Effects of perspective taking on courtroom decisions

Journal of Applied Social Psychology

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 303-318

  Skorinko, Jeanine L ^a   Laurent, Sean ^b   Bountress, Kaitlin ^c   Nyein, Kyi Phyu ^d   Kuckuck, Daniel ^e  

^a Life Science and Bioengineering Center   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING   (United States)

^c ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d DAVIDSON COLLEGE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84897574487     PISSN: 00219029     EISSN: 15591816     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12222     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. American Bar Association. (2012). Steps in a trial: Instructions to a jury. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from: http://www.americanbar.org/groups/public%20_education/resources/law_related_education_network/how_courts_work/juryinstruct.html
2. Ames, D. R. (2004a). Inside the mind reader's tool kit: Projection and stereotyping in mental state inference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 340-353.
3. Ames, D. R. (2004b). Strategies for social inference: A similarity contingency model of projection and stereotyping in attribute prevalence estimates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 573-585.
4. Arbuckle, J. L. (2006). AMOS (version 6.0). Chicago, IL: SPSS.
5. Archer, R. L., Foushee, H. C., Davis, M. H., & Aderman, D. (1979). Emotional empathy in a courtroom simulation: A person-situation interaction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9, 275-291.
6. Batson, C. D. (1987). Prosocial motivation: Is it every truly altruistic? In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 20, pp. 65-122). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
7. Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Towards a social social-psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
8. Batson, C. D. (2010). Empathy-induced altruistic motivation. In M. Mikulincer & P. R. Shaver Batson (Eds.), Prosocial motives, emotions, and behavior: The better angels of our nature (pp. 15-34). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
9. Batson, C. D., Batson, J. G., & Griffitt, C. A. (1989). Negative-state relief and the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 922-933.
10. Batson, C. D., Early, S., & Salvarani, G. (1997). Perspective taking: Imagining how another feels versus how you would feel. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 751-758.
11. Batson, C. D., Eklund, J. H., Chermok, V. L., Hoyt, J. L., & Ortiz, B. G. (2007). An additional antecedent of empathic concern: Valuing the welfare of the person in need. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 65-74.
12. Batson, C. D., Lishner, D. A., Cook, J., & Sawyer, S. (2005). Similarity and nurturance: Two possible sources of empathy for strangers. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 27, 15-25.
13. Batson, C. D., Polycarpou, M. P., Harmon-Jones, E., Imhoff, H. J., Mitchener, E. C., Bednar, L. L., etal. (1997). Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 105-118.
14. Bornstein, B. H. (1999). The ecological validity of jury simulations: Is the jury still out? Law and Human Behavior, 23, 75-91.
15. Caruso, E. M., Epley, N., & Bazerman, M. H. (2006). The costs and benefits of undoing egocentric responsibility assessments in groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 857-871.
16. Catellani, P., & Milesi, P. (2001). Counterfactuals and roles: Mock victims' and perpetrators' accounts of judicial cases. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 247-264.
17. Cialdini, R. B., Brown, S. L., Lewis, B. P., Luce, C., & Neuberg, S. L. (1997). Reinterpreting the empathy-altruism relationship: When one into one equal oneness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 481-494.
18. Clore, G. L., & Jeffrey, K. M. (1972). Emotional role playing, attitude change, and attraction toward a disabled person. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 23, 105-111.
19. Coke, J. S., Batson, C. D., & McDavis, K. (1978). Empathic mediation of helping: A two-stage model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 752-766.
20. Costanzo, M., & Costanzo, S. (1992). Jury decision making in the capital penalty phase: Legal assumptions, empirical findings, and a research agenda. Law & Human Behavior, 16, 185-201.
21. Davis, M., Conklin, L., Smith, A., & Luce, C. (1996). Effect of perspective-taking on the cognitive representation of persons: A merging of self and other. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 713-726.
22. Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-126.
23. Dovidio, J. F., Allen, J. L., & Schroeder, D. A. (1990). The specificity of empathy-induced altruism: Evidence of altruistic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 249-260.
24. Eisenberg, N., & Lennon, R. (1983). Sex differences in empathy and related capacities. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 100-131.
25. Epley, N., Keysar, B., van Boven, L., & Gilovich, T. (2004). Perspective taking as egocentric anchoring and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 327-339.
26. Epley, N., & Waytz, A. (2009). Mind perception. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (5th ed., pp. 498-541). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
27. Frantz, C. M., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (2000). Considering both sides: The limits of perspective-taking. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 22, 31-42.
28. Franzoi, S. L., Davis, M. H., & Young, R. D. (1985). The effects of private self-consciousness and perspective taking on satisfaction in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1584-1594.
29. Galinsky, A. (2002). Creating and reducing inter-group conflict: The role of perspective-taking in affecting out-group evaluations. Toward Phenomenology of Groups and Group Membership, 4, 85-113.
30. Galinsky, A., Ku, G., & Wang, C. (2005). Perspective-taking and self-other overlap: Fostering social bonds and facilitating coordination. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 8, 109-124.
31. Galinsky, A., & Moskowitz, G. (2000). Perspective-taking: Decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 78, 708-724.
32. Galinsky, A. D., Maddux, W. W., Gilin, D., & White, J. B. (2008). Why it pays to get inside the head of your opponent: The differential effects of perspective taking and empathy in negotiations. Psychological Science, 19, 378-384.
33. Galinsky, A. D., Wang, C. S., & Ku, G. (2008). Perspective-takers behave more stereotypically. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 404-419.
34. Goldstein, N. J., & Cialdini, R. B. (2007). The spyglass self: A model of vicarious self-perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 402-417.
35. Gordon, R. A., Michels, J. L., & Nelson, C. L. (1996). Majority group perceptions of criminal behavior: The accuracy of race-related crime stereotypes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 148-159.
36. Harrison, D. A., Price, K. H., & Bell, M. (1998). Beyond relational demography: Time and the effects of surface- and deep-level diversity on work group cohesion. The Academy of Management Journal, 41, 96-107.
37. Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76, 408-420.
38. Hodges, S., & Wegner, D. M. (1997). Automatic and controlled empathy. In W. J. Ickes (Ed.), Empathetic accuracy (pp. 311-339). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
39. Hoffman, M. L. (1977). Sex differences in empathy and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 712-722.
40. Hoffman, M. L., & Levine, L. E. (1976). Early sex differences in empathy. Developmental Psychology, 12, 557-558.
41. Hope, L., Memon, A., & McGeorge, P. (2004). Understanding pretrial publicity: Predecisional distortion of evidence by mock jurors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 10, 111-119.
42. Hymes, R. W., Leinart, M., Rowe, S., & Rogers, W. (1993). Acquaintance rape: The effect of race of defendant and race of victim on white juror decisions. The Journal of Social Psychology, 133, 627-634.
43. Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., Livingston, B. A., & Liao, H. (2011). Perceived similarity, proactive adjustment, and organizational socialization. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78, 225-236.
44. Kerr, N. L., Nerenz, D. R., & Herrick, D. (1979). Role playing and the study of jury behavior. Sociological Methods Research, 7, 337-355.
45. Klein, K., & Creech, B. (1982). Race, rape, and bias: Distortion of prior odds and meanings changes. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 3, 21-33.
46. Laurent, S. M., & Myers, M. W. (2011). I know you're me, but who am I? Perspective taking and seeing the other in the self. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 1316-1319.
47. Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1974). The psychology of sex differences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
48. MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007). Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 593-614.
49. MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding, and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1, 173-181.
50. MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of suppressor and enhancer variables. Applied Psychological Measurement, 3, 123-135.
51. Mallett, R. K., Huntsinger, J. R., Sinclair, S., & Swim, J. K. (2008). Seeing through their eyes: When majority group members take collective action on behalf of the outgroup. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 11, 451-470.
52. Maner, J. K., Luce, C. L., Neuberg, S. L., Cialdini, R. B., Brown, S., & Sagarin, B. J. (2002). The effects of perspective taking on motivations for helping: Still no evidence for altruism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1601-1610.
53. McCullough, M. E., Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Rachal, K. C. (1997). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 321-336.
54. Minick, R. D. (2006). Addressing jurors' natural tendencies: The role of motive in civil litigation. For the Defense, May Edition, 1-5. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.trialgraphix.com.
55. Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2010). Mplus user's guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
56. Myers, M. W., & Hodges, S. D. (2011). The structure of self-other overlap and its relationship to perspective taking. Personal Relationships, 23, 663-679.
57. Neuberg, S., Cialdini, R. B., Brown, S., Luce, C., Sagarin, B. J., & Lewis, B. (1997). Does empathy lead to anything more than superficial helping? Comment on Batson etal. (1997). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 510-516.
58. Nuñez, N., Dahl, M. J., Tang, C. M., & Jensen, B. (2007). Trial venue and verdict decisions in juvenile cases: Mitigating and extralegal factors count. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 12, 21-39.
59. Nuñez, N., McCrea, S. M., & Culhane, S. E. (2011). Jury decision making research: Are researchers focusing on the mouse and not the elephant in the room? Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 29, 439-451.
60. Parker, S. K., & Axtell, C. M. (2001). Seeing another viewpoint: Antecedents and outcomes of employee perspective taking. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 1085-1100.
61. Pennington, N., & Hastie, R. (1986). Evidence evaluation in complex decision making. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 51, 242-258.
62. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Contemporary approaches to assessing mediation in communication research. In A. F. Hayes, M. D. Slater, & L. B. Snyder (Eds.), The Sage sourcebook of advanced data analysis methods for communication research (pp. 13-54). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
63. Rucker, D. D., Preacher, K. J., Tormala, Z. L., & Petty, R. E. (2011). Mediation analysis in social psychology: Current practices and new recommendations. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5/6, 359-371.
64. Shih, M., Wang, E., Bucher, A. T., & Stotzer, R. (2009). Perspective taking: Reducing prejudice towards general outgroups and specific individuals. Group Processes Intergroup Relations, 12, 565-577.
65. Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422-445.
66. Skorinko, J. L., Sinclair, S., & Conklin, L. (2012). Perspective taking shapes the impact of significant-other representations. Self & Identity, 11, 170-184.
67. Skorinko, J. L., & Sinclair, S. A. (2013). Perspective taking and stereotyping: The role of stereotype content. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 10-18.
68. Skorinko, J. L., & Spellman, B. A. (2013). Stereotypic crimes: How group-crime associations affect memory and (sometimes) verdicts and sentencing. Victims & Offenders, 8, 278-307.
69. Sommers, S. R. (2006). On racial diversity and group decision making: Identifying multiple effects of racial composition on jury deliberations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 597-612.
70. Sunnafrank, M., & Fontes, N. E. (1983). General and crime related racial stereotypes and influence on juridic decisions. Cornell Journal of Social Relations, 17, 1-15.
71. Sweeney, L. T., & Haney, C. (1992). The influence of race on sentencing: A meta-analytic review of experimental studies. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 10, 179-195.
72. Takaku, S., Weiner, B., & Ohbuchi, K. (2001). Cross-cultural examination of the effects of apology and perspective taking on forgiveness. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 120, 144-166.
73. Vescio, T., Sechrist, G., & Paolucci, M. (2003). Perspective-taking and prejudice reduction: The mediational role of empathy arousal and situational attributions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 455-472.
74. Williams, M. R., & Holcomb, J. E. (2001). Racial disparity and death sentences in Ohio. Journal of Criminal Justice, 209, 207-218.
75. Willis Esqueda, C. (1997). European American students' perceptions of crimes committed by five racial groups. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 1406-1420.
76. Zhao, X., Lynch, J. G., Jr., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37, 197-206.