irrelevant location information on performance: a review of the Simon and spatial Stroop effects. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 2, 174-207. doi: 10.3758/BF03210959.
35. Monsell, S., and Driver, J. (eds). (2000). Control of Cognitive Processes: Attention and Performance XVIII. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
36. Mullane, J. C., Corkum, P. V., Klein, R. M., and McLaughlin, E. (2009). Interference control in children with and without ADHD: a systematic review of Flanker and Simon Task Performance. Child Neuropsychol. 15, 321-342. doi: 10.1080/09297040802348028.
37. Munakata, Y., Herd, S. A., Chatham, C. H., Depue, B. E., Banich, M. T., and O'Reilly, R. C. (2011). A unified framework for inhibitory control. Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) 15, 453-459. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.07.011.
38. Nieuwenhuis, S., and Yeung, N. (2005). Neural mechanisms of attention and control: losing our inhibitions? Nat. Neurosci. 8, 1631-1633. doi: 10.1038/nn1205-1631.
39. Owen, A. M., Evans, A. C., and Petrides, M. (1996). Evidence for a two-stage model of spatial working memory processing within lateral frontal cortex: a positron emission tomography study. Cereb. Cortex 6, 31-38. doi: 10.1093/cercor/6.1.31.
40. Petrides, M. (1994). "Frontal lobes and working memory: evidence from investigations of the effects of cortical excisions in nonhuman primates," in Handbook of Neuropsychology, Vol. 9, eds F. Boller and J. Grafman (Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers) 59-82.
41. Petrides, M. (1995). Functional organization of the human frontal cortex for mnemonic processing: evidence from neuroimaging studies. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 769, 85-96. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb38133.x.
42. Simon, R. J., and Rudell, A. P. (1967). Auditory S-R compatibility: the effect of an irrelevant cue on information processing. J. Appl. Psychol. 51, 300-304. doi: 10.1037/h0020586.
43. Smith, E. E., and Jonides, J. (1999). Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes. Science 283, 1657-1661. doi: 10.1126/science.283.5408.1657.
44. Smith, E. E., Jonides, J., Marshuetz, C., and Koeppe, R. A. (1998). Components of verbal working memory: evidence from neuroimaging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 876-882. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.3.876.
45. Valle-Inclan, F. (1996). The Simon effect and its reversal studied with event-related potentials. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 23, 41-53. doi: 10.1016/0167-8760(96)00027-X.
46. Yeung, N., Nystrom, L. E., Aronson, J. A., and Cohen, J. D. (2006). Between-task competition and cognitive control in task switching. J. Neurosci. 26, 1429-1438. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3109-05.2006.
47. Zanto, T. P., and Gazzaley, A. (2009). Neural suppression of irrelevant information underlies optimal working memory performance. J. Neurosci. 29, 3059-3066. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4621-08.2009.
48. Zaitchik, D., Iqbal, Y., and Carey, S. (2013). The effect of executive function on biological reasoning in young children: an individual differences study. Child Dev. 85, 160-175. doi: 10.1111/cdev.1214.
49. Zelazo, P. D., Muller, U., Frye, D., and Marcovitch, S. (2003). The development of executive function in early childhood. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 68, 137. doi: 10.1111/j.0037-976X.2003.00269.x.