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Volumn 302, Issue 5650, 2003, Pages 1524-1528

Global Freshwater Resources: Soft-Path Solutions for the 21st Century

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COSTS; DAMS; DECISION MAKING; ECOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS; MARKETING; POTABLE WATER; PUBLIC POLICY; WATER TREATMENT PLANTS;

EID: 0345258464     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.1089967     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (1044)

References (46)
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  • 6
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    • note
    • Several bills were introduced in 2003 in the U.S. Congress that call for building new dams, expanding existing dams, or studying new sites for dams in the western United States, including HR 2828, introduced by Rep. Ken Calvert (R-CA), and HR 309, introduced by Rep. Devin Nunes (R-CA).
  • 8
    • 0344942758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The global population in 1940 was 2.3 billion, as estimated in (35).
  • 9
    • 0345374076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • "Water-related diseases" include waterborne (diarrheas, dysenteries, and enteric fevers), water-washed (including infections skin and eye diseases associated with contaminated water), water-based (including parasitic diseases such as schistosomiasis and dracunculiasis), and diseases associated with water-based insect vectors (such as malaria, yellow fever, and dengue). The lower death estimates exclude water-based insect vector diseases. Data on deaths vary; the World Health Organization estimates deaths from diarrheal diseases alone at 2 million to 3 million per year (7).
  • 10
    • 0345374079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resolution A/RES/550196, "International Year of Freshwater, 2003" adopted by the UN General Assembly, 1 February 2001
    • Resolution A/RES/550196, "International Year of Freshwater, 2003" adopted by the UN General Assembly, 1 February 2001.
  • 11
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    • Resolution A/55/L2, "United Nations Millennium Declaration" adopted by the UN General Assembly, 18 September 2000
    • Resolution A/55/L2, "United Nations Millennium Declaration" adopted by the UN General Assembly, 18 September 2000.
  • 12
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    • Pacific institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security, Oakland, CA
    • P. H. Gleick, Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000-2020 (Pacific institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security, Oakland, CA, 2002) (www.pacinst.org/reports/ water_related_deaths_report.doc).
    • (2002) Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000-2020
    • Gleick, P.H.1
  • 13
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    • note
    • The estimate for cumulative AIDS deaths over this same period is 68 million (36).
  • 14
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    • Creditor Reporting System (OECD, Development Assistance Committee, Paris)
    • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Creditor Reporting System, Aid Activities in the Water Sector: 1997-2002 (OECD, Development Assistance Committee, Paris, 2002).
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    • (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge), especially the sections on hydrology and water resources.
    • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2001), especially the sections on hydrology and water resources.
    • (2001) Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability
  • 18
    • 0344080725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IAHS Ad Hoc Group on Global Water Data Sets, Eos 82 (no. 5), 54 (2001).
    • (2001) Eos , vol.82 , Issue.5 , pp. 54
  • 19
    • 0345374078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Costs for major hydropower dams or large-scale water transfers are not included in this already large number (37).
  • 20
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    • note
    • The more expensive estimates assume a cost of around $500 per person-typical of the costs of centralized water systems in developed countries. However, field experience shows that safe and reliable water supply and sanitation services can be provided in urban areas for $35 to 50 per person and in rural areas for less than that when local communities build appropriate-scale technology (38).
  • 21
  • 24
    • 0344080722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lovins is to be credited with coining the term "soft path" for energy (39).
  • 25
    • 0345301161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Energy Policy Act of 1992, Public Law 102-486, 24 October 1992
    • National Energy Policy Act of 1992, Public Law 102-486, 24 October 1992.
  • 26
    • 0344080721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Dual-flush toilets that use only 60 to 70% of the water used by toilets that meet current U.S. standards are widely used in Australia and Japan.
  • 31
    • 0344080723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • North Carolina Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance
    • Water Efficiency Manual (North Carolina Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance, 1998) (www.p2pays.org/ref/01/0069206.pdf).
    • (1998) Water Efficiency Manual
  • 32
    • 0344006804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 2 (40, 41).
  • 34
    • 0345374075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • As of the date of preparation of this article, the data for 2000 were still not available. See (42) for data from the 1990s.
  • 41
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    • S. Allen, M. R. Hahn, Semiconductor Wastewater Treatment and Reuse. Semiconductor Fab Tech (Microbar Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, ed. 9, 1999).
    • S. Allen, M. R. Hahn, Semiconductor Wastewater Treatment and Reuse. Semiconductor Fab Tech (Microbar Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, ed. 9, 1999).
  • 43
    • 84885529127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P. H. Gleick, Ed. (Island, Washington, DC)
    • P. H. Gleick, in The World's Water 2000-2001, P. H. Gleick, Ed. (Island, Washington, DC, 2000), pp. 39-61.
    • (2000) The World's Water 2000-2001 , pp. 39-61
    • Gleick, P.H.1
  • 44
    • 0344006805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For a summary of global water scenarios and a complete list of the scenarios and projections used in this figure, see (43).


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.