Increasing urban water self-sufficiency: New era, new challenges

Journal of Environmental Management

Volumn 92, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 185-194

  Rygaard, Martin ^a   Binning, Philip J ^a   Albrechtsen, Hans Jørgen ^a  

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Cost; Desalination; Drivers; Energy; Rainwater collection; Wastewater reclamation

Indexed keywords

POTABLE WATER; WASTEWATER RECLAMATION; WATER SUPPLY;

ALTERNATIVE WATER RESOURCE; CASE-STUDIES; DRIVER; ENERGY; FRESH WATER; FRESH WATER RESOURCES; RAINWATER COLLECTIONS; URBAN WATER SUPPLY; URBAN WATERS; WATER DEMAND;

DESALINATION;

DRINKING WATER; RAIN; SEA WATER; WATER;

DESALINATION; DRINKING WATER; RAINWATER; RECYCLING; SELF SUFFICIENCY; URBAN AREA; WASTEWATER; WATER DEMAND; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER SUPPLY;

ARTICLE; DESALINATION; ENERGY CONSUMPTION; ENVIRONMENTAL RECLAMATION; HUMAN; SEAWATER DESALINATION; URBAN POPULATION; WASTE WATER RECYCLING; WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT; WATER AVAILABILITY; WATER CONTAMINATION; WATER QUALITY; WATER SUPPLY;

EID: 77957779539     PISSN: 03014797     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.09.009     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Bellona C., Drewes J.E., Xu P., Amy G. Factors affecting the rejection of organic solutes during NF/RO treatment - a literature review. Water Research 2004, 38(12):2795-2809.
2. Burris D.L., Herndon R.L. Title 22 Engineering Report for the Groundwater Replenishment System 2000, Orange County Water District and Orange County Sanitation District, California.
3. Cohen R., Nelson B., Wolff G. Energy Down the Drain: The Hidden Costs of California's Water Supply 2004, Natural Resources Defence Council & Pacific Institute, Oakland, California.
4. Cooley H., Gleick P.H., Wolff G. Desalination, with a Grain of Salt 2006, Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security.
5. Corneille R., Chalmers R.B., Cutler D., Cruz C., Dy D. Groundwater Replenishment System 2000, Project development phase - development information memorandum #31, Camp Dresser & McKee, California.
6. DANVA DANVA Benchmarking og statistik (accessed 07.08.08.). http://www.bessy.dk.
7. Dawoud M.A. The role of desalination in augmentation of water supply in GCC countries. Desalination 2005, 186(1-3):187-198.
8. Deshmukh S., Steinbergs C.Z. Engineers Report on Groundwater Conditions, Water Supply and Basin Utilization in the Orange County Water District 2005-2006 2006, Orange County Water District, California, USA.
9. Dreizin Y. Ashkelon seawater desalination project - off-taker's self costs, supplied water costs, total costs and benefits. Desalination 2006, 190(1-3):104-116.
10. du Pisani P.L. Direct reclamation of potable water at Windhoek's Goreangab reclamation plant. Desalination 2006, 188(1-3):79-88.
11. Dundorf, S., MacHarg, J., Seacord, T.F., 2007. Optimizing lower energy seawater desalination, the affordable desalination Collaboration. In: International Desalination Association World Congress, Grand Canarias.
12. Ekvall T., Person L., Ryberg A., Widheden J., Frees N., Nielsen P.H., Pedersen B.W., Wesnæs M. Life Cycle Assessment of Packaging Systems for Beer and Soft Drinks 1998, Main Report, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark.
13. European Commission Water Reuse System Management Manual 2006, AQUAREC Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
14. Fawell J.K., Miller D.G. Drinking-water quality and the consumer. Journal of the Institution of Water and Environmental Management 1992, 6(6):726-732.
15. Fletcher H., Mackley T., Judd S. The cost of a package plant membrane bioreactor. Water Research 2007, 41(12):2627-2635.
16. Foo H.K., Yong W.W.L., Ratnayaka D.D. The Singapore solutions. Civil Engineering 2007, 77(1):62-69.
17. Gold Coast City Council Pimpama Coomera Water Future Master Plan 2004, Gold Coast Water, Queensland, Australia.
18. Gold Coast City Council Gold Coast water future strategy - the water balance 2007 (accessed 07.08.08.). http://www.goldcoast.qld.gav.au/t_gcw.asp%3FPID%3D7368.
19. Halling-Sorensen B., Nielsen S.N., Lanzky P.F., Ingerslev F., Lutzhoft H.C.H., Jorgensen S.E. Occurrence, fate and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environment - a review. Chemosphere 1998, 36(2):357-394.
20. Hallström, J., 2003. Constructing a Pipe-Bound City: a history of water supply, sewerage, and excreta removal in Norrköping and Linköping, Sweden, 1860-1910. Doctoral thesis, The Tema Institute, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, Linköping University, Sweden.
21. Han, M., Kim, S., 2007. Local Water Independency Ratio (LWIR) as an index to define the sustainability of major cities in Asia. In: 4th IWA Specialist Conference on Efficient Use and Management of Urban Water Supply, Jeju Korea.
22. Heberer T. Tracking persistent pharmaceutical residues from municipal sewage to drinking water. Journal of Hydrology 2002, 266(3-4):175-189.
23. Hills S., Birks R., McKenzie B. The millennium dome " watercycle" experiment: to evaluate water efficiency and customer perception at a recycling scheme for 6 million visitors. Water Science and Technology 2002, 46(6-7):233-240.
24. Hochstrat R., Wintgens T., Melin T., Jeffrey P. Assessing the European wastewater reclamation and reuse potential - a scenario analysis. Desalination 2006, 188(1-3):1-8.
25. IWVA Jaarverslag 2006 2006, (Annual Report 2006, in Dutch), Intercommunale Waterleidungsmaatschappij van Veurne-Ambacht, Belgium.
26. Kimura K., Toshima S., Amy G., Watanabe Y. Rejection of neutral endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) by RO membranes. Journal of Membrane Science 2004, 245(1-2):71-78.
27. Klein G., Krebs M., Hall V., O'brien T., Blevins B.B. California's Water - Energy Relationship 2005, California Energy Commission.
28. Kolpin D.W., Furlong E.T., Meyer M.T., Thurman E.M., Zaugg S.D., Barber L.B., Buxton H.T. Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in US streams, 1999-2000: a national reconnaissance. Environmental Science & Technology 2002, 36(6):1202-1211.
29. Landers J. Singapore plans two more reuse plants, increasing its reliance on reclaimed water. Civil Engineering 2008, 78(8):33-35.
30. Levine A.D., Asano T. Recovering sustainable water from wastewater. Environmental Science & Technology 2004, 38(11):201A-208A.
31. Luan I.O.B. Singapore water management policies and practices. International Journal of Water Resources Development 2010, 26(1):65-80.
32. Lundie S., Peters G.M., Beavis P.C. Life cycle assessment for sustainable metropolitan water systems planning. Environmental Science & Technology 2004, 38(13):3465-3473.
33. Malerba F. Sectoral systems of innovation and production. Research Policy 2002, 31(2):247-264.
34. Massmann G., Knappe A., Richter D., Pekdeger A. Investigating the influence of treated sewage on groundwater and surface water using wastewater indicators in Berlin, Germany. Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica 2004, 32(4-5):336-350.
35. Massmann G., Sultenfuss J., Dunnbier U., Knappe A., Taute T., Pekdeger A. Investigation of groundwater a residence times during bank filtration in Berlin: multi-tracer approach. Hydrological Processes 2008, 22(6):788-801.
36. Mays L.W., Koutsoyiannis D., Angelakis A.N. A brief history of urban water supply in antiquity. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply 2007, 7(1):1-12.
37. Meehl G.A., Stocker T.F., Collins W.D., Friedlingstein P., Gaye A.T., Gregory J.M., Kitoh A., Knutti R., Murphy J.M., Noda A., Raper S.C.B., Watterson I.G., Weaver A.J., Zhao Z.-C. Global climate projections. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007, Met Office, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK & New York NY USA, (accessed 27.07.07.). http://www.metoffice.gov.uk, S. Solomon (Ed.).
38. Mikkelsen P.S., Adeler O.F., Albrechtsen H.J., Henze M. Collected rainfall as a water source in Danish households - what is the potential and what are the costs?. Water Science and Technology 1999, 39(5):49-56.
39. Mulder K. Sustainable Development for Engineers 2006, Greenleaf Publishing Ltd, Sheffield, UK.
40. Munoz I., Fernandez-Alba A.R. Reducing the environmental impacts of reverse osmosis desalination by using brackish groundwater resources. Water Research 2008, 42(3):801-811.
41. Nam, O.C., Rose, J., Lauer, W., Jern, N.W., Kai, C.S., Tam, J.P., Singh, M., Kee, L.H., 2002. Singapore Reclamation Study: Expert Panel Review, Singapore.
42. National Research Council Desalination: a National Perspective 2008, The National Academies Press, Washington DC.
43. Nielsen P.H. Tør vi stille krav til borgerne og I så fald hvordan?. Presentation from the Theme Day ″ Handling Increased Rainwater Quantities 2007, (in Danish), Danish Technological Institute, Denmark.
44. Ogoshi M., Suzuki Y., Asano T. Water reuse in Japan. Water Science and Technology 2001, 43(10):17-23.
45. Okely P., Antenucci J.P., Imberger J., Martin C.L. Field Investigations into the Impacts of the Perth Seawater Desalination Plant Discharge on Cockburn Sound 2007, Pacific Institute. Water data from The World's Water, Centre for Water Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands WA, Australia, 2008. (accessed 10.10.09.). http://www.worldwater.org/data.html.
46. Pankratz T. IDA Desalination Yearbook 2009-2010 2010, Media Analytics, Oxford, United Kingdom.
47. Pickering P., Mikkelsen J., Marsden J. The Cost-effectiveness of Rainwater Tanks in Urban Australia 2007, Australian Government, National Water Commission, Canberra ACT, Australia.
48. Po M., Nancarrow B.E., Leviston Z., Porter N.B., Syme G.J., Kaercher J.D. Predicting Community Behaviour in Relation to Wastewater Reuse. What Drives Decisions to Accept or Reject? 2005, CSIRO Land and Water, Perth, Australia.
49. Public Utilities Board of Singapore NEWater & Marina Barrage (accessed 31.05.07.). http://www.pub.gov.sg.
50. Qin J.-J., Kekre K.A., Tao G., Oo M., Wai M., Lee T., Viswanath B., Seah H. New option of MBR-RO process for production of NEWater from domestic sewage. Journal of Membrane Science 2006, 272(1-2):70-77.
51. Qin J.-J., Kekre K.A., Oo M.H., Seah H. Pilot study for reclamation of the secondary effluent at Changi water reclamation plant. Desalination and Water Treatment 2009, 11(1-3):215-223.
52. Queensland Government, Queensland Development Code 10 MP4.2 - Water Savings Targets April 2008, Department of Infrastructure and Planning, Brisbane, Australia.
53. Radjenovic J., Petrovic M., Ventura F., Barcel D. Rejection of pharmaceuticals in nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membrane drinking water treatment. Water Research 2008, 42(14):3601-3610.
54. Raluy R.G., Serra L., Uche J., Valero A. Life cycle assessment of water production technologies - part 2: reverse osmosis desalination versus the Ebro River water transfer. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2005, 10(5):346-354.
55. Reddy K.V., Ghaffour N. Overview of the cost of desalinated water and costing methodologies. Desalination 2007, 205(1-3):340-353.
56. Russell S., Lux C. Getting over yuck: moving from psychological to cultural and sociotechnical analyses of responses to water recycling. Water Policy 2009, 11(1):21-35.
57. Rygaard M., Albrechtsen H.-J., Binning P.J. Alternative Water Management and Self-sufficient Water Supplies 2009, IWA Publishing, London, UK.
58. Sala, L., Romero de Tejeda, S., 2007. Use of reclaimed water in the recreation and restoration of aquatic ecosystems: practical experience in the Costa Brava region (Girona, Spain). In: 6th Conference on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse for Sustainability, Antwerp, Belgium.
59. Schwarzenbach R.P., Escher B.I., Fenner K., Hofstetter T.B., Johnson C.A., von Gunten U., Wehrli B. The challenge of micropollutants in aquatic systems. Science 2006, 313(5790):1072-1077.
60. Semiat R. Energy issues in desalination processes. Environmental Science & Technology 2008, 42(22):8193-8201.
61. Service R.F. Desalination freshens up. Science 2006, 313(5790):1088-1090.
62. Sexton K., Hattis D. Assessing cumulative health risks from exposure to environmental mixtures - three fundamental questions. Environmental Health Perspectives 2007, 115(5):825-832.
63. Stenløse Kommune. Lokalplan, Stenløse Syd etape 1 (District Plan, Stenløse Syd Stage 1). 3.1.1. 26-1-2005.
64. Stokes J., Horvath A. Life cycle energy assessment of alternative water supply systems. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2006, 11(5):335-343.
65. Syme G.J., Williams K.D. The psychology of drinking-water quality - an exploratory-study. Water Resources Research 1993, 29(12):4003-4010.
66. Tal A. Seeking sustainability: Israel's evolving water management strategy. Science 2006, 313(5790):1081-1084.
67. The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. EU Water Framework Directive. 2000/60/EC.
68. Toowoomba City Council Water futures Toowoomba (accessed 11.06.07.). http://www.toowoombawater.com.au.
69. Tortajada C. Water management in Singapore. International Journal of Water Resources Development 2006, 22(2):227-240.
70. van Roon M. Water localisation and reclamation: steps towards low impact urban design and development. Journal of Environmental Management 2007, 83(4):437-447.
71. Vince F., Aoustin E., Breant P., Marechal F. LCA tool for the environmental evaluation of potable water production. Desalination 2008, 220(1-3):37-56.
72. Ward F.A., Booker J.F., Michelsen A.M. Integrated economic, hydrologic, and institutional analysis of policy responses to mitigate drought impacts in Rio Grande Basin. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 2006, 132(6):488-502.
73. Water Corporation Annual Report 2007 2007, Water Technology. Industry Projects, Perth, Australia, (accessed 15.01.07.). http://www.water-technology.net/projects.
74. WaterHub WaterHub (accessed 09.12.08.). http://www.pub.gov.sg/waterhub.
75. Yamagata H., Ogoshi M., Suzuki Y., Ozaki M., Asano T. On-site water recycling systems in Japan. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply 2003, 3(3):149-154.
76. Zhang D.Q., Gersberg R.M., Wilhem C., Voigt M. Decentralized water management: rainwater harvesting and greywater reuse in an urban area of Beijing, China. Urban Water Journal 2009, 6(5):375-385.
77. Zhang Y., Chen D.H., Chen L., Ashbolt S. Potential for rainwater use in high-rise buildings in Australian cities. Journal of Environmental Management 2009, 91(1):222-226.
78. Ziegler, D.H., 2001. Untersuchungen zur nachhaltigen Wirkung der Uferfiltration im Wasserkreislauf Berlins (Studies on the effect of sustained bank infiltration in the water cycle of Berlin, in German). PhD thesis, Technischen Universitet Berlin, Germany.
79. Zuehlke S., Duennbier U., Heberer T. Investigation of the behavior and metabolism of pharmaceutical residues during purification of contaminated ground water used for drinking water supply. Chemosphere 2007, 69(11):1673-1680.