The Evolution of Skin Pigmentation and Hair Texture in People of African Ancestry

Dermatologic Clinics

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 113-121

  Jablonski, Nina G ^a   Chaplin, George ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

African American; Afro textured hair; Eumelanin; MC1R; Melanin; Thermoregulation; Ultraviolet radiation

Indexed keywords

EUMELANIN; VITAMIN D;

AFRICA; AFRICAN AMERICAN; BRAIN PROTECTION; EVOLUTION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC HETEROGENEITY; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HAIR ANALYSIS; HAIR TEXTURE; HEAT STRESS; HUMAN; NATURAL SELECTION; PHENOTYPIC VARIATION; PLESIOMORPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE DIFFERENCE; REVIEW; SKIN EXAMINATION; SKIN PIGMENTATION; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; BLACK PERSON; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENETICS; HAIR COLOR; PHENOTYPE; PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY;

AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; ANTHROPOLOGY, PHYSICAL; GENETIC VARIATION; HAIR COLOR; HUMANS; PHENOTYPE; SKIN PIGMENTATION;

EID: 84897066833     PISSN: 07338635     EISSN: 15580520     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2013.11.003     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Tishkoff S.A., Reed F.A., Friedlaender F.R., et al. The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans. Science 2009, 324(5930):1035-1044.
2. Nicholson S.E., Flohn H. Holocene. Clim Change 1980, 2(4):313-348.
3. Tishkoff S.A., Verrelli B.C. Patterns of human genetic diversity: implications for human evolutionary history and disease. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2003, 4:293-340.
4. Harding R.M., Healy E., Ray A.J., et al. Evidence for variable selective pressures at MC1R. Am J Hum Genet 2000, 66:1351-1361.
5. Sturm R.A., Duffy D.L., Box N.F., et al. Genetic association and cellular function of MC1R variant alleles in human pigmentation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003, 994:348-358.
6. Gerstenblith M.R., Goldstein A.M., Fargnoli M.C., et al. Comprehensive evaluation of allele frequency differences of MC1R variants across populations. Hum Mutat 2007, 28(5):495-505.
7. John P.R., Makova K., Li W.H., et al. DNA polymorphism and selection at the melanocortin-1 receptor gene in normally pigmented southern African individuals. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003, 994:299-306.
8. Sturm R.A., Box N.F., Ramsay M. Human pigmentation genetics: the difference is only skin deep. Bioessays 1998, 20(9):712-721.
9. Barsh G.S. What controls variation in human skin color?. PLoS Biol 2003, 1(1):e27.
10. Alaluf S., Atkins D., Barrett K., et al. Ethnic variation in melanin content and composition in photoexposed and photoprotected human skin. Pigment Cell Res 2002, 15(2):112-118.
11. Bonilla C., Boxill L.A., McDonald S., et al. The 8818G allele of the agouti signaling protein (ASIP) gene is ancestral and is associated with darker skin color in African Americans. Hum Genet 2005, 116(5):402-406.
12. Rees J.L. Genetics of hair and skin color. Annu Rev Genet 2003, 37:67-90.
13. Hong E., Zeeb H., Repacholi M. Albinism in Africa as a public health issue. BMC Public Health 2006, 6(1):212-218.
14. Cruz-Inigo A.E., Ladizinski B., Sethi A. Albinism in Africa: stigma, slaughter and awareness campaigns. Dermatol Clin 2011, 29(1):79-87.
15. Gettleman J. Albinos being "hunted" for their body parts 2008, The Seattle Times, Nation & World.
16. Jablonski N.G. Living color: the biological and social meaning of skin color 2012, University of California Press, Berkeley (CA).
17. Tuli A.M., Valenzuela R.K., Kamugisha E., et al. Albinism and disease causing pathogens in Tanzania: are alleles that are associated with OCA2 being maintained by balancing selection?. Med Hypotheses 2012, 79(6):875-878.
18. Westgate G.E., Botchkareva N.V., Tobin D.J. The biology of hair diversity. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013, 35(4):329-336.
19. Han J., Kraft P., Nan H., et al. Agenome-wide association study identifies novel alleles associated with hair color and skin pigmentation. PLoS Genet 2008, 4(5):e1000074.
20. Hrdy D. Quantitative hair form variation in seven populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 1973, 39(1):7-17.
21. Hrdy D.B., Baden H.P., Lee L.D., et al. Frequency of an electrophoretic variant of hair alpha keratin in human populations. Am J Hum Genet 1977, 29(1):98-100.
22. De La Mettrie R., Saint-Léger D., Loussouarn G., et al. Shape variability and classification of human hair: a worldwide approach. Hum Biol 2007, 79(3):265-281.
23. Kamberov Yana G., Wang S., Tan J., et al. Modeling recent human evolution in mice by expression of a selected EDAR variant. Cell 2013, 152(4):691-702.
24. Jablonski N.G. Skin: a natural history 2006, University of California Press, Berkeley (CA).
25. Jablonski N.G., Chaplin G. Human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV radiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010, 107(Suppl 2):8962-8968.
26. Jablonski N.G., Chaplin G. The evolution of human skin coloration. JHum Evol 2000, 39(1):57-106.
27. Chaplin G. Geographic distribution of environmental factors influencing human skin coloration. Am J Phys Anthropol 2004, 125(3):292-302.
28. Jablonski N.G. Skin coloration. Human evolutionary biology 2010, 192-213. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (United Kingdom). M.I. Muehlenbein (Ed.).
29. Quillen E.E., Bauchet M., Bigham A.W., et al. OPRM1 and EGFR contribute to skin pigmentation differences between Indigenous Americans and Europeans. Hum Genet 2012, 131(7):1073-1080.
30. Jablonski N.G. The evolution of human skin and skin color. Annu Rev Anthropol 2004, 33:585-623.
31. Branda R.F., Eaton J.W. Skin color and nutrient photolysis: an evolutionary hypothesis. Science 1978, 201(4356):625-626.
32. Offer T., Ames B.N., Bailey S.W., et al. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate inhibits photosensitization reactions and strand breaks in DNA. FASEB J 2007, 21(9):2101-2107.
33. Tam T.T., Juzeniene A., Steindal A.H., et al. Photodegradation of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in the presence of uroporphyrin. JPhotochem Photobiol B 2009, 94(3):201-204.
34. Steindal A.H., Tam T.T., Lu X.Y., et al. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate is photosensitive in the presence of riboflavin. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008, 7(7):814-818.
35. Shaheen M.A., Abdel Fattah N.S., El-Borhamy M.I. Analysis of serum folate levels after narrow band UVB exposure. Egyptian Dermatology Online Journal 2006, 2(1):15.
36. Gambichler T., Sauermann K., Bader A., et al. Serum folate levels after UVA exposure: a two-group parallel randomised controlled trial. BMC Dermatol 2001, 1(1):8.
37. Borradale D.C., Kimlin M.G. Folate degradation due to ultraviolet radiation: possible implications for human health and nutrition. Nutr Rev 2012, 70(7):414-422.
38. Lucock M., Glanville T., Ovadia L., et al. Photoperiod at conception predicts C677T-MTHFR genotype: a novel gene-environment interaction. Am J Human Biol 2010, 22(4):484-489.
39. Lucock M., Glanville T., Yates Z., et al. Solar cycle predicts folate-sensitive neonatal genotypes at discrete phases of the first trimester of pregnancy: a novel folate-related human embryo loss hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2012, 79(2):210-215.
40. Baker P.T. The biological adaptation of man to hot deserts. Am Nat 1958, 92(867):337-357.
41. Baker P.T. Racial differences in heat tolerance. Am J Phys Anthropol 1958, 16(3):287-305.
42. Sturm R.A. Molecular genetics of human pigmentation diversity. Hum Mol Genet 2009, 18(R1):R9-R17.
43. Rees J.L., Harding R.M. Understanding the evolution of human pigmentation: recent contributions from population genetics. JInvest Dermatol 2012, 132(3):846-853.
44. Sturm R.A., Duffy D.L. Human pigmentation genes under environmental selection. Genome Biol 2012, 13(9):1-15.
45. Murray F.G. Pigmentation, sunlight, and nutritional disease. Am Anthropol 1934, 36(3):438-445.
46. Loomis W.F. Skin-pigment regulation of vitamin-D biosynthesis in man. Science 1967, 157(3788):501-506.
47. Holick M.F., MacLaughlin J.A., Clark M.B., et al. Photosynthesis of previtamin D3 in human skin and the physiologic consequences. Science 1980, 210(4466):203-205.
48. Holick M.F. Photosynthesis of vitamin D in the skin: effect of environmental and life-style variables. Fed Proc 1987, 46(5):1876-1882.
49. Lips P. Vitamin D physiology. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2006, 92(1):4-8.
50. Chaplin G., Jablonski N.G. Vitamin D and the evolution of human depigmentation. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009, 139(4):451-461.
51. Jablonski N.G., Chaplin G. Human skin pigmentation, migration and disease susceptibility. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012, 367(1590):785-792.
52. Norman A.W. From vitamin D to hormone D: fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine system essential for good health. Am J Clin Nutr 2008, 88(2):491S-499S.
53. Kostner K., Denzer N., Muller C.S., et al. The relevance of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms for cancer: a review of the literature. Anticancer Res 2009, 29(9):3511-3536.
54. Hossein-Nezhad A., Holick M.F. Vitamin D for health: a global perspective. Mayo Clin Proc 2013, 88(7):720-755.
55. Norton H.L., Kittles R.A., Parra E., et al. Genetic evidence for the convergent evolution of light skin in Europeans and East Asians. Mol Biol Evol 2007, 24(3):710-722.
56. Chen T.C., Chimeh F., Lu Z., et al. Factors that influence the cutaneous synthesis and dietary sources of vitamin D. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007, 460(2):213-217.
57. Yao S., Zirpoli G., Bovbjerg D.H., et al. Variants in the vitamin D pathway, serum levels of vitamin D, and estrogen receptor negative breast cancer among African-American women: a case-control study. Breast Cancer Res 2012, 14(2):R58.
58. Uitterlinden A.G., Fang Y., van Meurs J.B., et al. Genetics and biology of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms. Gene 2004, 338(2):143-156.
59. Pettifor J.M. Nutritional rickets: pathogenesis and prevention. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2013, 10(S2):347-353.
60. Yao S., Ambrosone C.B. Associations between vitamin D deficiency and risk of aggressive breast cancer in African-American women. JSteroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013, 136:337-341.
61. Martineau A.R., Nhamoyebonde S., Oni T., et al. Reciprocal seasonal variation in vitamin D status and tuberculosis notifications in Cape Town, South Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011, 108(47):19013-19017.
62. Coussens A.K., Wilkinson R.J., Nikolayevskyy V., et al. Ethnic variation in inflammatory profile in tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2013, 9(7):e1003468.
63. Renzaho A.M., Nowson C., Kaur A., et al. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and risk factors for type 2diabetes and cardiovascular disease among African migrant and refugee adults in Melbourne: a pilot study. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2011, 20(3):397-403.
64. Harris S.S., Pittas A.G., Palermo N.J. Arandomized, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation to improve glycaemia in overweight and obese African Americans. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012, 14(9):789-794.
65. Sturm R.A., Teasdale R.D., Fox N.F. Human pigmentation genes: identification, structure and consequences of polymorphic variation. Gene 2001, 277(1-2):49-62.
66. Frost P. European hair and eye color: a case of frequency-dependent sexual selection?. Evol Hum Behav 2006, 27(2):85-103.
67. Wolf B.O., Walsberg G.E. The role of the plumage in heat transfer processes of birds. Am Zool 2000, 40(4):575-584.
68. Walsberg G.E. Consequences of skin color and fur properties for solar heat gain and ultraviolet irradiance in two mammals. JComp Physiol B 1988, 158(2):213-221.
69. Coelho L.G., Ferreira-Junior J.B., Martini A.R., et al. Head hair reduces sweat rate during exercise under the sun. Int J Sports Med 2010, 31(11):779-783.
70. Kim MJ, Choi JW, Lee HK. Effect of hair style on human physiological responses in a hot environment. Paper presented at: Environmental Ergonomics: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics. Boston, MA, August 2-7, 2009.
71. Jablonski N.G. The struggle to overcome racism. New Sci 2012, (2880):26-29.
72. Hall R. The bleaching syndrome: African Americans' response to cultural domination vis-a-vis skin color. JBlack Stud 1995, 26(2):172-184.
73. Ladizinski B., Mistry N., Kundu R.V. Widespread use of toxic skin lightening compounds: medical and psychosocial aspects. Dermatol Clin 2011, 29(1):111-123.
74. Long J.C., Kittles R.A. Human genetic diversity and the nonexistence of biological races. Hum Biol 2009, 81(5-6):777-798.
75. Shiao J.L., Bode T., Beyer A., et al. The genomic challenge to the social construction of race. Soc Theory 2012, 30(2):67-88.
76. Soudien C. The modern seduction of race: Whither social constructionism?. Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa 2012, 79:18-38.
77. Bonilla C., Gutierrez G., Parra E.J., et al. Admixture analysis of a rural population of the state of Guerrero, Mexico. Am J Phys Anthropol 2005, 128(4):861-869.
78. Klimentidis Y.C., Miller G.F., Shriver M.D. Genetic admixture, self-reported ethnicity, self-estimated admixture, and skin pigmentation among Hispanics and Native Americans. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009, 138(4):375-383.