Life-Cycle Assessment of Urban Water Provision: Tool and Case Study in California

Journal of Infrastructure Systems

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 15-24

  Stokes, Jennifer ^a   Horvath, Arpad ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b Berkeley   (United States)

Author keywords

Energy; Sustainability; Systems analysis; Water supply

Indexed keywords

AIR EMISSIONS; CALIFORNIA; DECISION SUPPORT TOOLS; ENERGY; ENERGY CONSUMPTION; ENERGY NEEDS; ENERGY PRODUCTIONS; ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY; ENERGY USE; ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS; LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENTS; SUSTAINABILITY; TOTAL EFFECT; URBAN WATERS; WATER INFRASTRUCTURE; WATER USE;

AIR POLLUTION; CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT; DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS; ENERGY UTILIZATION; GLOBAL WARMING; GREENHOUSE GASES; LIFE CYCLE; MATERIALS HANDLING; RESEARCH; SLUDGE DISPOSAL; SUPPLY CHAINS; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; SYSTEMS ANALYSIS; WATER SUPPLY;

WATER TREATMENT;

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM; ENERGY USE; INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING; LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS; SUSTAINABILITY; SYSTEMS ANALYSIS; URBAN PLANNING; WATER PLANNING; WATER SUPPLY;

CALIFORNIA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 79952339960     PISSN: 10760342     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000036     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Off-road emissions model. 2007, California Air Resources Board (CARB), (Jan. 11, 2011).
2. California's water-energy relationship. 2005, California Energy Commission (CEC), "," Rep. No. CEC-700-2005-011-SF, Sacramento, CA.
3. Calijuri M.L. Bhering E.M. Souza L.A. Lorentz J.F. Souza P.J. Libanio M.C. Environmental and socioeconomic information system for water resource management. J. Surv. Eng. 2005, 131(3):97-101. JSUED2, 0733-9453, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9453(2005)131:3(97), and.
4. Economic input-output life cycle assessment (EIO-LCA) US 1997 Industry Benchmark model. 2007, Carnegie Mellon University Green Design Institute, (Oct. 10, 2007).
5. Chester M.V. Horvath A. Environmental assessment of passenger transportation should include infrastructure and supply chains. Environ. Res. Lett. 2009, 4(2):024008. ERLNAL, 1748-9326, 10.1088/1748-9326/4/2/024008, and.
6. Denison R. Environmental life-cycle comparisons of recycling, landfilling, and incineration: review of recent studies. Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 1996, 21:191-237. ANEEER, 1056-3466, 10.1146/annurev.energy.21.1.191.
7. Frequently asked questions-Electricity. 2009, Energy Information Administration (EIA), (Oct. 13, 2009).
8. Facanha C. Horvath A. Evaluation of life-cycle air emission factors of freight transportation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41(20):7138-7144. ESTHAG, 0013-936X, 10.1021/es070989q, and.
9. Filion Y.R. MacLean H.L. Karney B.W. Life-cycle energy analysis of water distribution system. J. Infrastruct. Syst. 2004, 10(3):120-130. JITSE4, 1076-0342, 10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0342(2004)10:3(119), and.
10. Friedrich E. Life-cycle assessment as an environmental management tool in the production of potable water. Water Sci. Technol. 2002, 46(9):29-36. WSTED4, 0273-1223.
11. Friedrich E. Pillay S. Buckley C.A. The use of LCA in the water industry and the case for an environmental performance indicator. Water SA 2007, 33(4):443-451. WASADV, 0378-4738, and.
12. GaBi. [Computer software]. Stuttgart, Germany, PE Int.
13. Gagnon L. Belanger C. Uchiyama Y. Life-cycle assessment of electricity generation options: The status of research in year 2001. Energy Policy 2002, 30(14):1267-1278. ENPYAC, and.
14. Gleick P.H. Waste not, want not: The potential for urban California 2003, Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security, Oakland, CA.
15. Hall R.G. Status of aquatic bioassessment in U.S. EPA Region IX. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2000, 64(1):17-30. EMASDH, 0167-6369, 10.1023/A:1006430231539.
16. Hendrickson C. Horvath A. Joshi S. Lave L. Economic input-output models for environmental life-cycle assessment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32(4):184A-191A. ESTHAG, 0013-936X, and.
17. Hendrickson C.T. Lave L.B. Matthews H.S. Environmental life cycle assessment of goods and services: An input-output approach 2006, and Resources for the Future, Washington, DC.
18. Herz R. Lipkow A. Life-cycle assessment of water mains and sewers. Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply 2002, 2(4):51-72. WSTWBM, 1606-9749, and.
19. Houillon G. Jolliet O. Life cycle assessment of processes for the treatment of wastewater urban sludge: Energy and global warming analysis. J. Cleaner Prod. 2005, 13(3):287-299. JCROE8, 0959-6526, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.02.022, and.
20. Environmental management-Life cycle assessment-General principles and framework. 1997, International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO 14040, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
21. Landu L. Brent A.C. Environmental life cycle assessment of water supply in South Africa: The Rosslyn industrial area as case study. Water SA 2006, 32(2):249-256. WASADV, 0378-4738, and.
22. Lassaux S. Renzoni R. Germain A. Life cycle assessment of water from the pumping station to the wastewater treatment plant. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2007, 12(2):118-126. IJLCFF, 0948-3349, 10.1065/lca2005.12.243, and.
23. 2 life-cycle analyses of wind turbines-Review and applications. Renewable Energy 2002, 26(3):339-362. RNENE3, 0960-1481, 10.1016/S0960-1481(01)00145-8, and.
24. Lundie S. Peters G.M. Beavis P.C. Life cycle assessment for sustainable metropolitan water systems planning. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38(13):3465-3473. ESTHAG, 0013-936X, 10.1021/es034206m, and.
25. Lundin M. Morrison G. life cycle assessment based procedure for development of environmental sustainability indicators for urban water systems. Urban Water 2002, 4(2):145-152. URWAFE, 1462-0758, 10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00015-8, and.
26. Mann M. Spath P. Life cycle assessment of biomass gasification combined-cycle systems 1997, and National Renewables Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO.
27. Meier P. Life-cycle assessment of electricity generation systems and applications for climate change policy analysis. 2002, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.
28. Murray A. Horvath A. Nelson K. Hybrid life-cycle environmental and cost inventory of sewage sludge treatment and end-use scenarios: case study from China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42(9):3163-3169. ESTHAG, 0013-936X, 10.1021/es702256w, and.
29. Refining estimates of water-related energy use in California. 2006, Navigant Consulting, California Energy Commission, Sacramento, CA.
30. The environmental effects of freight. 1997, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris.
31. Pacca S. Horvath A. Greenhouse gas emissions from building and operating electric power plants in the Upper Colorado River Basin. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36(14):3194-3200. ESTHAG, 0013-936X, 10.1021/es0155884, and.
32. Pehnt M. Dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA) of renewable energy technologies. Renewable Energy 2006, 31(1):55-71. RNENE3, 0960-1481, 10.1016/j.renene.2005.03.002.
33. Racoviceanu A.I. Karney B.W. Kennedy C.A. Colombo A.F. Life-cycle energy use and greenhouse gas emissions inventory for water treatment systems. J. Infrastruct. Syst. 2007, 13(4):261-270. JITSE4, 1076-0342, 10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0342(2007)13:4(261), and.
34. Raluy R.G. Serra L. Uche J. Life cycle assessment of water production technologies-Part 1: Life cycle assessment of different commercial desalination technologies. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2005, 10(4):285-293. IJLCFF, 0948-3349, 10.1065/lca2004.09.179.1, and (a)..
35. Raluy R.G. Serra L. Uche J. Valero A. Life cycle assessment of water production technologies-Part 2: Reverse osmosis desalination versus the Ebro River water transfer. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2005, 10(5):346-354. IJLCFF, 0948-3349, 10.1065/lca2004.09.179.2, and (b)..
36. Rashad S.M. Hammad F.H. Nuclear power and the environment: Comparative assessment of environmental and health impacts of electricity-generating systems. Appl. Energy 2000, 65(1-4):211-229. APENDX, 0306-2619, 10.1016/S0306-2619(99)00069-0, and.
37. Sahely H.R. Kennedy C.A. Adams B.J. Developing sustainability criteria for urban water infrastructure systems. Can. J. Civ. Eng. 2005, 32:72-85. CJCEB8, 0315-1468, 10.1139/l04-072, and.
38. Spath P. Mann M. Life cycle assessment of natural gas combined-cycle power generation system 2000, and National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO.
39. Spath P. Mann M. Kerr D. Life cycle assessment of coal-fired power production 1999, and National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO.
40. Stokes J. Life-cycle assessment of alternative water supply sources in California. 2004, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
41. Stokes J. Horvath A. Life cycle energy assessment of alternative water supply systems. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2006, 11(5):335-343. IJLCFF, 0948-3349, 10.1065/lca2005.06.214, and.
42. Stokes J.R. Horvath A. Energy and air emission effects of water supply. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43(8):2680-2687. ESTHAG, 0013-936X, 10.1021/es801802h, and.
43. Suh S. System boundary selection in life-cycle inventories using hybrid approaches. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38(3):657-664. ESTHAG, 0013-936X, 10.1021/es0263745.
44. AP-42 compilation of air pollutant emission factors-Mobile sources 1995, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
45. AP-42 compilation of air pollutant emission factors-Natural gas combustion 1996, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
46. Emission facts: Average annual emissions and fuel consumption for passenger cars and light trucks 2000, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, (Oct. 13, 2009).
47. Waste Reduction Model (WARM)-Excel version 2006, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, (Aug. 10, 2006).
48. The emissions and generation resource integrated database (eGRID2006) Version 2.01, 2006 data 2007, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, (Apr. 2007).
49. Vince F. Aoustin E. Breant P. Marechal F. LCA tool for the environmental evaluation of potable water production. Desalination 2008, 220(1-3):37-56. DSLNAH, 0011-9164, 10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.021, and.
50. Weidema B.P. Wesnas M.S. Data quality management for life cycle inventories-An example of using data quality indicators. J. Cleaner Prod. 1996, 4(3-4):167-174. JCROE8, 0959-6526, 10.1016/S0959-6526(96)00043-1, and.