Energy intensity of rainwater harvesting systems: A review

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volumn 34, Issue , 2014, Pages 225-242

  Vieira, Abel S ^a   Beal, Cara D ^b   Ghisi, Enedir ^a   Stewart, Rodney A ^b  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF SANTA CATARINA   (Brazil)

^b GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Energy efficiency; Energy intensity; Integrated water management; Rainwater harvesting system; Water resources; Water energy nexus

Indexed keywords

ENERGY UTILIZATION; HARVESTING; RAIN; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER RESOURCES; WATER SUPPLY;

CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY; ECONOMIC FEASIBILITIES; ENERGY INTENSITY; ENERGY PERFORMANCE; ENVIRONMENTAL FEASIBILITY; INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT; RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM; WATER ENERGY;

ENERGY EFFICIENCY;

EID: 84897391469     PISSN: 13640321     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.03.012     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. D. Lofman, M. Petersen, and Bower A. Water Energy and environment nexus: the California experience Int J Water Resour Dev 18 2002 73 85 (Pubitemid 34416193)
2. A.K. Plappally, and J.H. Lienhard V Energy requirements for water production, treatment, end use, reclamation, and disposal Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16 2012 4818 4848
3. S. Rothausen, and D. Conway Greenhouse-gas emissions from energy use in the water sector Nat Clim Change 1 2011 210 219
4. G. Olsson Water and Energy: Threats and Opportunities 2012
5. DOE. Energy demands on water resources - report to Congress on the interdependency of energy and water. USA; 2006.
6. L.P. Eichelberger Living in utility scarcity: energy and water insecurity in Northwest Alaska Am J Public Health 100 2010 1010 1018
7. D. Glassman, M. Wucker, T. Isaacman, and C. Champilou The water-energy nexus: adding water to the energy agenda 2011
8. P.H. Gleick Water and energy Annu Rev Energy Environ 19 1994 267 299
9. P. Gober Desert urbanization and the challenges of water sustainability Curr Opin Environ Sustain 2 2010 144 150
10. M. Hall, J. West, J. Lane, D. de Haas, and B. Sherman Energy and greenhouse gas emissions for SEQ water stretegy 2009 (Technical report no. 14)
11. I. Herath, M. Deurer, D. Horne, R. Singh, and B. Clothier The water footprint of hydroelectricity: a methodological comparison from a case study in New Zealand J Clean Prod 19 2011 1582 1589
12. IEEE - Institute of Electrical e Eletronics Engineer. The coming clash between water and energy. IEEE Spectrum, vol. 47; 2010p. 22-3.
13. F. Kahrl, and D. Roland-holst China's water-energy nexus 2007
14. S. Liang, and T. Zhang Interactions of energy technology development and new energy exploitation with water technology development in China Energy 36 2011 6960 6966
15. R.P.S. Malik Water-energy nexus in resource-poor economies: the Indian experience Water Resour Dev 18 2002 47 58 (Pubitemid 34439782)
16. L.C. Proença, E. Ghisi, D. Tavares, F. da, and G.M. Coelho Potential for electricity savings by reducing potable water consumption in a city scale Resour, Conserv Recycl 55 2011 960 965
17. M. Retamal, J. Glassmire, K. Abeysuriya, A. Turner, and S. White The water-energy nexus: investigation into the energy implications of household rainwater systems 2009
18. A. Siddiqi, and L.D. Anadon The water-energy nexus in Middle East and North Africa Energy Policy 39 2011 4529 4540
19. N. Teschner, A. McDonald, T.J. Foxon, and J. Paavola Integrated transitions toward sustainability: the case of water and energy policies in Israel Technol Forecast Soc Change 79 2012 457 468
20. A. Dubreuil, E. Assoumou, S. Bouckaert, S. Selosse, and N. Maïzi Water modeling in an energy optimization framework - the water-scarce middle east context Appl Energy 101 2013 268 279
21. R. Cohen, B. Nelson, and G. Wolff Energy down the drain - the hidden costs of California's water supply 2004
22. Beal CD, Stewart RA, Bertone E. Implications of resource-efficient technology on peak water demand and water-related energy demand. Science forum and stakeholder engagement: building linkages, collaboration and science quality; 2012. p. 196-204.
23. A. Abdallah, and D. Rosenberg Heterogeneous residential water and energy linkages and implications for conservation and management J Water Resour Plan Manag 2012 1 27
24. E-S.M.M. Mohamed, Steen NP van der, K. Abu-Zeid, and K. Vairavamoorthy Towards sustainability in urban water: a life cycle analysis of the urban water system of Alexandria City, Egypt J Clean Prod 18 2010 1100 1106
25. L.K. Lampe, LM Adams, and D.G. Jensen Water supply and energy generation World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 2009 American Society of Civil Engineers Reston, USA 5202 5211
26. A. Kajenthira, A. Siddiqi, and L.D. Anadon A new case for promoting wastewater reuse in Saudi Arabia: bringing energy into the water equation J Environ Manag 102 2012 184 192
27. N.-B. Chang, C. Qi, and Y.J. Yang Optimal expansion of a drinking water infrastructure system with respect to carbon footprint, cost-effectiveness and water demand J Environ Manag 110 2012 194 206
28. A. Horvath, and J. Stokes Life cycle energy assessment of alternative water supply systems in California 2011
29. 2 emissions from the life cycle of a potable water pipeline project; 2012. p. 22-30.
30. G.C. Dandy, A. Bogdanowicz, J. Craven, A. Maywald, and P. Liu Optimizing the sustainability of water distribution systems Water distribution systems analysis 2008 2009 American Society of Civil Engineers Reston, USA 267 277
31. M. Boix, L. Pibouleau, L. Montastruc, C. Azzaro-Pantel, and S. Domenech Minimizing water and energy consumptions in water and heat exchange networks Appl Therm Eng 36 2012 442 455
32. K. Mulder, N. Hagens, and B. Fisher Burning water: a comparative analysis of the energy return on water invested AMBIO 39 2010 30 39
33. A. Siddiqi, and O. de Weck Quantifying end-use energy intensity of the urban water cycle J Infrastruct Syst 2014 (in press)
34. C. Kennedy, and J. Corfee-Morlot Past performance and future needs for low carbon climate resilient infrastructure - an investment perspective Energy Policy 59 2013 773 783
35. Y. Chen, D. Zhang, Y. Sun, X. Liu, N. Wang, and H.H.G. Savenije Water demand management: a case study of the Heihe River Basin in China Phys Chem Earth, Parts A/B/C 30 2005 408 419 (Pubitemid 41213645)
36. E. Mwendera, D. Hazelton, D. Nkhuwa, P. Robinson, K. Tjijenda, and G. Chavula Overcoming constraints to the implementation of water demand management in southern Africa Phys Chem Earth, Parts A/B/C 28 2003 761 778 (Pubitemid 37232235)
37. D.S. Kenney, C. Goemans, R. Klein, J. Lowrey, and K. Reidy Residential water demand management: lessons from Aurora, Colorado 1 J Am Water Resour Assoc 44 2008 192 207 (Pubitemid 351517619)
38. A. Arpke, and N. Hutzler Domestic water use in the United States: a life-cycle approach J Ind Ecol 10 2006 169 184 (Pubitemid 44689543)
39. H. Bouwer Integrated water management for the 21st century: problems and solutions Water 128 2002 193 202
40. B. Carragher, R.A. Stewart, and C.D. Beal Quantifying the influence of residential water appliance efficiency on average day diurnal demand patterns at an end use level: a precursor to optimised water service infrastructure Resour, Conserv Recycl 62 2012 81 90
41. R. Farreny, X. Gabarrell, and J. Rieradevall Cost-efficiency of rainwater harvesting strategies in dense Mediterranean neighbourhoods Resour, Conserv Recycl 55 2011 686 694
42. N. Abhyankar, and A. Phadke Impact of large-scale energy efficiency programs on utility finances and consumer tariffs in India Energy Policy 43 2012 308 326
43. J. Parikh, and K. Parikh India's energy needs and low carbon options Energy 36 2011 3650 3658
44. U. Soytas, R. Sari, and B.T. Ewing Energy consumption, income, and carbon emissions in the United States Ecol Econ 62 2007 482 489 (Pubitemid 46670710)
45. A. Schueftan, and A.D. González Reduction of firewood consumption by households in south-central Chile associated with energy efficiency programs Energy Policy 63 2013 823 832
46. C.M. Way, B.D. Martinson, S.E. Heslop, and R.S. Cooke Rainwater harvesting: environmentally beneficial for the UK? Water Sci Technol: Water Supply 10 2010 776 782
47. I. Bertocchi, G. Fini, M.C. Rubolino, and S. Tondelli Sustainability achievements in building regulations. The example of Bologna Procedia Eng 21 2011 957 967
48. T. Urmee, S. Thoo, and W. Killick Energy efficiency status of the community housing in Australia Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16 2012 1916 1925
49. Stillwell AS, Webber ME. Water conservation and reuse: a case study of the energy-water nexus in Texas. World environmental and water resources congress 2010: challenges of change; 2010. p. 4093-108.
50. Kenway SJ, Priestley A, Cook S, Seo S, Inman M, Gregory A, et al. Energy use in the provision and consumption of urban water in Australia and New Zealand. Australia; 2008.
51. Reffold E, Leighton F, Choudhury F, Rayner PS. Greenhouse gas emissions of water supply and demand management options - science report SC070010. Bristol, UK; 2008.
52. J. Hallström Constructing a pipe-bound city: a history of water supply, sewerage, and excreta removal in Norrköping and Linköping, Sweden, 1860-1910 2002 Linköping University Sweden
53. M. Rygaard, P.J. Binning, and H.-J. Albrechtsen Increasing urban water self-sufficiency: new era, new challenges J Environ Manag 92 2011 185 194
54. D. Barreto Perfil do consumo residencial e usos finais da água [Water consumption pattern and water end uses] Ambiente Construído 8 2008 23 40 ([in Portuguese])
55. B.V. Bruggen, K. Borghgraef, and C. Vinckier Causes of water supply problems in urbanised regions in developing countries Water Resour Manag 24 2010 1885 1902
56. F. Arbués, M.Á. García-Valiñas, and R. Martínez-Espiñeira Estimation of residential water demand: a state-of-the-art review J Socio-Econ 32 2003 81 102 (Pubitemid 36357265)
57. R.B. Held, Q. Zhang, and J.R. Mihelcic Quantification of human and embodied energy of improved water provided by source and household interventions J Clean Prod 2012 1 10
58. A.A. Murad, H. Nuaimi, and M. Hammadi Comprehensive assessment of water resources in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Water Resour Manag 21 2006 1449 1463
59. O.O. Aladenola, and O.B. Adeboye Assessing the potential for rainwater harvesting Water Resour Manag 24 2010 2129 2137
60. E. Ghisi Potential for potable water savings by using rainwater in the residential sector of Brazil Build Environ 41 2006 1544 1550 (Pubitemid 43842654)
61. P.H. Gleick Global freshwater resources: soft-path solutions for the 21st century Science 302 2003 1524 1528 (Pubitemid 37475686)
62. R.M. Willis, R.A. Stewart, P.R. Williams, C.H. Hacker, S.C. Emmonds, and G. Capati Residential potable and recycled water end uses in a dual reticulated supply system Desalination 272 2011 201 211
63. D. Inman, and P. Jeffrey A review of residential demand-side management tool performance and influences on implementation effectiveness Urban Water J 3 2006 127 143 (Pubitemid 44741953)
64. N. Jones, K. Evangelinos, P. Gaganis, and E. Polyzou Citizens' perceptions on water conservation policies and the role of social capital Water Resour Manag 25 2010 509 522
65. M. Lee, B. Tansel, and M. Balbin Influence of residential water use efficiency measures on household water demand: a four year longitudinal study Resour, Conserv Recycl 56 2011 1 6
66. S. Russell, and K. Fielding Water demand management research: a psychological perspective Water Resour Res 46 2010 W05302
67. M. Lundin, and G.M. Morrison A life cycle assessment based procedure for development of environmental sustainability indicators for urban water systems Urban Water 4 2002 145 152 (Pubitemid 34598364)
68. Turner A, White S. Does demand management work over the long term? What are the critical success factors? Water in the urban environment II conference, Queensland: water in the urban envrionment - conference, Sippy Downs, Australia; 2006.
69. Beal C.D.; Stewart R.A. Identifying residential water end-uses underpinning peak day and peak hour demand. J Water Resour Plan Manag 2013.
70. A.L. Vickers The future of water conservation: challenges ahead J Contemp Water Res Educ 114 1999 49 51
71. DEFRA. Future water: the government's water strategy for England. Defra - Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs, HM Government, United Kingdom; 2008.
72. Oliveira LH de, Ilha MS de O, Gonçalves OM, Ywashima L, Reis RPA. Levantamento do estado da arte: Água [State-of-art review: water]. FINEP [Brazilian Innovation Agency], São Paulo, Brazil [in Portuguese]; 2007.
73. L. Domènech, and D. Saurí A comparative appraisal of the use of rainwater harvesting in single and multi-family buildings of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (Spain): social experience, drinking water savings and economic costs J Clean Prod 19 2011 598 608
74. S. Muthukumaran, K. Baskaran, and N. Sexton Quantification of potable water savings by residential water conservation and reuse - a case study Resour, Conserv Recycl 55 2011 945 952
75. Vimieiro GV, Pádua VL. de. Emprego de equipamentos especiais na economia de água em residências de famílias de baixa renda [Employment of water-saving equipments in low-income households]. 23° Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental [23th Brazilian Congress in Sanitary and Environmental Engineering], Campo Grande, Brazil [in Portuguese]; 2005. p. 1-14.
76. US-EPA. EPA Water Sense. US Environmental Protection Agency; 2010.
77. V. Corral-Verdugo, and R.B. Bechtel Environmental beliefs and water conservation: an empirical study J Environ Psychol 23 2003 247 257 (Pubitemid 37041576)
78. R.M. Willis, R.A. Stewart, K. Panuwatwanich, S. Jones, and A. Kyriakides Alarming visual display monitors affecting shower end use water and energy conservation in Australian residential households Resour, Conserv Recycl 54 2010 1117 1127
79. K.S. Fielding, A. Spinks, S. Russell, R. McCrea, R. Stewart, and J. Gardner An experimental test of voluntary strategies to promote urban water demand management J Environ Manag 114 2013 343 351
80. B. Jorgensen, M. Graymore, and K. O'Toole Household water use behavior: an integrated model J Environ Manag 91 2009 227 236
81. E. Ghisi, and D.F. Ferreira Potential for potable water savings by using rainwater and greywater in a multi-storey residential building in southern Brazil Build Environ 42 2007 2512 2522
82. H. Furumai Rainwater and reclaimed wastewater for sustainable urban water use Phys Chem Earth, Parts A/B/C 33 2008 340 346
83. E.L. Villarreal, and A. Dixon Analysis of a rainwater collection system for domestic water supply in Ringdansen, Norrköping, Sweden Build Environ 40 2005 1174 1184 (Pubitemid 40841157)
84. E. Eroksuz, and A. Rahman Rainwater tanks in multi-unit buildings: a case study for three Australian cities Resour, Conserv Recycl 54 2010 1449 1452
85. M.B. Ibrahim Rainwater harvesting for urban areas: a success story from Gadarif City in Central Sudan Water Resour Manag 23 2009 2727 2736
86. Z. Li, F. Boyle, and A. Reynolds Rainwater harvesting and greywater treatment systems for domestic application in Ireland Desalination 260 2010 1 8
87. Peters EJ. Rainwater potential for domestic water supply in Grenada. In: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Water Management; 2006. p 147-53. (Pubitemid 44411836)
88. A. Rahman, J. Keane, and M.A. Imteaz Rainwater harvesting in Greater Sydney: water savings, reliability and economic benefits Resour, Conserv Recycl 61 2012 16 21
89. M. Sturm, M. Zimmermann, K. Schütz, W. Urban, and H. Hartung Rainwater harvesting as an alternative water resource in rural sites in central northern Namibia Phys Chem Earth, Parts A/B/C 34 2009 776 785
90. J. Ashworth Roof collection and storage of rainwater for drinking Water Manag 158 2005 183 189 (Pubitemid 43273917)
91. Beal C, Gardner T, Sharma A, Barton R, Chong M. A desktop analysis of potable water savings from internally plumbed rainwater tanks in South East Qld - technical report no. 26. Queensland, Australia; 2011.
92. A. Palla, I. Gnecco, L.G. Lanza, and P. La Barbera Performance analysis of domestic rainwater harvesting systems under various European climate zones Resour, Conserv Recycl 62 2012 71 80
93. S. Ward, S. Barr, D. Butler, and F.A. Memon Rainwater harvesting in the UK: socio-technical theory and practice Technol Forecast Soc Change 2012 2012 1 8
94. R.M. Roebuck, C. Oltean-Dumbrava, and S. Tait Whole life cost performance of domestic rainwater harvesting systems in the United Kingdom Water Environ J 25 2011 355 365
95. E. Friedrich, S. Pillay, and C.A. Buckley The use of LCA in the water industry and the case for an environmental performance indicator Water SA 33 2007 443 452
96. J.E. Fagan, M.A. Reuter, and K.J. Langford Dynamic performance metrics to assess sustainability and cost effectiveness of integrated urban water systems Resour, Conserv Recycl 54 2010 719 736
97. R.G. Raluy, L. Serra, and J. Uche Life cycle assessment of water production technologies - part 1: life cycle assessment of different commercial desalination technologies (MSF, MED, RO) Int J Life Cycle Assess 10 2005 285 293 (Pubitemid 41117054)
98. J. Stokes, and A. Horvath LCA methodology and case study: life cycle energy assessment of alternative water supply systems Int J Life Cycle Assess 11 2006 335 343 (Pubitemid 44535061)
99. Tarantini M, Ferri F. LCA of drinking and wastewater treatment systems of Bologna city: final results. In: Proceedings of the 4th IRCEW Conference; 2001. p. 1-8.
100. F. Vince, E. Aoustin, P. Bréant, and F. Marechal LCA tool for the environmental evaluation of potable water production Desalination 220 2008 37 56
101. S. Angrill, R. Farreny, C.M. Gasol, X. Gabarrell, B. Viñolas, and A. Josa et al. Environmental analysis of rainwater harvesting infrastructures in diffuse and compact urban models of Mediterranean climate Int J Life Cycle Assess 17 2012 25 42
102. A.I. Racoviceanu, B.W. Karney, C.A. Kennedy, and A.F. Colombo Life-cycle energy use and greenhouse gas emissions inventory for water treatment systems J Infrastruct Syst 13 2007 261 270 (Pubitemid 350162785)
103. Jekel M, Remy C, Ruhland A. Ecological assessment of alternative sanitation concepts with life cycle assessment. Berlin, Germany; 2006.
104. H.E. Muga, and J.R. Mihelcic Sustainability of wastewater treatment technologies J Environ Manag 88 2008 437 447 (Pubitemid 351696574)
105. J. Stokes, and A. Horvath Life-cycle assessment of urban water provision: tool and case study in California J Infrastruct Syst 17 2011 15 24
106. M. Lee, and B. Tansel Life cycle based analysis of demands and emissions for residential water-using appliances J Environ Manag 101 2012 75 81
107. A. Bonton, C. Bouchard, B. Barbeau, and S. Jedrzejak Comparative life cycle assessment of water treatment plants Desalination 284 2012 42 54
108. Wilkinson R. Integrating water and energy resource management: progress and opportunities. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2007: restoring our natural habitat. Tampa, USA; 2007. p. 1-17.
109. Goldstein R, Smith W. Water & Sustainability (Volume 4): U.S. electricity consumption for water supply & treatment - the next half century. California, USA; 2002.
110. C.K. Makropoulos, K. Natsis, S. Liu, K. Mittas, and D. Butler Decision support for sustainable option selection in integrated urban water management Environ Modell Softw 23 2008 1448 1460
111. R.-H. Kim, S. Lee, J. Jeong, J.-H. Lee, and Y.-K. Kim Reuse of greywater and rainwater using fiber filter media and metal membrane Desalination 202 2007 326 332 (Pubitemid 44829090)
112. Y. Zhang, A. Grant, A. Sharma, D. Chen, and L. Chen Alternative water resources for rural residential development in western Australia Water 2010 25 36
113. Y.-R. Chiu, C.-H. Liaw, and L.-C. Chen Optimizing rainwater harvesting systems as an innovative approach to saving energy in hilly communities Renew Energy 34 2009 492 498
114. C.-L. Cheng Study of the inter-relationship between water use and energy conservation for a building Energy Build 34 2002 261 266 (Pubitemid 33142418)
115. A.S. Vieira Uso racional de água em habitações de interesse social como estratégia para a conservação de energia em Florianópolis, Santa Catarina [Integrated water management in low-income households for energy conservation in Florianópolis city] 2012 Federal University of Santa Catarina Brazil ([in Portuguese])
116. Cunio LN, Sproul AB. Low energy pumping systems for rainwater tanks. In: Proceedings of the Solar09, the 47th ANZES Annual Conference, September 29-October 2. Townsville, Australia; 2009.
117. E. Ghisi, and S.M. de Oliveira Potential for potable water savings by combining the use of rainwater and greywater in houses in southern Brazil Build Environ 42 2007 1731 1742 (Pubitemid 44835410)
118. M. Hallmann, T. Grant, and N. Alsop Yarra Valley water life cycle assessment and life cycle costing of water tanks as a supplement to mains water supply 2003 Centre for Design at RMIT University Australia
119. 2 emissions from rainwater-harvesting systems: an improved method by proxy Water Environ J 26 2012 184 190
120. DEFRA. BNWAT05: rainwater & greywater systems - supplementary briefing note. Market Transformation Programme. United Kingdom; n.d.
121. Campling P, Nocker LD, Schiettecatte W, Iacovides AI, Dworak T, Arenas MÁ, et al. Assessment of the risks and impacts of four alternative water supply options. European commission - DG environment; n.d.
122. P. Mikkelsen, O. Adeler, and M. Henze Collected rainfall as a water source in danish households - what is the potential and what are the costs? Water Sci Technol 39 1999 49 56 (Pubitemid 29150441)
123. M.R. Talebpour, R.A. Stewart, C. Beal, B. Dowling, A. Sharma, and S. Fane Rainwater tank end usage and energy demand: a pilot study Water 38 2011 85 89
124. B. Hood, E. Gardner, R. Barton, R. Gardiner, C. Beal, and R. Hyde et al. Decentralised development: the Ecovillage at Currumbin Water 37 2010 37 43
125. S. Umapathi, M.N. Chong, and A.K. Sharma Evaluation of plumbed rainwater tanks in households for sustainable water resource management: a real-time monitoring study J Clean Prod 42 2013 204 214
126. Ferguson MA. 12-month rainwater tank water savings and energy use study for 52 real life installations. Ozwater12 conference. Sydney, Australia; 8-10 May 2012.
127. A.S. Vieira, M. Weeber, and E. Ghisi Self-cleaning filtration: a novel concept for rainwater harvesting systems Resour, Conserv Recycl 78 2013 67 73
128. Tjandraatmadja, G.; Pollard, C.; Sharma, A. and Gardner, T. (2011) Dissecting Rainwater Pump Energy Use in Urban Households, in Science Forum and Stakeholder Engagement: Building Linkages, Collaboration and Science Quality, (eds) D.K.; Begbie and S.L.; Wakem, Urban Water Security Research Alliance, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO).September 2011, Brisbane, Queensland, pp 35.
129. C Beal, B Hood, T Gardner, C Christiansen, and J. Lane Energy and water metabolism of a sustainable subdivision in South East Queensland: a reality check. Enviro'08, 5-7 May 2008 2008 Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre AWA, Melbourne, Australia 1 17
130. Brewer D, Brown R, Stanfield G. Rainwater and greywater in buildings: project report and case studies. Technical note TN 7/2001, BSRIA. United Kingdom; n.d.
131. Cohim E, Garcia A, Kiperstok A. Captação e utilização de água pluvail em residências para população de baixa renda em áreas urbanas: estudo de caso [Rainwater harvesting and usage at low-income households in urban areas: a case study]. IX Simpósio de Recursos Hídricos do Nordeste [IX Symposium in Water Resources of North-eastern region in Brazil]. Salvador, Brazil [in Portuguese]; 2008. p. 1-10.
132. C Parkes, H Kershaw, J Hart, R Sibille, and Z. Grant Energy and carbon implications of rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling Environ Agency 2010 (United Kingdom)
133. Olsson G. The urban water-energy nexus: energy efficiency along the water value chain. Stockholm World Water Week August 2011, vol. 7. Stockholm, Sweden.
134. Carlson S, Walburger A. Energy index development for benchmarking water and wastewater utilities. American Water Works Association (AWWA) Research Foundation, CDH Energy Corp.; Evansville, Wis; 2007.
135. SNIS. Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento: Diagnóstico dos serviços de água e esgotos - 2010 [National water and sanitation information system: Water and sewer outlook - 2010]. Brasília, Brazil [in Portuguese]; 2012.
136. K. Reddy, and N. Ghaffour Overview of the cost of desalinated water and costing methodologies Desalination 205 2007 340 353 (Pubitemid 46431149)
137. Hernández E. Energy assessment of water networks, a case study. Water Distribution Systems Analysis 2010, September 12-15. Tucson, AZ, USA; 2010. p. 1168-79.
138. R.L. McGinnis, and M. Elimelech Energy requirements of ammonia-carbon dioxide forward osmosis desalination Desalination 207 2007 370 382 (Pubitemid 46404553)
139. D. Joksimovic, D.A. Savic, G.A. Walters, D. Bixio, K. Katsoufidou, and S.G. Yiantsios Development and validation of system design principles for water reuse systems Desalination 218 2008 142 153 (Pubitemid 350182893)
140. Clarke A, Grant N, Thornton J. Quantifying the energy and carbon effects of water saving: full technical report. United Kingdom; 2009.
141. D.D. Haas, J. Lane, and P. Lant Life cycle assessment of the Gold Coast urban water system Water 38 2011 57 64
142. Cook S, Hall M, Gregory A. Energy use in the provision and consumption of urban water in Australia: an update. CSIRO water for a healthy country flagship, Australia. Prepared for the Water Services Association of Australia; n.d.
143. Hall MR. Review of rainwater tank cost-effectiveness in South East Queensland. Urban water security research alliance technical report no. 105. Australia; 2013.
144. Leggett DJ, Brown R, Stanfield G, Brewer D, Holliday E. Rainwater and greywater use in buildings: decision-making for water conservation. CIRIA PR80. London, UK; 2001.
145. E. Friedler, and Y. Gilboa Performance of UV disinfection and the microbial quality of greywater effluent along a reuse system for toilet flushing Sci Total Environ 408 2010 2109 2117
146. Hoffmann H, Platzer C. Constructed wetlands for greywater and domestic wastewater treatment in developing countries. Sustainable Sanitation and Ecosan Program of Deutsche Gesellschaft Für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH. Germany; 2010.
147. E. Friedler, A. Yardeni, Y. Gilboa, and Y. Alfiya Disinfection of greywater effluent and regrowth potential of selected bacteria Water Sci Technol 63 2011 931 940
148. T. Gardner, and A. Vieritz The role of rainwater tanks in Australia in the twenty first century Archit Sci Rev 53 2010 107 125
149. ABNT. NBR 5626 Instalação predial de água fria [Plumbing code of Brazil]; 1998. p. 1-41.
150. R.M. Roebuck A whole life costing approach for rainwater harvesting systems (Ph.D. thesis) 2007 Bradford Univeristy
151. M.R. Nogueira Vilanova, and J.A. Perrella Balestieri Energy and hydraulic efficiency in conventional water supply systems Renew Sustain Energy Rev 30 2014 701 714