메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2014, Pages

Contrasting spatial patterns in active-fire and fire-suppressed mediterranean climate old-growth mixed conifer forests

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CLIMATE; CONTROLLED STUDY; ECOSYSTEM FIRE HISTORY; FOREST STRUCTURE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; GEOGRAPHIC MAPPING; LAND USE; MATHEMATICAL COMPUTING; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; MEXICO; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; TAIGA; UNITED STATES; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONIFER; DEMOGRAPHY; FIRE; FOREST; FORESTRY; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; POPULATION DENSITY; PROCEDURES; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

EID: 84897807896     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088985     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (54)

References (108)
  • 1
    • 0033382147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Streams in Mediterranean climate regions: Abiotic influences and biotic responses to predictable seasonal events
    • DOI 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.51
    • Gasith A, Resh VH (1999) Streams in Mediterranean climate regions: Abiotic influences and biotic responses to predictable seasonal events. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30: 51-81. (Pubitemid 30065621)
    • (1999) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.30 , pp. 51-81
    • Gasith, A.1    Resh, V.H.2
  • 2
    • 0025919024 scopus 로고
    • Fire effects on California chapparal systems: An overview
    • Barro SC, Conrad SG (1991) Fire effects on California chapparal systems: an overview. Environment International 17: 135-149.
    • (1991) Environment International , vol.17 , pp. 135-149
    • Barro, S.C.1    Conrad, S.G.2
  • 5
    • 1642344724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change effects on vegetation distribution, carbon, and fire in California
    • Lenihan JM, Drapek R, Bachelet D, Neilson R (2003) Climate change effects on vegetation distribution, carbon, and fire in California. Ecological Applications 13:1667-1681. (Pubitemid 38362242)
    • (2003) Ecological Applications , vol.13 , Issue.6 , pp. 1667-1681
    • Lenihan, J.M.1    Drapek, R.2    Bachelet, D.3    Neilson, R.P.4
  • 6
    • 33747586378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Warming and earlier Spring increases western U.S. Forest wildfire activity
    • Westerling AL, Hidalgo HG, Cayan DR, Swetnam TW (2006) Warming and earlier Spring increases western U.S. forest wildfire activity. Science 313: 940-943.
    • (2006) Science , vol.313 , pp. 940-943
    • Westerling, A.L.1    Hidalgo, H.G.2    Cayan, D.R.3    Swetnam, T.W.4
  • 11
    • 0002837941 scopus 로고
    • Fire as an ecological and silvicultural factor in the ponderosa pine region of the Pacific slope
    • Weaver H (1943) Fire as an ecological and silvicultural factor in the ponderosa pine region of the Pacific slope. Journal of Forestry 41: 7-15.
    • (1943) Journal of Forestry , vol.41 , pp. 7-15
    • Weaver, H.1
  • 12
    • 0001291485 scopus 로고
    • Changes in vegetation, structure, and growth of southwestern pine forest since white settlement
    • Cooper CF (1960) Changes in vegetation, structure, and growth of southwestern pine forest since white settlement. Ecological Monographs 30: 129-164.
    • (1960) Ecological Monographs , vol.30 , pp. 129-164
    • Cooper, C.F.1
  • 14
    • 84953156100 scopus 로고
    • Historical and anticipated changes in forest ecosystems of the inland west of the United States
    • Covington WW, Everett RL, Steele R (1994) Historical and anticipated changes in forest ecosystems of the inland west of the United States. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 2: 13-63.
    • (1994) Journal of Sustainable Forestry , vol.2 , pp. 13-63
    • Covington, W.W.1    Everett, R.L.2    Steele, R.3
  • 15
    • 0032861977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term, landscape patterns of past fire events in a montane ponderosa pine forest of central Colorado
    • DOI 10.1023/A:1008137005355
    • Brown PM, Kaufmann MR, Shepperd WD (1999) Long-term, landscape patterns of past fire events in a montane ponderosa pine forest of central Colorado. Landscape Ecology 14: 513-532. (Pubitemid 29461830)
    • (1999) Landscape Ecology , vol.14 , Issue.6 , pp. 513-532
    • Brown, P.M.1    Kaufmann, M.R.2    Shepperd, W.D.3
  • 16
    • 84902120919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unsupported inferences of high severity fire in historical in historical dry forests of the western United States: Response to Williams and Baker
    • doi: 10.1111/geb.12136
    • Fulé PZ, Swetnam TW, Brown PM, Falk DA, Peterson DL, et al. (2013) Unsupported inferences of high severity fire in historical in historical dry forests of the western United States: response to Williams and Baker. Global Ecology and Biogeography doi: 10.1111/geb.12136.
    • (2013) Global Ecology and Biogeography
    • Fulé, P.Z.1    Swetnam, T.W.2    Brown, P.M.3    Falk, D.A.4    Peterson, D.L.5
  • 17
    • 77957723601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactive effects of historical logging and fire exclusion on ponderosa pine forest structure in the northern Rockies
    • Naficy C, Sala A, Keeling EG, Graham J, DeLuca TH (2010) Interactive effects of historical logging and fire exclusion on ponderosa pine forest structure in the northern Rockies. Ecological Applications 20: 1851-1864.
    • (2010) Ecological Applications , vol.20 , pp. 1851-1864
    • Naficy, C.1    Sala, A.2    Keeling, E.G.3    Graham, J.4    DeLuca, T.H.5
  • 18
    • 84155195607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of fire exclusion and recent managed fire on forest structure in old growth Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests
    • Collins BM, Everett RG, Stephens SL (2011) Impacts of fire exclusion and recent managed fire on forest structure in old growth Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests. Ecosphere 2: 1-14.
    • (2011) Ecosphere , vol.2 , pp. 1-14
    • Collins, B.M.1    Everett, R.G.2    Stephens, S.L.3
  • 19
    • 84881477058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical structure and composition of ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests in south-central Oregon
    • Hagmann RK, Franklin JF, Johnson KN (2013) Historical structure and composition of ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests in south-central Oregon. Forest Ecology and Management 304: 492-504.
    • (2013) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.304 , pp. 492-504
    • Hagmann, R.K.1    Franklin, J.F.2    Johnson, K.N.3
  • 20
    • 0002920004 scopus 로고
    • Impact of fire suppression on a mixed-conifer forest
    • Parsons and DeBenittie
    • Parsons and DeBenittie (1979) Impact of fire suppression on a mixed-conifer forest. Forest Ecology and Management 21: 21-33.
    • (1979) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.21 , pp. 21-33
  • 21
    • 0002434779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The landscape ecology of western forest fire regimes
    • Agee JK (1998) The landscape ecology of western forest fire regimes. Northwest Science 72:24-34.
    • (1998) Northwest Science , vol.72 , pp. 24-34
    • Agee, J.K.1
  • 22
    • 84897758816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lake Tahoe case study
    • Addendum to the Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project; final report to Congress. University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources
    • Elliott-Fisk DL, Cahill TC, Davis OK, Duan L, Goldman CR, et al. (1996) Lake Tahoe case study. Addendum to the Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project; final report to Congress. University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources. Wildland Resources Center Report No. 36. http://ceres.ca.gov/snep/ pubs/web/PDF/~A-C07.PDF.
    • (1996) Wildland Resources Center Report No. 36
    • Elliott-Fisk, D.L.1    Cahill, T.C.2    Davis, O.K.3    Duan, L.4    Goldman, C.R.5
  • 23
    • 11144278295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying forest reference conditions on early cut-over lands, Lake Tahoe Basin, USA
    • Taylor AH (2004) Identifying forest reference conditions on early cut-over lands, Lake Tahoe Basin, USA. Ecological Applications 14: 1903-1920.
    • (2004) Ecological Applications , vol.14 , pp. 1903-1920
    • Taylor, A.H.1
  • 24
    • 84877324027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in wildfires among ecoregions and land management agencies in the Sierra Nevada region, California, USA
    • Miller JD, Collins BM, Lutz JA, Stephens SL, van Wagtendonk JW, et al. (2012) Differences in wildfires among ecoregions and land management agencies in the Sierra Nevada region, California, USA. Ecosphere 3: 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES12-00158.1.
    • (2012) Ecosphere , vol.3 , pp. 80
    • Miller, J.D.1    Collins, B.M.2    Lutz, J.A.3    Stephens, S.L.4    Van Wagtendonk, J.W.5
  • 25
    • 0042071533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dendrochronology-based fire history of Jeffrey pine - Mixed conifer forests in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Mexico
    • DOI 10.1139/x03-031
    • Stephens SL, Skinner CN, Gill SJ (2003) Dendrochronology-based fire history of Jeffrey pine-mixed conifer forests in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Mexico. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33: 1090-1101. (Pubitemid 36990234)
    • (2003) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.33 , Issue.6 , pp. 1090-1101
    • Stephens, S.L.1    Skinner, C.N.2    Gill, S.J.3
  • 27
    • 34547443658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing modern and past fire regimes to assess changes in prehistoric lightning and anthropogenic ignitions in a Jeffrey pine - Mixed conifer forest in the Sierra San Pedro Mártir, Mexico
    • DOI 10.1139/X06-280
    • Evett R, Franco-Vizcaíno E, Stephens SL (2007) Comparing modern and past fire regimes to assess changes in prehistoric lightning and anthropogenic ignitions in a Jeffrey pine-mixed conifer forest in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Mexico. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37: 318-330. (Pubitemid 47169714)
    • (2007) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.37 , Issue.2 , pp. 318-330
    • Evett, R.R.1    Franco-Vizcaino, E.2    Stephens, S.L.3
  • 28
    • 58749102998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wildfire and spatial patterns in forests in northwestern Mexico: The United States wishes it had similar fire problems
    • Stephens SL, Fry DL, Franco-Vizcaíno E (2008) Wildfire and spatial patterns in forests in northwestern Mexico: the United States wishes it had similar fire problems. Ecology and Society 13.
    • (2008) Ecology and Society , vol.13
    • Stephens, S.L.1    Fry, D.L.2    Franco-Vizcaíno, E.3
  • 29
    • 29244437545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Western pine forests with continuing frequent fire regimes: Possible reference sites for management
    • Stephens SL, Fulé PZ (2005) Western pine forest with continuing frequent fire regimes: possible reference sites for management. Journal of Forestry 103: 357-362. (Pubitemid 41825162)
    • (2005) Journal of Forestry , vol.103 , Issue.7 , pp. 357-362
    • Stephens, S.L.1    Fule, P.Z.2
  • 30
    • 77949573239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire disturbance and forest structure in an old-growth Pinus ponderosa forest, southern Cascades, USA
    • Taylor AH (2010) Fire disturbance and forest structure in an old-growth Pinus ponderosa forest, southern Cascades, USA. Journal of Vegetation Science 21: 561-572.
    • (2010) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.21 , pp. 561-572
    • Taylor, A.H.1
  • 31
    • 0032408696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest composition, structure, and change in an old-growth mixed conifer forest in the northern Sierra Nevada
    • Ansley JS, Battles JJ (1998) Forest composition, structure, and change in an old-growth mixed conifer forest in the northern Sierra Nevada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 125: 297-308.
    • (1998) Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society , vol.125 , pp. 297-308
    • Ansley, J.S.1    Battles, J.J.2
  • 32
    • 70249151017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 108 years of change in spatial pattern following selective harvest of a ponderosa pine stand in northern Arizona, USA
    • Sánchez Meador AJ, Moore MM, Bakker JD, Parysow PF (2009) 108 years of change in spatial pattern following selective harvest of a ponderosa pine stand in northern Arizona, USA. Journal of Vegetation Science 20: 79-90.
    • (2009) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.20 , pp. 79-90
    • Sánchez Meador, A.J.1    Moore, M.M.2    Bakker, J.D.3    Parysow, P.F.4
  • 33
    • 0002495942 scopus 로고
    • Effects of pathogens and bark beetles on forests
    • Schowalter TD, Filip GM (Eds.), Academic Press, London, UK
    • Goheen DJ, Hansen EM (1993) Effects of pathogens and bark beetles on forests. In: Schowalter TD, Filip GM (Eds.), Beetle-pathogen interactions in conifer forests. Academic Press, London, UK, 175-196.
    • (1993) Beetle-pathogen Interactions in Conifer Forests , pp. 175-196
    • Goheen, D.J.1    Hansen, E.M.2
  • 34
    • 33845946992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of vegetation management practices for prevention and control of bark beetle infestations in coniferous forests of the western and southern United States
    • DOI 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.10.011, PII S0378112706010310
    • Fettig CJ, Klepzig KD, Billings RF, Munson AS, Nebeker TE, et al. (2007) The effectiveness of vegetation management practices for prevention and control of bark beetle infestations in coniferous forests of the western and southern United States. Forest Ecology and Management 238: 24-53. (Pubitemid 46038624)
    • (2007) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.238 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 24-53
    • Fettig, C.J.1    Klepzig, K.D.2    Billings, R.F.3    Munson, A.S.4    Nebeker, T.E.5    Negron, J.F.6    Nowak, J.T.7
  • 35
    • 84155191178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree spatial patterns in fire-frequent forests of western North America, including mechanisms of pattern formation and implications for designing fuel reduction and restoration treatments
    • Larson AJ, Churchill D (2012) Tree spatial patterns in fire-frequent forests of western North America, including mechanisms of pattern formation and implications for designing fuel reduction and restoration treatments. Forest Ecology and Management 267: 74-92.
    • (2012) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.267 , pp. 74-92
    • Larson, A.J.1    Churchill, D.2
  • 37
    • 84878704761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying spatial patterns of tree groups and gaps in mixed-conifer forests: Reference conditions and long-term changes following fire suppression and logging
    • Lydersen JM, North MP, Knapp EE, Collins BM (2013) Quantifying spatial patterns of tree groups and gaps in mixed-conifer forests: reference conditions and long-term changes following fire suppression and logging. Forest Ecology and Management 304: 370-382.
    • (2013) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.304 , pp. 370-382
    • Lydersen, J.M.1    North, M.P.2    Knapp, E.E.3    Collins, B.M.4
  • 39
    • 84872224284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A restoration framework for federal forests in the Pacific Northwest
    • Franklin JF, Johnson KN (2012) A restoration framework for federal forests in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Forestry 110: 429-439.
    • (2012) Journal of Forestry , vol.110 , pp. 429-439
    • Franklin, J.F.1    Johnson, K.N.2
  • 41
    • 79957951984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Restoration relevance of recent National Fire Plan treatments in forests of the Western United States
    • doi:10.1890/090199
    • Schoennagel T, Nelson CR (2010) Restoration relevance of recent National Fire Plan treatments in forests of the Western United States. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment doi:10.1890/090199.
    • (2010) Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
    • Schoennagel, T.1    Nelson, C.R.2
  • 43
    • 84867679810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topographic variation in active-fire forest structure under current climate conditions
    • Lydersen J, North M (2012) Topographic variation in active-fire forest structure under current climate conditions. Ecosystems 15: 1134-1146.
    • (2012) Ecosystems , vol.15 , pp. 1134-1146
    • Lydersen, J.1    North, M.2
  • 44
    • 0342866534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Land of chamise and pines: Historical accounts and current status of northern Baja California's vegetation
    • University of California, Berkeley
    • Minnich RA, Franco-Vizcaíno E (1998) Land of chamise and pines: historical accounts and current status of northern Baja California's vegetation. University of California Publications in Botany, vol. 80. University of California, Berkeley.
    • (1998) University of California Publications in Botany , vol.80
    • Minnich, R.A.1    Franco-Vizcaíno, E.2
  • 45
    • 77949636344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate, rain shadow, and human-use influences on Eastern Sierra Nevada fire regimes
    • North M, Van de Water K, Stephens SL, Collins B (2009b) Climate, rain shadow, and human-use influences on Eastern Sierra Nevada fire regimes. Fire Ecology 5: 20-34.
    • (2009) Fire Ecology , vol.5 , pp. 20-34
    • North, M.1    Van De Water, K.2    Stephens, S.L.3    Collins, B.4
  • 46
    • 0033880608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Californian mixed-conifer forests under unmanaged fire regimes in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Baja California, Mexico
    • DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00368.x
    • Minnich RA, Barbour MG, Burke JH, Sosa-Ramírez J (2000) Californian mixed-conifer forests under unmanaged fire regimes in the Sierra San Pedro Mártir, Baja California, Mexico. Journal of Biogeography 27: 105-129. (Pubitemid 30597049)
    • (2000) Journal of Biogeography , vol.27 , Issue.1 , pp. 105-129
    • Minnich, R.A.1    Barbour, M.G.2    Burk, J.H.3    Sosa-Ramirez, J.4
  • 47
    • 0036209908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water balance at the southern limit of the Californian mixed-conifer forest and implications for extreme-deficit watersheds
    • DOI 10.1080/153249802317304431
    • Franco-Vizcaíno E, Escoto-Rodriguez M, Sosa-Ramírez J, Minnich RA (2002) Water balance at the southern limit of the Californian mixed-conifer forest and implications for extreme-deficit watersheds. Arid Land Research and Management 16:133-147. (Pubitemid 34276158)
    • (2002) Arid Land Research and Management , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 133-147
    • Franco-Vizcaino, E.1    Escoto-Rodriguez, M.2    Sosa-Ramirez, J.3    Minnich, R.A.4
  • 48
    • 3543035456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetation and ecological characteristics of mixed-conifer and red-fir forests at the Teakettle Experimental Forest
    • North M., Oakley B, Chen J, Erickson H, Gray A, et al. (2002) Vegetation and ecological characteristics of mixed-conifer and red-fir forests at the Teakettle Experimental Forest. USFS General Technical Report, PSW-GTR-186.
    • (2002) USFS General Technical Report, PSW-GTR-186
    • North, M.1    Oakley, B.2    Chen, J.3    Erickson, H.4    Gray, A.5
  • 49
    • 11444259800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest structure and mortality in an old-growth Jeffrey pine-mixed conifer forest in north-western Mexico
    • DOI 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.10.003, PII S0378112704006991
    • Stephens SL, Gill SJ (2005) Forest structure and mortality in an old-growth Jeffrey pine-mixed conifer forest in northwestern Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management 205: 15-28. (Pubitemid 40078167)
    • (2005) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.205 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 15-28
    • Stephens, S.L.1    Gill, S.J.2
  • 50
    • 0005201726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forested communities of the upper montane in the central and southern Sierra Nevada
    • Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, California
    • Potter DA (1998) Forested communities of the upper montane in the central and southern Sierra Nevada. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-169. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, California.
    • (1998) USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-169
    • Potter, D.A.1
  • 51
    • 20444418704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of fire and El Niño on tree recruitment varies by species in Sierran mixed conifer
    • North M, Hurteau M, Fiegener R, Barbour M (2005) Influence of fire and El Niño on tree recruitment varies by species in Sierran mixed conifer. Forest Science 51: 187-197. (Pubitemid 40802446)
    • (2005) Forest Science , vol.51 , Issue.3 , pp. 187-197
    • North, M.1    Hurteau, M.2    Fiegener, R.3    Barbour, M.4
  • 52
    • 15944407217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Federal forest-fire policy in the United States
    • Stephens SL, Ruth LW (2005) Federal forest fire policy in the United States. Ecological Applications 15:532-542. (Pubitemid 40441295)
    • (2005) Ecological Applications , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. 532-542
    • Stephens, S.L.1    Ruth, L.W.2
  • 53
    • 27144551366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal patterns in structure, regeneration, and mortality of an old-growth ponderosa pine forest in the Colorado Front Range
    • DOI 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.08.041, PII S0378112705005153
    • Boyden S, Binkley D, Shepperd W (2005) Spatial and temporal patterns in structure, regeneration, and mortality of an old-growth ponderosa pine forest in the Colorado Front Range. Forest Ecology and Management 219: 43-55. (Pubitemid 41503076)
    • (2005) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.219 , Issue.1 , pp. 43-55
    • Boyden, S.1    Binkley, D.2    Shepperd, W.3
  • 54
    • 0004232308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fourth edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall
    • Zar JH (1999) Biostatistical analysis. Fourth edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
    • (1999) Biostatistical Analysis
    • Zar, J.H.1
  • 56
    • 0942267948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rings, circles, and null-models for point pattern analysis in ecology
    • DOI 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12497.x
    • Wiegand T, Moloney KA (2004) Rings, circles, and null models for point pattern analysis in ecology. Oikos 104: 209-229. (Pubitemid 38143430)
    • (2004) Oikos , vol.104 , Issue.2 , pp. 209-229
    • Wiegand, T.1    Moloney, K.A.2
  • 57
    • 33747066137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical inference using the G or K point pattern spatial statistics
    • Loosemore NB, Ford ED (2006) Statistical inference using the G or K point pattern spatial statistics. Ecology 87: 1925-1931.
    • (2006) Ecology , vol.87 , pp. 1925-1931
    • Loosemore, N.B.1    Ford, E.D.2
  • 58
    • 13444262053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • spatstat: An R package for analysing spatial point patterns
    • Baddeley AJ, Turner R (2005) spatstat: An R package for analysing spatial point patterns. Journal of Statistical Software 12: 1-42.
    • (2005) Journal of Statistical Software , vol.12 , pp. 1-42
    • Baddeley, A.J.1    Turner, R.2
  • 59
    • 84863304598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, AT.
    • R Development Core Team (2009) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, AT. http://www/R-project.org.
    • R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
  • 60
    • 0036829876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cluster analysis of spatial patterns in malaysian tree species
    • DOI 10.1086/342823
    • Plotkin JB, Chave J, Ashton PS (2002) Cluster analysis of spatial patterns in Malaysian tree species. The American Naturalist 160:629-644. (Pubitemid 35259059)
    • (2002) American Naturalist , vol.160 , Issue.5 , pp. 629-644
    • Plotkin, J.B.1    Chave, J.2    Ashton, P.S.3
  • 61
    • 72649083917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial variation in reference conditions: Historical tree density and pattern on a Pinus ponderosa landscape
    • Abella SR, Denton CW (2009) Spatial variation in reference conditions: historical tree density and pattern on a Pinus ponderosa landscape. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39: 2391-2403.
    • (2009) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.39 , pp. 2391-2403
    • Abella, S.R.1    Denton, C.W.2
  • 62
    • 79959798783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new method for delineating tree patches and assessing spatial reference conditions of ponderosa pine forest in northern Arizona
    • Sánchez Meador AJ, Parysow PF, Moore MM (2011) A new method for delineating tree patches and assessing spatial reference conditions of ponderosa pine forest in northern Arizona. Restoration Ecology 19: 490-499.
    • (2011) Restoration Ecology , vol.19 , pp. 490-499
    • Sánchez Meador, A.J.1    Parysow, P.F.2    Moore, M.M.3
  • 63
    • 7744224732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Largest-crown-width prediction models for 53 species in the western United States
    • Bechtold WA (2004) Largest-crown-width prediction models for 53 species in the western United States. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 19: 245-251.
    • (2004) Western Journal of Applied Forestry , vol.19 , pp. 245-251
    • Bechtold, W.A.1
  • 64
    • 84897778215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chapter 12: The variable-density thinning study at Stanislaus-Tuolumne Experimental forest
    • North M, Ed. Managing Sierra Nevada Forests. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, California
    • Knapp E, North M, Benech M, Estes B (2012) Chapter 12: The variable-density thinning study at Stanislaus-Tuolumne Experimental forest. In: North M, Ed. Managing Sierra Nevada Forests. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-237. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, California.
    • (2012) USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-237
    • Knapp, E.1    North, M.2    Benech, M.3    Estes, B.4
  • 65
    • 34548139396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How to define a patch: A spatial model for hierarchically delineating organism-specific habitat patches
    • DOI 10.1007/s10980-007-9104-8
    • Girvetz EH, Greco SE (2007) How to define a patch: a spatial model for hierarchically delineating organism-specific habitat patches. Landscape Ecology 22: 1131-1142. (Pubitemid 47301385)
    • (2007) Landscape Ecology , vol.22 , Issue.8 , pp. 1131-1142
    • Girvetz, E.H.1    Greco, S.E.2
  • 67
    • 19544362537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dry forests and wildland fires of the inland Northwest USA: Contrasting the landscape ecology of the pre-settlement and modern eras
    • DOI 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.02.016, PII S0378112705000587, Relative Risk Assessments for Decision-Making Related to Uncharacteristic Wildfire Relative Risk Assessments for Decision-Making
    • Hessburg PF, Agee JK, Franklin JF (2005) Dry forests and wildland fires of the inland Northwest USA: contrasting the landscape ecology of the pre-settlement and modern eras. Forest Ecology and Management 211: 117-139. (Pubitemid 40728101)
    • (2005) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.211 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 117-139
    • Hessburg, P.F.1    Agee, J.K.2    Franklin, J.F.3
  • 68
    • 20444365862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stand conditions associated with tree regeneration in Sierran mixed-conifer forests
    • Gray AN, Zald HSJ, Kern RA, North M (2005) Stand conditions associated with tree regeneration in the Sierran mixed-conifer forests. Forest Science 51: 198-210. (Pubitemid 40802447)
    • (2005) Forest Science , vol.51 , Issue.3 , pp. 198-210
    • Gray, A.N.1    Zald, H.S.J.2    Kern, R.A.3    North, M.4
  • 69
    • 55549145789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial patterns of overstory trees in late-successional conifer forests
    • Larson AJ, Churchill D (2008) Spatial patterns of overstory trees in late-successional conifer forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38: 2814-2825.
    • (2008) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.38 , pp. 2814-2825
    • Larson, A.J.1    Churchill, D.2
  • 70
    • 77952994458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitigating old tree mortality in long-unburned, fire dependent forests: A synthesis
    • Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado
    • Hood SM (2010) Mitigating old tree mortality in long-unburned, fire dependent forests: a synthesis. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMRS-238. Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado.
    • (2010) USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMRS-238
    • Hood, S.M.1
  • 71
    • 84871925448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in snag populations in drought-stressed mixed-conifer and ponderosa pine forests (1997-2007)
    • Ganey JL, Vojta SC (2012) Trends in snag populations in drought-stressed mixed-conifer and ponderosa pine forests (1997-2007). International Journal of Forestry Research 2012:1-8.
    • (2012) International Journal of Forestry Research , vol.2012 , pp. 1-8
    • Ganey, J.L.1    Vojta, S.C.2
  • 72
    • 3543034638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest stand structure and pattern of old-growth western hemlock/Douglas-fir and mixed-conifer forests
    • North M, Chen J, Oakley B, Song B, Rudnicki M, et al. (2004) Forest stand structure and pattern of old-growth western hemlock/Douglas-fir and mixed-conifer forests. Forest Science 50: 299-311. (Pubitemid 39009357)
    • (2004) Forest Science , vol.50 , Issue.3 , pp. 299-311
    • North, M.1    Chen, J.2    Oakley, B.3    Song, B.4    Rudnicki, M.5    Gray, A.6    Innes, J.7
  • 73
    • 34249887637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of thinning and prescribed fire restoration treatments on woody debris and snag dynamics in a Sierran old-growth, mixed-conifer forest
    • DOI 10.1139/X06-184
    • Innes JC, North MP, Williamson N (2006) Effect of thinning and prescribed fire restoration treatments on woody debris and snag dynamics in a Sierran old-growth, mixed-conifer forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36: 3183-3193. (Pubitemid 46866367)
    • (2006) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.36 , Issue.12 , pp. 3183-3193
    • Innes, J.C.1    North, M.P.2    Williamson, N.3
  • 74
    • 29244460852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial distribution of regeneration patches in an old-growth Pinus jeffreyi-mixed conifer forest in northwestern Mexico
    • DOI 10.1658/1100-9233(2005)016[0693:SDORPI]2.0.CO;2
    • Stephens SL, Fry DL (2005) Spatial distribution of regeneration patches in an old-growth Jeffrey pine-mixed conifer forest in northwestern Mexico. Journal of Vegetation Science 16: 693-702. (Pubitemid 43059063)
    • (2005) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.16 , Issue.6 , pp. 693-702
    • Stephens, S.L.1    Fry, D.L.2
  • 75
    • 77958040107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stand-level spatial dependence in an old-growth Jeffrey pine-mixed conifer forest, Sierra San Pedro Martir, Mexico
    • Fry DL, Stephens SL (2010) Stand-level spatial dependence in an old-growth Jeffrey pine-mixed conifer forest, Sierra San Pedro Martir, Mexico. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40: 1814-1830.
    • (2010) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.40 , pp. 1814-1830
    • Fry, D.L.1    Stephens, S.L.2
  • 76
    • 4444359245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fuel loads, snag abundance, and snag recruitment in an unmanaged Jeffrey pine-mixed conifer forest in northwestern Mexico
    • Stephens SL (2004) Fuel loads, snag abundance, and snag recruitment in an unmanaged Jeffrey pine-mixed conifer forest in northwestern Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management 199: 103-113.
    • (2004) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.199 , pp. 103-113
    • Stephens, S.L.1
  • 77
    • 21444432722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fuel treatment effects on snags and coarse woody debris in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest
    • DOI 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.03.055, PII S0378112705002707
    • Stephens SL, Moghaddas JJ (2005) Fuel treatment effects on snags and coarse woody debris in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest. Forest Ecology and Management 214: 53-64. (Pubitemid 40912402)
    • (2005) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.214 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 53-64
    • Stephens, S.L.1    Moghaddas, J.J.2
  • 78
    • 34249101632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of soil thickness on stand characteristics in a Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest
    • DOI 10.1007/s11104-007-9235-3
    • Meyer M, North M, Gray A, Zald H (2007) Influence of soil thickness on stand characteristics in a Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest. Plant and Soil 294: 113-123. (Pubitemid 46789106)
    • (2007) Plant and Soil , vol.294 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 113-123
    • Meyer, M.D.1    North, M.P.2    Gray, A.N.3    Zald, H.S.J.4
  • 79
    • 0033779289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of canopy structure on the understory environment in tall, old-growth, conifer forests
    • Van Pelt R, Franklin JF (2000) Influence of canopy structure on the understory environment in tall, old-growth, conifer forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30: 1231-1245.
    • (2000) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.30 , pp. 1231-1245
    • Van Pelt, R.1    Franklin, J.F.2
  • 80
    • 33846228711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Initial response of a mixed-conifer understory plant community to burning and thinning restoration treatments
    • DOI 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.11.011, PII S0378112706011030
    • Wayman RB, North MP (2007) Initial response of a mixed conifer understory plant community to burning and thinning restoration treatments. Forest Ecology and Management 239: 32-44. (Pubitemid 46107782)
    • (2007) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.239 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 32-44
    • Wayman, R.B.1    North, M.2
  • 81
    • 34248399539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial patterns of large natural fires in Sierra Nevada wilderness areas
    • DOI 10.1007/s10980-006-9047-5
    • Collins BM, Kelly M, van Wagtendonk JW, Stephens SL (2007) Spatial patterns of large natural fires in Sierra Nevada wilderness areas. Landscape Ecology 22: 545-557. (Pubitemid 46731561)
    • (2007) Landscape Ecology , vol.22 , Issue.4 , pp. 545-557
    • Collins, B.M.1    Kelly, M.2    Van Wagtendonk, J.W.3    Stephens, S.L.4
  • 82
    • 79951958771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of effects from prescribed fires and wildfires managed for resource objectives in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks
    • Nesmith JCB, Caprio AC, Pfaff AH, McGinnis TW, Keeley JE (2011) A comparison of effects from prescribed fires and wildfires managed for resource objectives in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. Forest Ecology and Management 261: 1275-1282.
    • (2011) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.261 , pp. 1275-1282
    • Nesmith, J.C.B.1    Caprio, A.C.2    Pfaff, A.H.3    McGinnis, T.W.4    Keeley, J.E.5
  • 84
    • 70449591820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Negligible influence of spatial autocorrelation in the assessment of fire effects in a mixed conifer forest
    • van Mantgem PJ, Schwilk DW (2009) Negligible influence of spatial autocorrelation in the assessment of fire effects in a mixed conifer forest. Fire Ecology 5: 116-125.
    • (2009) Fire Ecology , vol.5 , pp. 116-125
    • Van Mantgem, P.J.1    Schwilk, D.W.2
  • 85
    • 0038721269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Edge effects in mixed conifer group selection openings: Tree height response to resource gradients
    • DOI 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00487-5, PII S0378112702004875
    • York RA, Battles JJ, Heald RC (2003) Edge effects in mixed conifer group selection openings: tree height response to resource gradients. Forest Ecology and Management 179: 107-121. (Pubitemid 36738020)
    • (2003) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.179 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 107-121
    • York, R.A.1    Battles, J.J.2    Heald, R.C.3
  • 86
    • 2942717077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Group selection management in conifer forests: Relationships between opening size and tree growth
    • DOI 10.1139/x03-222
    • York RA, Heald RC, Battles JJ, York JD (2004) Group selection management in conifer forests: relationships between opening size and tree growth. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34: 630-641. (Pubitemid 38784062)
    • (2004) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.34 , Issue.3 , pp. 630-641
    • York, R.A.1    Heald, R.C.2    Battles, J.J.3    York, J.D.4
  • 87
    • 77956330339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radial growth responses to gap creation in large, old Sequoiadendron giganteum
    • York RA, Fuchs D, Battles JJ, Stephens SL (2010) Radial growth responses to gap creation in large, old Sequoiadendron giganteum. Applied Vegetation Science 13:498-509.
    • (2010) Applied Vegetation Science , vol.13 , pp. 498-509
    • York, R.A.1    Fuchs, D.2    Battles, J.J.3    Stephens, S.L.4
  • 88
    • 80055064414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using light to predict fuels-reduction and group-selection effects on succession in Sierran mixed-conifer forest
    • Bigelow SW, North MP, Salk CF (2011) Using light to predict fuels-reduction and group-selection effects on succession in Sierran mixed-conifer forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41: 2051-2063.
    • (2011) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.41 , pp. 2051-2063
    • Bigelow, S.W.1    North, M.P.2    Salk, C.F.3
  • 89
    • 34547520694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of thinning and prescribed fire restoration treatments to Sierran mixed-conifer historic conditions
    • DOI 10.1139/X06-236
    • North M, Innes J, Zald H (2007) Comparison of thinning and prescribed fire restoration treatments to Sierran mixed-conifer historic conditions. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37: 331-342. (Pubitemid 47179576)
    • (2007) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.37 , Issue.2 , pp. 331-342
    • North, M.1    Innes, J.2    Zald, H.3
  • 91
    • 84860456589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological Importance of Large-Diameter Trees in a Temperate Mixed-Conifer Forest
    • Lutz JA, Larson AJ, Swanson ME, Freund JA (2012) Ecological Importance of Large-Diameter Trees in a Temperate Mixed-Conifer Forest. PLoS ONE 7(5): e36131.
    • (2012) PLoS ONE , vol.7 , Issue.5
    • Lutz, J.A.1    Larson, A.J.2    Swanson, M.E.3    Freund, J.A.4
  • 93
    • 0008029268 scopus 로고
    • Management of ponderosa pine in the Southwest as developed by research and experimental practice
    • Pearson GA (1950) Management of ponderosa pine in the Southwest as developed by research and experimental practice. USDA Forest Service, Agriculture Monograph 6.
    • (1950) USDA Forest Service, Agriculture Monograph , vol.6
    • Pearson, G.A.1
  • 94
    • 4444232102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stand structure in eastside old-growth ponderosa pine forests of Oregon and northern California
    • DOI 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.05.056, PII S0378112704004001
    • Youngblood A, Maxand T, Coe K (2004) Stand structure in eastside old-growth ponderosa pine forests of Oregon and northern California. Forest Ecology and Management 199: 191-217. (Pubitemid 39187994)
    • (2004) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.199 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 191-217
    • Youngblood, A.1    Max, T.2    Coe, K.3
  • 97
    • 84871796129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire-smart management of forest landscapes in the Mediterranean basin under global change
    • Fernandes PM (2013) Fire-smart management of forest landscapes in the Mediterranean basin under global change. Landscape and Urban Planning 110: 175-182.
    • (2013) Landscape and Urban Planning , vol.110 , pp. 175-182
    • Fernandes, P.M.1
  • 98
    • 71849106871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term impacts of prescribed burning on regional extent and incidence of wildfire-evidence from 50 years of active fire management in SW Australian forests
    • Boer MM, Sadler RJ, Wittkuhn RS, McCaw L, Grierson PF (2009) Long-term impacts of prescribed burning on regional extent and incidence of wildfire-evidence from 50 years of active fire management in SW Australian forests. Forest Ecology and Management 259: 132-142.
    • (2009) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.259 , pp. 132-142
    • Boer, M.M.1    Sadler, R.J.2    Wittkuhn, R.S.3    McCaw, L.4    Grierson, P.F.5
  • 99
    • 0032724899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reference conditions for giant sequoia forest restoration: Structure, process, and precision
    • Stephenson NL (1999) Reference conditions for giant sequoia forest restoration: structure, process, and precision. Ecological Applications 9: 1253-1265.
    • (1999) Ecological Applications , vol.9 , pp. 1253-1265
    • Stephenson, N.L.1
  • 100
    • 39349090781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change and forests of the future: Managing in the face of uncertainty
    • DOI 10.1890/06-1715.1
    • Millar CI, Stephenson NL, Stephens SL (2007) Climate change and forests of the future: managing in the face of uncertainty. Ecological Applications 17: 2145-2151. (Pubitemid 351323457)
    • (2007) Ecological Applications , vol.17 , Issue.8 , pp. 2145-2151
    • Millar, C.I.1    Stephenson, N.L.2    Stephens, S.L.3
  • 101
    • 77958063639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Operational approaches to managing forests of the future in Mediterranean regions within a context of changing climates
    • Stephens SL, Millar CI, Collins BM (2010) Operational approaches to managing forests of the future in Mediterranean regions within a context of changing climates. Environmental Research Letters 5: 024003.
    • (2010) Environmental Research Letters , vol.5 , pp. 024003
    • Stephens, S.L.1    Millar, C.I.2    Collins, B.M.3
  • 102
    • 0034962070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Firesmart forest management: A pragmatic approach to sustainable forest management in fire-dominated ecosystems
    • Hirsch K, Kafka V, Tymstra C, McAlpine R, Hawkes B, et al. (2001). Firesmart forest management: A pragmatic approach to sustainable forest management in fire-dominated ecosystems. The Forestry Chronicle 77: 1-7.
    • (2001) The Forestry Chronicle , vol.77 , pp. 1-7
    • Hirsch, K.1    Kafka, V.2    Tymstra, C.3    McAlpine, R.4    Hawkes, B.5
  • 103
    • 37249061335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A fuel treatment reduces fire severity and increases suppression efficiency in a mixed conifer forest
    • DOI 10.1071/WF06066
    • Moghaddas JJ, Craggs L (2007) A fuel treatment reduces fire severity and increases suppression efficiency in a mixed conifer forest. International Journal of Wildland Fire 16:673-678. (Pubitemid 350273693)
    • (2007) International Journal of Wildland Fire , vol.16 , Issue.6 , pp. 673-678
    • Moghaddas, J.J.1    Craggs, L.2
  • 104
    • 67650108511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of fuel treatments on fire severity in an area of wildland-urban interface, Angora Fire, Lake Tahoe Basin, California
    • Safford HD, Schmidt DA, Carlson CH (2009) Effects of fuel treatments on fire severity in an area of wildland-urban interface, Angora Fire, Lake Tahoe Basin, California. Forest Ecology and Management 258:773-787.
    • (2009) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.258 , pp. 773-787
    • Safford, H.D.1    Schmidt, D.A.2    Carlson, C.H.3
  • 106
    • 84897817107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marking and assessing forest heterogeneity
    • North M, Ed. Managing Sierra Nevada Forests. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, California
    • North M, Sherlock J (2012) Marking and assessing forest heterogeneity. In: North M, Ed. Managing Sierra Nevada Forests. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-237. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, California.
    • (2012) USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-237
    • North, M.1    Sherlock, J.2
  • 107
    • 84867529501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using fire to increase the scale, benefits and future maintenance of fuels treatments
    • North MP, Collins BM, Stephens SL (2012) Using fire to increase the scale, benefits and future maintenance of fuels treatments. Journal of Forestry 110: 392-401.
    • (2012) Journal of Forestry , vol.110 , pp. 392-401
    • North, M.P.1    Collins, B.M.2    Stephens, S.L.3
  • 108
    • 44949098464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity influences spatial patterns and demographics in forest stands
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01377.x
    • Getzin S, Wiegand T, Wiegand K, He F (2008) Heterogeneity influences spatial patterns and demographics in forest stands. Journal of Ecology 90: 807-820. (Pubitemid 351822131)
    • (2008) Journal of Ecology , vol.96 , Issue.4 , pp. 807-820
    • Getzin, S.1    Wiegand, T.2    Wiegand, K.3    He, F.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.