Issues associated with the emergence of coeliac disease in the Asia-Pacific region: A working party report of the World Gastroenterology Organization and the Asian Pacific Association of Gastroenterology

Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Australia)

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 666-677

  Makharia, Govind K ^a   Mulder, Chris J J ^d   Goh, Khean Lee ^e   Ahuja, Vineet ^a   Bai, Julio C ^f   Catassi, Carlo ^g   Green, Peter H R ^h   Gupta, Siddhartha Datta ^a   Lundin, Knut E A ⁱ   Ramakrishna, Balakrishnan Siddartha ^b   Rawat, Ramakant ^a   Sharma, Hanish ^a   Sood, Ajit ^c   Watanabe, Chikako ^j   Gibson, Peter R ^k  

^a ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

^b SRM UNIVERSITY   (India)

^c DAYANAND MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL   (India)

^d VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA   (Malaysia)

^f HOSPITAL DE GASTROENTEROLOGÍA DR CARLOS BONORINO UDAONDO   (Argentina)

^g UNIVERSITÀ POLITECNICA DELLE MARCHE   (Italy)

^h Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^j NATIONAL DEFENSE MEDICAL COLLEGE   (Japan)

^k MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

more..

Author keywords

Celiac disease; Diarrhea and malabsorption; Epidemiology; Gastroenterology; Gluten free diet; Guidelines; Intestinal disorders; Intestinal epithelial transport absorption and secretion

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ASIA; AWARENESS; CATERING SERVICE; CELIAC DISEASE; DIETITIAN; DUODENUM BIOPSY; EUROPE; GENETIC SCREENING; GLUTEN FREE DIET; HISTOLOGY; IMMUNOASSAY; NORTH AMERICA; PATIENT ADVOCACY; PATIENT COUNSELING; PHYSICIAN; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SEROLOGY; SOUTH AMERICA; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

ASIA; CELIAC DISEASE; DIET, GLUTEN-FREE; GASTROENTEROLOGY; GENETIC TESTING; HUMANS; PREVALENCE; SEROLOGIC TESTS; SOCIETIES, MEDICAL;

EID: 84896355650     PISSN: 08159319     EISSN: 14401746     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12514     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Gee SJ. On the celiac affection. St Bartholomews Hosp. Rep. 1888; 24: 17-20.
2. Fasano A, Catassi C. Clinical practice. Celiac disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012; 367: 2419-2426.
3. Ludvigsson JF, Leffler DA, Bai JC etal. The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms. Gut 2013; 62: 43-52.
4. Cataldo F, Montalto G. Celiac disease in the developing countries: a new and challenging public health problem. World J. Gastroenterol. 2007; 13: 2153-2159.
5. Rewers M. Epidemiology of celiac disease: what are the prevalence, incidence, and progression of celiac disease? Gastroenterology 2005; 128 (4 Suppl. 1): S47-51.
6. Catassi C, Ratsch IM, Fabiani E etal. Coeliac disease in the year 2000: exploring the iceberg. Lancet 1994; 343: 200-203.
7. Barada K, Bitar A, Mokadem MA, Hashash JG, Green P. Celiac disease in Middle Eastern and North African countries: a new burden? World J. Gastroenterol. 2010; 16: 1449-1457.
8. Fasano A, Berti I, Gerarduzzi T etal. Prevalence of celiac disease in at-risk and not-at-risk groups in the United States: a large multicenter study. Arch. Intern. Med. 2003; 163: 286-292.
9. Sood A, Midha V, Sood N, Avasthi G, Sehgal A. Prevalence of celiac disease among school children in Punjab, North India. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2006; 21: 1622-1625.
10. Makharia GK, Verma AK, Amarchand R etal. Prevalence of celiac disease in the northern part of India: a community based study. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2011; 26: 894-900.
11. Casella S, Zanini B, Lanzarotto F, Villanacci V, Ricci C, Lanzini A. Celiac disease in elderly adults: clinical, serological, and histological characteristics and the effect of a gluten-free diet. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2012; 60: 1064-1069.
12. Singh P, Shergill S, Makharia GK. Celiac disease in older adults. J. Gastrointestin. Liver Dis. 2013; 22: 359-360.
13. Poddar U, Thapa BR, Nain CK, Prasad A, Singh K. Celiac disease in India: are they true cases of celiac disease? J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2002; 35: 508-512.
14. Makharia GK, Baba CS, Khadgawat R etal. Celiac disease: variations of presentations in adults. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 2007; 26: 162-166.
15. Tanpowpong P, Ingham TR, Lampshire PK etal.; New Zealand Asthma and Allergy Cohort Study Group. Coeliac disease and gluten avoidance in New Zealand children. Arch. Dis. Child. 2012; 97: 12-16.
16. Cook B, Oxner R, Chapman B, Whitehead M, Burt M. A thirty-year (1970-1999) study of coeliac disease in the Canterbury region of New Zealand. N. Z. Med. J. 2004; 117: U772.
17. Westerbeek E, Mouat S, Wesley A, Chin S. Coeliac disease diagnosed at Starship Children's Hospital: 1999-2002. N. Z. Med. J. 2005; 118: U1613.
18. Cummins AG, Roberts-Thomson IC. Prevalence of celiac disease in the Asia-Pacific region. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2009; 24: 1347-1351.
19. Wu J, Xia B, von Blomberg BM etal. Coeliac disease in China, a field waiting for exploration. Rev. Esp. Enferm. Dig. 2010; 102: 472-477.
20. Wang XQ, Liu W, Xu CD etal. Celiac disease in children with diarrhea in 4 cities in China. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2011; 53: 368-370.
21. Ikram MA, Sajid A, Hameed S, Arshad K, Irshad-ul-Haq Coeliac disease in children presenting with failure to thrive. J. Ayub Med. Coll. Abbottabad 2011; 23: 6-9.
22. Shahbazkhani B, Malekzadeh R, Sotoudeh M etal. High prevalence of coeliac disease in apparently healthy Iranian blood donors. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2003; 15: 475-478.
23. Jiang LL, Zhang BL, Liu YS. Is adult celiac disease really uncommon in Chinese? J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B 2009; 10: 168-171.
24. Wu J, Xia B, von Blomberg BM etal. Coeliac disease: emerging in China? Gut 2010; 59: 418-419.
25. Wang XQ, Liu W, Xu JJ etal. Prevalence of celiac disease in children with chronic diarrhea in China. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2010; 48: 244-248.
26. Watanabe C, Komoto S, Hokari R etal. Prevalence of serum celiac antibody in patients with IBD in Japan. J. Gastroenterol. 2013 (Jun 12). [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 23754511.
27. Catassi C, Kryszak D, Louis-Jacques O etal. Detection of Celiac disease in primary care: a multicentre case-finding study in North America. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2007; 102: 1454-1460.
28. Mustalahti K, Catassi C, Reunanen A etal.; Coeliac EU Cluster, Project Epidemiology. The prevalence of celiac disease in Europe: results of a centralized, international mass screening project. Ann. Med. 2010; 42: 587-595.
29. Gupta R, Reddy DN, Makharia GK etal. Indian task force for celiac disease: current status. World J. Gastroenterol. 2009; 15: 6028-6033.
30. Yachha SK, Poddar U. Celiac disease in India. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 2007; 26: 230-237.
31. Catassi C, Anderson RP, Hill ID etal. World perspective on celiac disease. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2012; 55: 494-499.
32. Kochhar R, Sachdev S, Kochhar R etal. Prevalence of coeliac disease in healthy blood donors: a study from North India. Dig. Liver Dis. 2012; 44: 530-532.
33. Makharia G. Where are Indian adult celiacs? Trop. Gastroenterol. 2006; 27: 1-3.
34. Ramakrishna BS. Celiac disease: can we avert the impending epidemic in India? Indian J. Med. Res. 2011; 133: 5-8.
35. Catassi C, Alarida K. Another brick in the (great) wall: celiac disease in Chinese children. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2011; 53: 359-360.
36. Marsh MN. The natural history of gluten sensitivity: refining and re-defining. Q. J. Med. 1995; 85: 9-13.
37. Badella MT, Fraquelli M, Quatrini M, Molteni N, Bianchi P, Conte D. Prevalence of hypertransaminesemia in adult celiac patients and effect of gluten-free diet. Hepatology 1995; 22: 833-836.
38. Hadjivassiliou M, Grunewald RA, Davies-Jones GAB. Gluten sensitivity as a neurological illness. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2002; 72: 560-563.
39. Reunala TL. Dermatitis herpetiformis. Clin. Dermatol. 2001; 19: 728-736.
40. Agarwal N, Monga R, Puri AS. Adult celiac disease in northern India. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 2003; 22: 238. author reply 238-9.
41. Bhattacharya M, Kapoor S, Dubey AP. Celiac disease presentation in tertiary referral centre in India: current scenario. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 2013; 32: 98-102.
42. Yadav P, Das P, Mirdha BR etal. Current spectrum of malabsorption syndrome in adults in India. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 2011; 30: 22-28.
43. Sharma M, Singh P, Agnihotri A etal. Celiac disease: a disease with varied manifestations in adults and adolescents. J. Dig. Dis. 2013; 14: 518-525.
44. Ford AC, Chey WD, Talley NJ, Malhotra A, Spiegel BM, Moayyedi P. Yield of diagnostic tests for celiac disease in individuals with symptoms suggestive of irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. Intern. Med. 2009; 169: 651-658.
45. Sainsbury A, Sanders DS, Ford AC. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome-type symptoms in patients with celiac disease: a meta-analysis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2013; 11: 359-65.e1.
46. Aziz I, Sanders DS. The irritable bowel syndrome-celiac disease connection. Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. 2012; 22: 623-637.
47. Haines ML, Anderson RP, Gibson PR. Systematic review: the evidence base for long-term management of coeliac disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2008; 28: 1042-1066.
48. Kochhar R, Jain K, Thapa BR etal. Clinical presentation of celiac disease among pediatric compared to adolescent and adult patients. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 2012; 31: 116-120.
49. Corazza GR, Valentini RA, Andreani ML etal. Subclinical celiac disease is a frequent cause of iron deficiency anemia. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1995; 30: 153-156.
50. Kavimandan A, Sharma M, Verma AK etal. Prevalence of celiac disease in nutritional anemia at a tertiary care center. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 2013 (Sep 1). [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 23996798.
51. Ransford RA, Hayes M, Palmer M, Hall MJ. A controlled, prospective screening study of celiac disease presenting as iron deficiency anemia. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2002; 35: 228-233.
52. van Rijn JC, Grote FK, Oostdijk W, Wit JM. Short stature and the probability of coeliac disease, in the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms. Arch. Dis. Child. 2004; 89: 882-883.
53. Bhadada SK, Bhansali A, Kochhar R etal. Does every short stature child need screening for celiac disease? J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2008; 23: e353-356.
54. Bhadada SK, Bhansali A, Ravikumar P etal. Changing scenario in aetiological profile of short stature in India-growing importance of celiac disease: a study from tertiary care centre. Indian J. Pediatr. 2011; 78: 41-44.
55. Troncone R, Kosova R. Short stature and catch-up growth in celiac disease. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2010; 51 (Suppl. 3): S137-138.
56. Duggan JM, Duggan AE. Systematic review: the liver in coeliac disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2005; 21: 515-518.
57. Bardella MT, Fraquelli M, Quatrini M, Molteni N, Bianchi P, Conte D. Prevalence of hypertransaminasemia in adult celiac patients and effect of gluten-free diet. Hepatology 1995; 22: 833-836.
58. Caprai S, Vajro P, Ventura A, Sciveres M, Maggiore G. Autoimmune liver disease associated with celiac disease in childhood: a multicenter study. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2008; 6: 803-806.
59. Singh P, Agnihotri A, Jindal G etal. Celiac disease and chronic liver disease: is there a relationship? Indian J. Gastroenterol. 2013; 32: 404-408.
60. Lindgren S, Sjoberg K, Eriksson S. Unsuspected coeliac disease in chronic "cryptogenic" liver disease. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1994; 29: 661-664.
61. Kaukinen K, Halme L, Collin P etal. Celiac disease in patients with severe liver disease: gluten-free diet may reverse hepatic failure. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: 881-888.
62. Kemppainen T, Kröger H, Janatuinen E etal. Osteoporosis in adult patients with celiac disease. Bone 1999; 24: 249-255.
63. Bai JC, Gonzalez D, Mautalen C etal. Long-term effect of gluten restriction on bone mineral density of patients with coeliac disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 1997; 11: 157-164.
64. Karakan T, Ozyemisci-Taskiran O, Gunendi Z, Atalay F, Tuncer C. Prevalence of IgA-antiendomysial antibody in a patient cohort with idiopathic low bone mineral density. World J. Gastroenterol. 2007; 13: 2978-2982.
65. Duerksen DR, Leslie WD. Positive celiac disease serology and reduced bone mineral density in adult women. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 2010; 24: 103-107.
66. Rastogi A, Bhadada SK, Bhansali A, Kochhar R, Santosh R. Celiac disease: a missed cause of metabolic bone disease. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 16: 780-785.
67. Hadjivassiliou M, Sanders DS, Grünewald RA, Woodroofe N, Boscolo S, Aeschlimann D. Gluten sensitivity: from gut to brain. Lancet Neurol. 2010; 9: 318-330.
68. Hadjivassiliou M, Aeschlimann P, Sanders DS etal. Transglutaminase 6 antibodies in the diagnosis of gluten ataxia. Neurology 2013; 80: 1740-1745.
69. AGA Institute. AGA Institute Medical Position Statement on the diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2006; 131: 1977-1980.
70. Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabó IR etal.; ESPGHAN Working Group on Coeliac Disease Diagnosis, ESPGHAN Gastroenterology Committee, European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2012; 54: 136-160.
71. Bai JC, Fried M, Corazza GR etal. World Gastroenterology Organization. World Gastroenterology Organisation global guidelines on celiac disease. J. Clin. Gastroeterol. 2013; 47: 121-126.
72. Rubio-Tapia A, Hill ID, Kelly CP, Calderwood AH, Murray JA, American College of Gastroenterology. ACG clinical guidelines: diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2013; 108: 656-676.
73. Murray JA. Celiac disease in patients with an affected member, type 1 diabetes, iron-deficiency, or osteoporosis? Gastroenterology 2005; 128 (4 Suppl. 1): S52-56.
74. Agrawal S, Gupta A, Yachha SK, Müller-Myhsok B, Mehrotra P, Agarwal SS. Association of human leucocyte-DR and DQ antigens in coeliac disease: a family study. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2000; 15: 771-774.
75. Srivastava A, Yachha SK, Mathias A, Parveen F, Poddar U, Agrawal S. Prevalence, human leukocyte antigen typing and strategy for screening among Asian first-degree relatives of children with celiac disease. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2010; 25: 319-324.
76. Leffler DA, Schuppan D. Update on serologic testing in celiac disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2010; 105: 2520-2524.
77. Giersiepen K, Lelgemann M, Stuhldreher N etal.; ESPGHAN Working Group on Coeliac Disease Diagnosis. Accuracy of diagnostic antibody tests for coeliac disease in children: summary of an evidence report. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2012; 54: 229-241.
78. Sugai E, Nachman F, Váquez H etal. Dynamics of celiac disease-specific serology after initiation of a gluten-free diet and use in the assessment of compliance with treatment. Dig. Liver Dis. 2010; 42: 352-358.
79. Simell S, Kupila A, Hoppu S etal. Natural history of transglutaminase autoantibodies and mucosal changes in children carrying HLA-conferred celiac disease susceptibility. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2005; 40: 1182-1191.
80. Simell S, Hoppu S, Hekkala A etal. Fate of five celiac disease-associated antibodies during normal diet in genetically at-risk children observed from birth in a natural history study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2007; 102: 2026-2035.
81. Mahadev S, Bhagat G, Green PH. Transient celiac autoimmunity in an adult. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2011; 45: 912-913.
82. Van der Windt DA, Jellema P, Mulder CJ, Kneepkens CM, van der Horst HE. Diagnostic testing for celiac disease among patients with abdominal symptoms: a systematic review. JAMA 2010; 303: 1738-1746.
83. Abrams JA, Brar P, Diamond B, Rotterdam H, Green PH. Utility in clinical practice of immunoglobulin a anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody for the diagnosis of celiac disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2006; 4: 726-730.
84. Biagi F, Klersy C, Balduzzi D, Corazza GR. Are we not over-estimating the prevalence of coeliac disease in the general population? Ann. Med. 2010; 42: 557-561.
85. Korponay-Szabó IR, Raivio T, Laurila K etal. Coeliac disease case finding and diet monitoring by point-of-care testing. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2005; 22: 729-737.
86. Raivio T, Korponay-Szabó I, Collin P etal. Performance of a new rapid whole blood coeliac test in adult patients with low prevalence of endomysial antibodies. Dig. Liver Dis. 2007; 39: 1057-1063.
87. Naiyer AJ, Hernandez L, Ciaccio EJ etal. Comparison of commercially available serologic kits for the detection of celiac disease. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2009; 43: 225-232.
88. Alessio MG, Tonutti E, Brusca I etal.; Study Group on Autoimmune Diseases of Italian Society of Laboratory Medicine. Correlation between IgA tissue transglutaminase antibody ratio and histological finding in celiac disease. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2012; 55: 44-49.
89. Donaldson MR, Firth SD, Wimpee H etal. Correlation of duodenal histology with tissue transglutaminase and endomysial antibody levels in pediatric celiac disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2007; 5: 567-573.
90. Kagnoff MF. Celiac disease: pathogenesis of a model immunogenetic disease. J. Clin. Invest. 2007; 117: 41-49.
91. Walker MM, Murray JA. An update in the diagnosis of coeliac disease. Histopathology 2011; 59: 166-179.
92. Ghoshal UC, Mehrotra M, Kumar S etal. Spectrum of malabsorption syndrome among adults in northern Indian tertiary hospital and factors differentiating celiac disease and tropical malabsorption. Indian J. Med. Res. 2012; 136: 451-459.
93. Ramakrishna BS. Malabsorption syndrome in India. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 1996; 15: 135-141.
94. Abadie V, Discepolo V, Jabri B. Intraepithelial lymphocytes in celiac disease immunopathology. Semin. Immunopathol. 2012; 34: 551-566.
95. Hopper AD, Sanders DS. Obtaining duodenal biopsy specimens for celiac disease: is site as important as number? Gastrointest. Endosc. 2009; 69: 389-390.
96. Green PH. Celiac Disease. How many biopsies for diagnosis? Gastrointest. Endosc. 2008; 67: 1088-1090.
97. Taavela J, Kurppa K, Collin P etal. Degree of damage to the small bowel and serum antibody titers correlate with clinical presentation of patients with celiac disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2013; 11: 166-171.
98. Marsh MN. Gluten, major histocompatibility complex, and the small intestine. A molecular and immunobiologic approach to the spectrum of gluten sensitivity ("celiac sprue"). Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 330-354.
99. Oberhuber G, Granditsch G, Vogelsang H. The histopathology of celiac disease: time for a standardized report scheme for pathologists. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1999; 11: 1185-1194.
100. Ensari A. Gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease) controversies in diagnosis and classification. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 2010; 134: 826-836.
101. Lanzini A, Lanzarotto F, Villanacci V etal. Complete recovery of intestinal mucosa occurs very rarely in adult coeliac patients despite adherence to gluten-free diet. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2009; 29: 1299-1308.
102. Yachha SK, Srivastava A, Mohindra S, Krishnani N, Aggarwal R, Saxena A. Effect of a gluten-free diet on growth and small-bowel histology in children with celiac disease in India. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2007; 22: 1300-1305.
103. Schuppan D, Junker Y, Barisani D. Celiac disease: from pathogenesis to novel therapies. Gastroenterology 2009; 137: 1912-1933.
104. Caillat-Zucman S. Molecular mechanisms of HLA association with autoimmune diseases. Tissue Antigens 2009; 73: 1-8.
105. Lindfors K, Koskinen O, Kaukinen K. An update on the diagnostics of celiac disease. Int. Rev. Immunol. 2011; 30: 185-196.
106. Abadie V, Sollid LM, Barreiro LB, Jabri B. Integration of genetic and immunological insights into a model of celiac disease pathogenesis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2011; 29: 493-525.
107. El-Akawi ZJ, Al-Hattab DM, Migdady MA. Frequency of HLA-DQA1*0501 and DQB1*0201 alleles in patients with coeliac disease, their first-degree relatives and controls in Jordan. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 2010; 30: 305-309.
108. Kaur G, Sarkar N, Bhatnagar S etal. Pediatric celiac disease in India is associated with multiple DR3-DQ2 haplotypes. Hum. Immunol. 2002; 63: 677-682.
109. Meeuwisse GW. Diagnostic criteria in coeliac disease. Acta Pediatr. Scand. 1970; 59: 461-463.
110. Walker-Smith JA, Guandalini S, Schmitz J, Shmerling DH, Visakorpi JK. Revised criteria for diagnosis of coeliac disease. Arch. Dis. Child. 1990; 65: 909-911.
111. Goddard CJ, Gillett HR. Complications of coeliac disease: are all patients at risk? Postgrad. Med. J. 2006; 82: 705-712.
112. Pietzak MM. Follow-up of patients with celiac disease: achieving compliance with treatment. Gastroenterology 2005; 128 (4 Suppl. 1): S135-141.
113. Kurppa K, Collin P, Mäki M, Kaukinen K. Celiac disease and health-related quality of life. Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2011; 5: 83-90.
114. Nachman F, Mauriño E, Vázquez H etal. Quality of life in celiac disease patients: prospective analysis on the importance of clinical severity at diagnosis and the impact of treatment. Dig. Liver Dis. 2009; 41: 15-25.
115. Nachman F, Sugai E, Vázquez H etal. Serological tests for celiac disease as indicators of long-term compliance with the gluten-free diet. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2011; 23: 473-480.
116. Sánchez MI, Mohaidle A, Baistrocchi A etal. Risk of fracture in celiac disease: gender, dietary compliance, or both? World J. Gastroenterol. 2011; 17: 3035-3042. 138.
117. See J, Murray JA. Gluten-free diet: the medical and nutrition management of celiac disease. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 2006; 21: 1-15.
118. García-Manzanares A, Lucendo AJ. Nutritional and dietary aspects of celiac disease. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 2011; 26: 163-173.
119. Kupper C. Dietary guidelines and implementation for celiac disease. Gastroenterology 2005; 128 (4 Suppl. 1): S121-127.
120. Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR. Understanding the gluten free diet for teaching in Australia. Nutr. Diet. 2006; 63: 155-165.
121. Codex Alimentarius. Cited 10 Dec 2013. Available from URL: http://www.codexalimentarius.org/codex-home/en/
122. Hischenhuber C, Crevel R, Jarry B etal. Review article: safe amounts of gluten for patients with wheat allergy or coeliac disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2006; 23: 559-575.
123. Akobeng AK, Thomas AG. Systematic review: tolerable amount of gluten for people with coeliac disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2008; 27: 1044-1052.
124. Catassi C, Fabiani E, Iacono G etal. A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to establish a safe gluten threshold for patients with celiac disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007; 85: 160-166.
125. Kasarda DD. Can an increase in celiac disease be attributed to an increase in the gluten content of wheat as a consequence of wheat breeding? J. Agric. Food Chem. 2013; 61: 1155-1159.
126. Leffler DA, Dennis M, Edwards George J etal. A validated disease-specific symptom index for adults with celiac disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2009; 7: 1328-1334.
127. Biagi F, Bianchi PI, Marchese A etal. A score that verifies adherence to a gluten-free diet: cross-sectional, multicentre validation in real clinical life. Br. J. Nutr. 2012; 108: 1884-1888.
128. Leffler DA, Edwards George JB, Dennis M, Cook EF, Schuppan D, Kelly CP. A prospective comparative study of five measures of gluten-free diet adherence in adults with coeliac disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2007; 26: 1227-1235.
129. Lee SK, Lo W, Memeo L, Rotterdam H, Green Peter HR. Duodenal histology in patients with celiac disease after treatment with a gluten-free diet. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2003; 57: 187-191.
130. Lebwohl B, Granath F, Ekbom A etal. Mucosal healing and mortality in coeliac disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2013; 37: 332-339.
131. Hall NJ, Rubin G, Charnock A. Systematic review: adherence to a gluten-free diet in adult patients with coeliac disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2009; 30: 315-330.
132. Fabiani E, Taccari LM, Rätsch IM, Di Giuseppe S, Coppa GV, Catassi C. Compliance with gluten-free diet in adolescents with screening-detected celiac disease: a 5-year follow-up study. J. Pediatr. 2000; 136: 841-843.
133. Krauss N, Schuppan D. Monitoring nonresponsive patients who have celiac disease. Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. 2006; 16: 317-327.
134. Lee A, Newman JM. Celiac diet: its impact on quality of life. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2003; 103: 1533-1535.
135. Tursi A, Brandimarte G, Giorgetti GM. Lack of usefulness of anti-transglutaminase antibodies in assessing histologic recovery after gluten-free diet in celiac disease. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2003; 37: 387-391.
136. Sharkley LM, Corbett G, Currie E, Lee J, Sweeney N, Woodward JM. Optimising delivery of care in celiac disease-comparison of the benefits of repeat biopsy and serological follow-up. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2013; 38: 1278-1291.
137. Malamut G, Meresse B, Cellier C, Cerf-Bensussan N. Refractory celiac disease: from bench to bedside. Semin. Immunopathol. 2012; 34: 601-613.
138. Rubio-Tapia A, Murray JA. Classification and management of refractory coeliac disease. Gut 2010; 59: 547-557.