The role of the family in autistic spectrum conditions: Theory and practical implications

Handbook of Parenting: Styles, Stresses, and Strategies

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 259-289

  Osborne, Lisa A ^a   Reed, Phil ^a  

^a SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84897289048     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (180)

1. Anthony, L.G., Anthony, B.J., Glanville, D.N., Naiman, D.Q., Waanders, C., & Shaffer, S. (2005). The relationships between parenting stress, parenting behaviour and preschoolers' social competence and behaviour problems in the classroom. Infant and Child Development, 14, 133-154.
2. Asperger, H. (1944). Die 'aunstisehen Psychopathen' im Kindesalter. Archiv fur psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 117, 76-136.
3. Austin, J.K., Dunn, D.W., Johnson, C.S., & Perkins, S.M. (2004). Behavioral issues involving children and adolescents with epilepsy and the impact of their families: Recent research data. Epilepsy and Behavior, 5, 33-41.
4. Backes, M., von Gontard, A., Schreck, J., & Lehmkuhl, G. (2001). Parental stress and coping in families with fragile X boys. Gene Function & Disease, 2, 151-158.
5. Baker-Ericzen, M.J., Brookman-Frazee, L., & Stahmer, A. (2005). Stress levels and adaptability in parents of toddlers with and without autism spectrum disorders. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 30, 194-204.
6. Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S.A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-582.
7. Baron-Cohen, S., & Hammer, J. (1997). Is autism an extreme form of the "male brain"? Advances in Infancy Research, 11, 193-217.
8. Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Stott, C., Bolton, P., & Goodyer, I. (1997). Is there a link between engineering and autism? Autism, 1, 101-109.
9. Baron-McKeagney, T., Woody, J.D., & D'Souza, H.J. (2002). Mentoring at-risk Latino children and their parents: Analysis of the parent-child relationship and family strength. Families in Society, 83, 285-292.
10. Bartolo, P.A. (2002). Communicating a diagnosis of developmental disability to parents: Multiprofessional negotiation frameworks. Child Care, Health and Development, 28, 65-71.
11. Baxter, C., Cummins, R.A., & Yiolitis, L. (2000). Parental stress attributed to disabled family members: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Disability Research.
12. Bebko, J.M., Konstantaraes, M.M., & Springer, J. (1987). Parent and professional evaluations of family stress associated with characteristics of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17, 565-576.
13. Bettelheim, B. (1950). Love is not enough; the treatment of emotionally disturbed children. New York: Free Press.
14. Bettelheim, B. (1967). The empty fortress: infantile autism and the birth of the self. Oxford: Free Press of Glencoe.
15. Beversdorf, D.Q., Manning, S.E., Hillier, A., Anderson, S.L., Norgren, R.E., Walters, S.E., Nagaraja, H.N., Cooley, W.C., Gaelic, S.E., & Bauman, M.L. (2005). Timing of parental stressors and autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35, 471-478.
16. Bitsika, V., & Sharpley, C. (1999). An explanatory examination of the effects of support groups on the well-being of parents of children with autism: I: General Counselling. Journal of Applied Health Behaviour, 1, 16-22.
17. Bitsika, V., & Sharpley, C. (2000). Development and testing of the effects of support groups on the well-being of parents of children with autism-II: Specific stress management techniques. Journal of Applied Health Behaviour, 2, 8-15.
18. Blacher, J., & McIntyre, L.L. (2006). Syndrome specificity and behavioural disorders in young adults with intellectual disability: Cultural differences in family impact. Journal of intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 50, 184-198.
19. Blacher, J., Neece, C.L., & Paczkowski, E. (2005). Families and intellectual disability. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18, 507-513.
20. Blader, J.C. (2006). Which family factors predict children's externalizing behaviors following discharge from psychiatric inpatient treatment? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 1133-1142.
21. Bouma, R., & Schweitzer, R. (1990). The impact of chronic childhood illness on family stress: A comparison between autism and cystic fibrosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 722-730.
22. Bowlby, J. (1951). Maternal care and mental health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 3, 355-533.
23. Boyd, B.A. (2002). Examining the Relationship between Stress and Lack of Social Support in Mothers of Children with Autism. Focus on Autism & Other Developmental Disabilities, 17, 208-215.
24. Bristol, M. M. (1987). Mothers of children with autism or communication disorders: Successful adaptation and the T-Double ABCX Model. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17, 469-486.
25. Brogan, C.A., & Knussen, C. (2003). The disclosure of a diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 7, 31-46.
26. Brookman-Frazee, L., Stahmer, A., Baker-Ericzen, M.J., & Tsai, K. (2006). Parenting interventions for children with autism spectrum and disruptive behaviour disorders: Opportunities for cross-fertilization. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 9, 181-200.
27. Butow, P.N., Kazemi, J.N., Beeney, L.J., Griffin, A., Dunn, S.M., Tattersall, M.H.N. (1996), "When the diagnosis is cancer: patient communication experiences and preferences", Cancer, 77, 2630-37.
28. Carlson-Green, B., Morris, R.D., & Krawiecki, N. (1995). Family illness predictors of outcome in pediatric brain tumors. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 20, 769-784.
29. Chakrabarti, S., & Fombonne, E. (2005). Pervasive developmental disorders in Preschool children: Confirmation of high prevalence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1133-1141.
30. Cherry, D.B. (1989). Stress and coping in families with ill or disabled children: application of a model to pediatric therapy. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 9, 11-32.
31. Coffman, J.K., Guerin, D.W., & Gottfried, A.W. (2006). Reliability and validity of the parent-child relationship inventory (PCRI): evidence from a longitudinal cross informant investigation. Psychological Assessment, 18, 209-214.
32. Critchley, M., & Earl, C.J.C. (1932). Tuberose sclerosis and allied conditions. Brain, 55, 311-346.
33. Dale, E., Jahoda, A., & Knott, F. (2006). Mothers' attributions following their child's diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorder: Exploring links with maternal levels of stress, depression and expectations about their child's future. Autism, 10, 463-479.
34. Dale, M. (1996). Working with Families of Children with Special Needs: Partnership and Practice. London: Routledge.
35. Deater-Deckard, K. (1998). Parenting stress and child adjustment: Some old hypotheses and new questions. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 5, 314-332.
36. DeMeyer, M.K. (1979). Parents and Children in Autism. Washington, DC.: V.H. Winston & Sons.
37. Donenberg, G., & Baker, B. L. (1993). The impact of young children with externalizing behaviors on their families. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 179-197.
38. Dumas, J.E., & Wekerle, C. (1995). Maternal reports of child behavior problems and personal distress as predictors of dysfunctional parenting. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 465-479.
39. Dumas, J.E., Wolf, L.C., Fisman, S. & Culligan, A. (1991). Parenting stress, child Behaviour problems, and dysphoria in parents of children with autism, Down Syndrome, behaviour disorders, and normal development. Exceptionality, 2, 97-110.
40. Dunn, M.E., Burbine, T., Bowers, C.A., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (2001). Moderators of stress in. parents of children with autism. Community Mental Health Journal, 37, 39-52.
41. Durate, C.S., Bordin, I.A., Yazigi, L., & & Mooney, J. (2005). Factors associated with stress in mothers of children with autism. Autism, 9, 416-427.
42. Dyson, L., Edgar, E., & Crnic, K. (1989). Psychological predictors of adjustment of siblings of developmentally disabled children. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 94, 292-302.
43. Ehlers, S., & Gillberg, C. (1993). The epidemiology of Asperger Syndrome: A total population study. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 34, 1327-1350.
44. Ehrensaft, M.K., Wasserman, G.A., Verdelli, L., Greenwald, S., Miller, L.S., & Davies, M. (2003). Maternal antisocial behavior, parenting practices, and behavior problems in boys at risk for antisocial behavior. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 12, 27-40.
45. Eisenhower, A.S., Baker, B.L., & Blacher, J. (2005). Preschool children with intellectual disability: Syndrome specificity, behaviour problems, and maternal well-being. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 657-671.
46. El-Ghoroury, N.B., & Romancyzk, R.G. (1999). Play interactions of family members towards children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 249-258.
47. Engwell, P., & Macpherson, E. (2003). An evaluation of the NAS EarlyBird programme. Good Autism Practice, 4, 13-19.
48. Evans, M., Stoddart, H., Condon, L., Freeman, E., Grizzell, M., & Mullen, R. (2001). Parents' perspectives on the MMR immunisation: a focus group study. British Journal of General Practice, 51, 904-910.
49. Factor, D. C., Perry, A., & Freeman, N. (1990). Stress, social support, and respite care use in families with autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 20, 139-146.
50. Fenning, R., Baker, J., Baker, B., & Crnic, K. (2007). Parenting children with borderline intellectual functioning. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 112, 107-121.
51. Fisman, S.N., Wolf, L.C., & Noh, S. (1989). Marital intimacy in parents of exceptional children. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 519-525.
52. Fleck, M.P.A., Wagner, L., Wagner, M., & Dias, M. (2007). Long-stay patients in a psychiatric hospital in Southern Brazil. Rev. Saúde Pública.
53. Floyd, F. J., & Gallagher, E. M. (1997). Parental stress, care demands, and use of support services for school-age children with disabilities and behavior problems. Family Relations, 46, 359-371.
54. Fong, P.L. (1991). Cognitive appraisals in high-and low-stress mothers of adolescents with autism. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 471-474.
55. Fong, L., Wilgosh, L., & Sobsey D. (1993). The experience of parenting an adolescent with autism. International Journal of Disability, Development, and Education, 40, 105-113.
56. Freeman N. L., Perry A., Factor D. C., (1991). Child behaviours as stressors: Replicating and extending the use of the CARS as a measure of stress. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 1025-1030.
57. Frith, U. (1989). Explaining the Enigma. Oxford: Blackwell.
58. Gabriels, R.L., Cuccaro, M.L., Hill, D.E., Ivers, B.J., & Goldson, E. (2005). Repetitive behaviors in autism: Relationships with associated clinical features. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 26, 169-181.
59. Gabriels, R.L., Hill, D.E., Pierce, R.A., Rogers, S.J., & Wehner, B. (2001). Predictors of treatment outcome in young children with autism. Autism, 5, 407-429.
60. Gardner, M. (2000). The Brutality of Dr. Bettelheim. Skeptical Inquirer, Nov.
61. Gill, M.J., & Harris, S.L. (1991) Hardiness and social support as predictors of Psychological discomfort in mothers of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 21, 407-416.
62. Goin-Kochel, R.P., Mackintosh, V.H., & Myers, B.J. (2006). How many doctors does it take to make an autism spectrum diagnosis. Autism, 5, 439-451.
63. Goodman R (1997). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A Research Note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 581-586.
64. Grandin, T. (1990). Needs of high functioning teenagers and adults with autism: Tips from a recovered autistic. Focus on Autistic Behavior, 5, 16.
65. Gray, D.E. (1993). Negotiating autism: Relations between parents and treatment staff. Social Science and Medicine, 36, 1037-1046.
66. Gray D. E. (1994). Coping with autism: Stresses and strategies. Sociology of Health and Illness, 16, 275-300.
67. Gray, D.E. (2002). Ten years on: A longitudinal study of families of children with autism. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 27, 215-222.
68. Gray, D.E. (2006). Coping over time: the parents of children with autism. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50, 970-976.
69. Greenley, R.N., Holmbeck, G.N., & Rose, B.M. (2006). Predictors of parenting behavior trajectories among families of young adolescents with and without spina bifida. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31, 1057-1071.
70. Handen, B.L., Johnson, C.R., & Lubetsky, M. (2000). Efficacy of methylphenidate among children with autism and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 245-255.
71. Harris, P.L. (2000). The work of the imagination. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
72. Harris, S.L. (1984). The family of the autistic child: A behavioral-systems view. Clinical Psychology Review, 4, 227-239.
73. Harris, S.L. (1994). Treatment of family problems in autism. In E. Schopler & G.B. Mesibov (Eds.), Behavioral issues in autism (pp. 161-175). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
74. Harris, S.L., Handleman, J.S., Arnold, M.S., & Gordon, R.F. (2000). The Douglass Developmental Disabilities Center: Two models of service delivery. In J.S.Handleman S.L.Harris (Eds.), Preschool Education Programs for Children with Autism (2nd ed.), (pp 233-260). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
75. Hastings, R. P. (2002). Parental stress and behaviour problems of children with developmental disability. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 27, 149-160.
76. Hastings, R. (2003). Brief Report: Behavioral Adjustment of Siblings of Children with Autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33, 99-104
77. Hastings, R.P., & Brown, T. (2002). Behavior problems of children with autism, parental selfefficacy, and mental health. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107, 222-232.
78. Hastings, R. P. & Johnson, E. (2001). Stress in UK families conducting intensive home-based behavioral intervention for their young child with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 327-336.
79. Hastings, R.P., Kovshoff, H., Brown, T., Ward, N.J., Espinosa, F.D., & Remington, B. (2005). Coping strategies in mothers and fathers of preschool and school-age children with autism. Autism, 9, 377-391.
80. Hastings, R.P., & Symes, M.D. (2002). Early intensive behavioral intervention for children with autism: parental therapeutic self-efficacy. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 23, 332-341.
81. Hecimovic, A., Powell, T.H., & Christensen, L. (1999). Supporting families in meetin their needs. In, D.B. Zager (Ed.), Autism, identification, education, and treatment (pp. 261-299). Mahwah: Erlbaum.
82. Hobson, R.P., & Ouston, J., & Lee, A. (1989). Naming emotion in faces and voices: Abilities and disabilities in autism and mental retardation. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 7, 237-250.
83. Hodapp, R.M., Fidler, D.J., & Smith, A.C.M. (1998). Stress and coping in. families of children with Smith Magenis syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42, 331-340.
84. Holroyd, J., & McArthur, D. (1976). Mental retardation and stress on the parents: A contrast between Down's syndrome and childhood autism. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 80, 431-436.
85. Hoppes, K., & Harris, S.L. (1990). Perceptions of child attachment and maternal gratification in mothers of children with autism and Down syndrome. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 365-370.
86. Honey, E., Hastings, R.P., & McConachie, H. (2005). Use of the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress (QRS-F) with parents of young children with autism. Autism, 9, 246-255.
87. Hornby, G. (1995). Fathers'views of the effects on their families of children with Down syndrome. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 4, 103-117.
88. Howlin, P., & Moore, A. (1997). Diagnosis in autism: A survey of over 1200 patients in the UK, Autism, 1, 135-162.
89. Huws, J., Jones, R.S., & Ingledew, D.K. (2001). Parents of children with autism using an email group: A grounded theory study. Journal of Health Psychology, 6, 569-584.
90. Islam, Y. (1998). Is there a link between engineering and autism?: Commentary. Autism, 2, 98.
91. Jackson, A.P. (2000). Maternal self-efficacy and children's influence on stress and parenting among single black mothers in poverty. Journal of Family Issues, 21, 3-16.
92. Jackson, A.P., & Huang, C.C. (2000). Parenting stress and behavior among single mothers of preschoolers: The mediating role of self-efficacy. Journal of Social Service Research, 26, 29-42.
93. Jocelyn, L.J., Casiro, O.G., Beattie, D., Bow, J., Kneisz, J. (1998). Treatment of children with autism: A randomized controlled trial to evaluate a caregiver-based intervention program in community day-care centers. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 19, 326-334.
94. Kaar, M.L. (1983). Clinical course of diabetes in children: With special reference to Factors affecting metabolic control. Acta Universitatis Ouluensis, 100.
95. Kanner, L. (1944). Early infantile autism. Journal of Pediatrics, 25, 211-217.
96. Kasari, C., & Sigman, M. (1997). Linking parental perceptions to interactions in young children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27, 39-57.
97. Klauber, T. (1999). The significance of trauma and other factors in work with the parents of children with autism. In A. Alvarez & S. Reid (Eds.), Autism and personality: Findings from the Tavistock autism workshop (pp. 33-48). Florence, KY: Taylor & Frances/Routledge.
98. Koegel, R.L., Bimbella, A., & Schreibman, L. (1996). Collateral effects of parent training on family interactions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 26, 347-359.
99. Koegel, R.L., Schriebman, L., Loos, L.M., Dirlich-Wilheim, H., & Dunlap, L. (1992). Consistent stress profiles in mothers of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 22, 205-216.
100. Koegel, R.L., Schreibman, L., O'Neil, R.E., & Burke, J.C. (1983). The personality and family interaction characteristics of parents of autistic children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Pdsychology, 51, 683-692.
101. Konstantareas, M.M. & Homatidis, S. (1989). Assessing child symptom severity and stress in parents of autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 459-470.
102. Kotchick, B.A., Dorsey, S., & Heller, L. (2005). Predictors of parenting among African American single mothers: Personal and contextual factors. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 448-460.
103. Kuloglu-Aksaz, N. (1994). The effect of informational counseling on stress level of parents of children with autism in Turkey. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 109-110.
104. Kurtz, L., & Derenvensky, J. L. (1994). Adolescent motherhood: An application of the stress and coping model to child rearing attitudes and practices. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 13, 5-24.
105. Lazarus, R. (1991). Emotions and adaptations. New York: Oxford University Press.
106. Lecavalier, L., Leone, S., & Wiltz, J. (2006). The impact of behaviour problems on caregiver stress in young people with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50, 172-183.
107. Leslie, A.M. (1991). Theory of mind impairment in autism. In A. Whiten (Ed.), Natural theories of mind: Evolution, development, and simulation of everyday mindreading. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.
108. Levers, C.E., & Drotar, D. (1996). Family and parental functioning in cystic fibrosis. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 17, 48-55.
109. Lloyd, C., Smith, J., & Weinger, K. (2005). Stress and diabetes: A review of the links. Diabetes Spectrum, 18, 121-127.
110. Lovaas, O. I., & Smith, T. (2003). Early and intensive behavioral intervention in autism. In E. Kazdin & J. R. Weisz (Eds.), Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (pp. 325-340). New York: Guilford.
111. Luiselli, J.K, Cannon, B., Ellis, J.T., & Sisson, R.W. (2000). Home-based behavioral interventions for young children with autism/pervasive developmental disorder: A preliminary evaluation of outcome in relation to child age and intensity of service delivery. Autism, 4, 426-438.
112. Malamud, N (1959). Heller's disease and childhood schizophrenia. American Journal for Psychiatry, 116, 215-218.
113. Mansell, W., & Morris, K. (2004). A survey of parents' reactions to the diagnosis of an autistic spectrum disorder by a local service: access to information and use of service. Autism, 8, 387-407.
114. Marcus L. (1977). Patterns of coping in families of psychotic children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 47, 383-399.
115. Martire, L.M., & Schulz, R. (2007). Involving family in psychosocial interventions for chronic illness. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 90-94.
116. Mash, E.J., & Johnston, C. (1983). Parental perceptions of child behavior problems, parenting self-esteem, and mothers' reported stress in younger and older hyperactive and normal children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 86-99.
117. Mazure, C.M. (1995). Does stress cause psychiatric illness? Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
118. McAdoo, W.G., & DeMeyer, M.K. (1977). Research related to family factors in autism. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 2, 162-166.
119. McClannahan, L., & Krantz, P. (1994). The Princeton Child Development Institute. In S. Harris & J. Handleman (Eds.), Preschool education programs for children with autism. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
120. Meehl, P.E. (1962). Schizotaxia, schizotypy and schizophrenia. American Psychologist, 17, 827-838.
121. Melamed, B.G. (1995). The interface between physical and mental disorders: The need to dismantle the biopsychosocialneuroimmunological model of disease. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 2, 225-231.
122. Meyers, S.A., & Miller, C. (2004). Direct, mediated, moderated, and cumulative relations between neighborhood characteristics and adolescent outcomes. Adolescence, 39, 121-144.
123. Midence, K., & O'Neil, M. (1999). The experience of parents in the diagnosis of autism: A pilot study. Autism, 3, 273-285.
124. Miles, J., & Shevlin, M. (2001). Applying regression & correlation: A guide for students and researchers. London: Sage.
125. Moes, D. (1995). Parent education and parenting stress. In R.L. Koegel & L.K. Koegel (Eds.), Teaching children with autism: Strategies for initiating positive interactions and improving learning opportunities (pp. 79-93). Baltimore, MD: Paul Brookes.
126. Mudford, O.C., Martin, N.T., Eikeseth, S., & Bibby, P. (2001). Parent-managed behavioral treatment for preschool children with autism: Some characteristics of UK programs. Research-in-Developmental-Disabilities, 22, 173-182.
127. Nitz, K., Ketterlinus, R.D., & Brandt, L.J. (1995). The role of stress, social support, and family environment in adolescent mothers' parenting. Journal of Adolescent Research, 10, 358-382.
128. Noh, S., Dumas, J.E., Wolf, L.C., & Fisman, S.N. (1989). Delineating sources of stress in parents of exceptional children. Family Relations: Journal of Applied Family and Child Studies, 38, 456-461.
129. Oberhein, D. (1996). The support needs of adults and children with autism and their carers in Kent. Gillingham: The Kent Autistic Trust.
130. Osborne, L.A. (2008). A Dynamic Transactional Model of Parent-Child Interactions in Autistic Spectrum Disorders. In P. Reed (Ed.), Behavioral Theories and Interventions for Autism. New York: Nova Science Press.
131. Osborne, L.A., McHugh, L., Saunders, J., & Reed, P. (2008a). Parenting stress reduces the effectiveness of early teaching interventions for Autistic Spectrum Conditions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1092-1103.
132. Osborne, L.A., McHugh, L., Saunders, J., & Reed, P. (2008b). The effect of parenting behaviors on subsequent child behavior problems in Autistic Spectrum Conditions. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2, 249-263.
133. Osborne, L.A., & Reed, P. (2008a). Parents' perceptions of communication with professionals during the diagnosis of autism. Autism, 12, 259-274.
134. Perry, A., Sarlo-McGarvey, N., & Factor, D.C. (1992). Stress and family functioning in parents of girls with Rett syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, 22, 235-248.
135. Piening, S. (1984). Family stress in diabetic renal failure. Health and Social Work, 9, 134-141.
136. Pisula, E. (1998). Stress in mothers of children with developmental disabilities. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 29, 305-311.
137. Pisula, E. (2003). Parents of children with autism-review of current research. Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 5, 51-63.
138. Pisula, E. (2004). Stress and depression in mothers and the behavior of children with autism in the strange situation. Przeglad Psychologiczny, 47, 291-304.
139. Powers, M.D. (2000). Children with autism and their families. In, M.D. Powers (Ed.), Children with autism: A parents' guide, (pp. 119-153). Bethesda, MD.: Woodbine House.
140. Randall, P., & Parker, J. (1999). Supporting the families of children with autism. Chichester: Wiley.
141. Reed, P., Osborne, L.A., & Corness, M. (2007). The real-world effectiveness of early teaching interventions for children with autistic spectrum disorders. Exceptional Children, 73.
142. Repetti, R.L., & Wood, J. (1997). Effects of daily stress at work on mothers' interactions with preschoolers. Journal of Family Psychology, 11, 90-108.
143. Rimland, B. (1964). Infantile autism: The syndrome and its implications for a neural theory of behavior. East Norwalk: Appleton-Century-Crofts..
144. Ritvo, E.R. Cantwell, D., Johnson, E., Clements, M., Benbrook, F., Slagle, S., Kelly, P., & Ritz, M. (1971). Social class factors in autism. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 1, 297-310.
145. Robbins, F.R., Dunlap, G., & Plienis, A.J. (1991). Family characteristics, family training, and the progress of young children with autism. Journal of Early Intervention, 15, 173-184.
146. Robinson, E.A., & Anderson, L.L. (1983). Family adjustment, parental attitudes, and social desirability. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11, 247-256.
147. Rodgers, A.Y. (1993). The assessment of variables related to the parenting behaviour of mothers with young children. Children and Youth Services Review, 15, 385-402.
148. Rodgers, A.Y. (1998). Multiple sources of stress and parenting behavior. Children and Youth Services Review, 20, 525-546.
149. Rodrigue, J.R., Morgan, S.B., & Geffken, G. (1990). Families of autistic children: Psychological functioning of mothers. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 371-379.
150. Rutter, M. (2000). Genetic studies of autism: From the 1970s into the millennium. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 3-14.
151. Rutter, M., Lebovici, S., Eisenberg, L., Snezhnevsky, A.V., Sadoun, R., Brook, E., & Lin, T. (1969). A triaxial classification of mental disorder in children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, 41-61. Retardation, 110, 417-438.
152. Sanders, J.L., & Morgan, S.B. (1997). Family stress and adjustment as perceived by parents of children with autism or Down Syndrome: Implications for intervention. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 19, 15-32.
153. Sanua, V.D. (1987). Standing against an established ideology: Infantile autism, a case inpoint. Clinical Psychologist, 40, 96-100.
154. Schopler, E. (1971). Parents of psychotic children as scapegoats. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 4, 17-22.
155. Schopler, E., Andrews, C.E. & Strupp, K. (1979). Do autistic children come from upper middle class parents? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 139-152.
156. Schopler, E., Reichler, R., Bashford, A., Lansing, M., & Marcus, L. (1990). Psychoeducational profile (rev.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
157. Schuntermann, P. (2002). Pervasive developmental disorder and parental adaptation: Previewing and reviewing atypical development with parents in child psychiatric consultation. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 10, 16-27.
158. Sharpley, C.F., Bitsika, V., & Efremidis, B. (1997). Influence of gender, parental health, and perceived expertise of assistance upon stress anxiety, and depression among parents of children with autism. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 22, 19-28.
159. Shattock, P., & Lowdon, G. (1991). Proteins, peptides and autism: II. Implications for the education and care of people with autism. Brain Dysfunction, 4, 323-334.
160. Shields, J. (2001). The NAS earlybird programme: Partnership with parents in early intervention. Autism, 5, 49-56.
161. Siantz, M.L.de-L., & Smith, M.S. (1994). Parental factors correlated with developmental outcome in the migrant Head Start child. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 9, 481-503.
162. Singh, N.N., Lancioni, G.E., Winton, A.S.W., Fisher, B.C., Wahler, R.G., McAleavey, K., Singh, J., & Sabaawi, M. (2006). Mindful parenting decreases aggression, noncompliance, and self-injury in children with autism. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 14, 169-177.
163. Smalley, S.L., Tanguay, P.E., Smith, M., & Gutierrez, G. (1992). Autism and tuberous sclerosis. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 22, 339-55.
164. Spaccarelli, S., Cotler, S., & Penman, D. (1992). Problem-solving skills training as a supplement to behavioral parent training. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 1-17.
165. Stoddart, K.P. (1999). Adolescents with Asperger syndrome: Three case studies of individual and family therapy. Autism, 3, 255-271.
166. Stores, R., Stores G., Fellows, B. & Buckley, S. (1998). Daytime behaviour problems and maternal stress in children with Down syndrome, their siblings, their non intellectually disabled and other intellectually disabled peers. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42, 228-237.
167. Tienari, P., Sorri, A., Lahti, I., Naarala, M., Wahlberg, K.E., Rönkkö, T., Moring, J., & Pohjola, J. (1987). Family environment and the etiology of schizophrenia; implications from the Finnish adoptive family study of schizophrenia. In H. Stierlin, F.B. Simon, & G. Schmidt (Eds), Familiar realities. Brunner/Mazel, New York.
168. Tobing, L.E., & Glenwick, D.S. (2002). Relation of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale-Parent version to diagnosis, stress, and age. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 23, 211-223.
169. Tomanik, S., Harris, G.E., & Hawkins, J. (2004). The relationship between behaviours exhibited by children with autism and maternal stress. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 29, 16-26.
170. Viner, R., McGrath, M., & Trudinger, P. (1996). Family stress and metabolic control in diabetes. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 74, 418-321.
171. Wahlberg, K.E., Wynne, L.C., Oja, H., Keskitalo, P., Anais-Tanner, H., Koistinen, P., Tarvainen, T., Hakko, H., Lahti, I., Moring, J., Naarala, M., Sorri, A., & Tienari, P. (2000). Thought disorder index of Finnish adoptees and communication deviance of their adoptive parents. Psychological Medicine, 30, 127-136.
172. Walden, S., Pistrang, N., & Joyce, T. (2000). Parents of adults with intellectual disabilities: Quality of life and experiences of caring. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 13, 62-76.
173. Ward, A.J. (1990). A comparison and analysis of the presence of family problems during pregnancy of mothers of "autistic" children and mothers of normal children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 20, 279-288.
174. Warner, L.A., & Pottick, K.J. (2006). Functional impairment among preschoolers using mental health services. Children and Youth Services Review, 28, 473-486.
175. Webster-Stratton, C. (1990). Stress: A potential disruptor of parent perceptions and family interactions. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 302-312.
176. Weiss, M.J. (2002). Hardiness and social support as predictors of stress in mothers of typical children, children with autism, and children with mental retardation. Autism, 6, 115-130.
177. Williams, J. (2006). Learning from mothers: how myths, policies, and practices affect the detection of subtle developmental problems in children. Child: Care, Health, and Development, 33, 282-290.
178. Wing, L. (1997). The history of ideas on autism. Autism, 1, 13-23.
179. Wolf, L.C., Noh, S., Fisman, S.N., & Speechley, M. (1989). Brief report: Psychological effects of parenting stress on parents of autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19, 157-166.
180. Wolff, S. (1998). Is there a link between engineering and autism?: Commentary. Autism, 2, 96-97.