Assessment of neurodisability and malnutrition in children in Africa

Seminars in Pediatric Neurology

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 50-57

  Gladstone, Melissa ^a   Mallewa, Mac ^b   Alusine Jalloh, Alhaji ^b   Voskuijl, Wieger ^b   Postels, Douglas ^c   Groce, Nora ^d   Kerac, Marko ^b,d   Molyneux, Elizabeth ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MALAWI   (Malawi)

^c MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFRICA; ARTICLE; CHILD CARE; COMORBIDITY; DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EMOTIONALITY; EVOKED AUDITORY RESPONSE; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HUMAN; LANGUAGE ABILITY; MALNUTRITION; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NERVOUS SYSTEM ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEURORADIOLOGY; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; QUALITY OF LIFE; SOCIAL INTERACTION;

AFRICA; CHILD; CHILD NUTRITION DISORDERS; HUMANS; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES;

EID: 84896335235     PISSN: 10719091     EISSN: 15580776     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2014.01.002     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Grantham-McGregor S., Cheung Y.B., Cueto S., et al. Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. Lancet 2007, 369:60-70.
2. Kuperminc M.N., Stevenson R.D. Growth and nutrition disorders in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2008, 14(2):137-146.
3. Andrew M.J., Sullivan P.B. Feeding difficulties in disabled children. Paediatr Child Health 2010, 20(7):321.
4. Sullivan P.B. Gastrointestinal disorders in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2008, 14(2):128-136.
5. Pollitt E. Developmental sequel from early nutritional defieincies: Conclusive and probability judgements. J Nutr 2000, 130(2):350-353.
6. Engle P.L., Fernald L.C., Alderman H., et al. Strategies for reducing inequalities and improving developmental outcomes for young children in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 2011, 378(9799):1339-1353.
7. Gladstone M., Lancaster G.A., Umar E., et al. The Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool (MDAT): The creation, validation, and reliability of a tool to assess child development in rural African settings. PLoS Med 2010, 7(5):e1000273.
8. Abubakar A., Holding P.A., Van Baar A., et al. Monitoring psychomotor development in a resource limited setting: An evaluation of the Kilifi Developmental Inventory. Ann Trop Paediatr 2008, 28:217-226.
9. Ertem I.O., Dogan D.G., Gok C.G., et al. A guide for monitoring child development in low- and middle-income countries. Pediatrics 2008, 121(3):e581-e589.
10. Khan N.Z. Best resource use for disabled children. World Health Forum 1998, 19(1):47-52.
11. Georgieff M.K. Nutrition and the developing brain: Nutrient priorities and measurement. Am J Clin Nutr 2007, 85(2):614S-620S.
12. Griffiths R. The Abilities of Young Children 1984, ARICD, Amersham.
13. Griffiths R. The Abilities of Babies 1986, The Test Agency Ltd, High Wycombe, Bucks.
14. Grantham-McGregor S. A review of studies of the effect of severe malnutrition on mental development. J Nutr 1995, 125(8):2233-2238.
15. Luiz D., Faragher B., Barnard A., et al. Griffiths Mental Development Scales-Extended Revised (GMDS-ER): 2-8 Years. Technical Manual 2006, Association for Research in Child Development (ARICD), Amersham.
16. Bayley N. Bayley Scales of Infant Development Manual 1993, The Psychological Association. Harcourt, Brace and Company, Orlando.
17. Black M.M., Baqui A.H., Zaman K., et al. Iron and zinc supplementation promote motor development and exploratory behavior among Bangladeshi infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 80(4):903-910.
18. Boivin M.J., Green S.D., Davies A.G., et al. A preliminary evaluation of the cognitive and motor effects of pediatric HIV infection in Zairian children. Health Psychol 1995, 14(1):13-21.
19. Oberhelman R.A., Guerrero E.S., Fernandez M.L., et al. Correlations between intestinal parasitosis, physical growth and psychomotor development among infants and children from rural Nicaragua. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998, 58(4):470-475.
20. Glascoe F.P. Developmental Screening. Behavioral and Developmental Pediatrics 1995, 25-29. Little, Brown and Company, Boston. S. Parker, B. Zuckerman (Eds.).
21. Glascoe F.P., Martin E.D., Humphrey S.A. Comparitive review of developmental screening tests. Pediatrics 1990, 86(4):547-554.
22. Juneja M., Mohanty M., Jain R., et al. Ages and Stages Questionnaire as a screening tool for developmental delay in Indian children. Indian Pediatr 2012, 49(6):457-461.
23. Kvestad I., Taneja S., Kumar T., et al. The assessment of developmental status using the Ages and Stages questionnaire-3 in nutritional research in north Indian young children. Nutr J 2013, 12(1):1-11.
24. Abubakar A., Uriyo J., Stray-Pedersen B., et al. Prevalence and risk factors for poor nutritional status among children in the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2012, 9(10):3506-3518.
25. Glascoe F.P. Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status 1997, Ellsworth & Vandermeer Press, Nashville, TN.
26. Glascoe F.P. Collaborating With Parents: Using Parents Education of Developmental Status to Detect and Address Developmental and Behavioural Problems 1998, Ellsworth and Vandermeer Press, Nashville, TN.
27. Glascoe F.P. If you don't ask, parents may not tell: Noticing problems vs expressing concerns. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006, 160(2):220. [author reply 20-21].
28. Glascoe F.P. Re: Parents' evaluation of developmental status. J Paediatr Child Health 2005, 41(11):615-616. [author reply 16].
29. Glascoe F.P. Parents' evaluation of developmental status: How well do parents' concerns identify children with behavioral and emotional problems?. Clin Pediatr 2003, 42(2):133-138.
30. Glascoe F.P., Altemeier W.A., MacLean W.E. The importance of parents' concerns about their child's development. Am J Dis Child 1989, 143(8):955-958.
31. Glascoe F.P., MacLean W.E., Stone W.L. The importance of parents' concerns about their child's behavior. Clin Pediatr 1991, 30(1):8-11. [discussion 12-4].
32. Geisinger K. Cross-cultural normative assessment: Translation and adaptation issues influencing the normative interpretation of assessment instruments. Psychol Assess 2006, 6(4):304-312.
33. Carter J.A., Lees J.A., Murira G., et al. Issues in the development of cross-cultural assessments of speech and language for children. Int J Lang Commun Disord 2005, 40(4):385-401.
34. Holding P.A., Taylor H.G., Kazungu S.D., et al. Assessing cognitive outcomes in a rural African population: Development of a neuropsychological battery in Kilifi District, Kenya. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2004, 10(2):246-260.
35. Prado E.L., Hartini S., Rahmawati A., et al. Test selection, adaptation, and evaluation: A systematic approach to assess nutritional influences on child development in developing countries. Br J Educ Psychol 2010, 80(Pt 1):31-53.
36. Gladstone M., Lancaster G., Jones A., et al. Can Western developmental screening tools be modified for use in a rural Malawian setting?. Arch Dis Child 2008, 93:23-29.
37. Gladstone M., Lancaster G., Umar E., et al. Perspectives of normal child development in rural Malawi-A qualitative analysis to create a more culturally appropriate developmental assessment tool. Child Care Health Dev 2010, 36(3):346-353.
38. Abubakar A., Van de Vijver F.J.R., Van Baar A., et al. Socioeconomic status, anthropometric status and psychomotor development of Kenyan children from resource-limited settings: A path-analytic study. Early Hum Dev 2008, 84:613-621.
39. W.H.O Motor Development Study: Windows of achievement for six gross motor developmental milestones. Acta Paediatr Suppl 2006, 450:86-95. Group WHOMGRS.
40. Connolly K.J., Kvalsvig J.D. Infection, nutrition and cognitive performance in children. Parasitology 1993, 107(suppl):S187-S200.
41. Stoch M.B., Smythe P.M. 15-Year developmental study on effects of severe undernutrition during infancy on subsequent physical growth and intellectual functioning. Arch Dis Child 1976, 51(5):327-336.
42. Walker S.P., Chang S., Powell C.A., et al. Effects of early childhood psychosocial stimulation and nutritional supplementation on cognition and education in growth-stunted Jamaican children: Prospective cohort study. Lancet 2005, 366:1804-1807.
43. Raven J. The Raven's progressive matrices: Change and stability over culture and time. Cognit Psychol 2000, 41(1):1-48.
44. Kaufman A.S., Kaufman N.L. Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children 1983, American Guidance Service, Circle Pines.
45. Bogale A., Stoecker B.J., Kennedy T., et al. Nutritional status and cognitive performance of mother-child pairs in Sidama, Southern Ethiopia. Matern Child Nutr 2013, 9(2):274-284.
46. Bangenda D., Nassali A., Kalyesubula I., et al. Health, neurologic, and cognitive status of HIV-infected, long-surviving, and antiretroviral-naive Ugandan children. Pediatrics 2006, 117(3):729-740.
47. CANTAB. Cambridge Cognition Computerised Testing. (R). http://www.camcog.com/cantab-tests.asp.
48. Nkhoma O.W., Duffy M.E., Cory-Slechta D.A. Early-stage primary school children attending a school in the Malawian School Feeding Program (SFP) have better reversal learning and lean muscle mass growth than those attending a non-SFP school. J Nutr 2013, 143(8):1324-1330.
49. Kochanska G., Murray K.T., Harlan E.T. Effortful control in early childhood: Continuity and change, antecedents, and implications for social development. Dev Psychol 2000, 36(2):220-232.
50. Nampijja M., Apule B., Lule S., et al. Effects of maternal worm infections and anthelminthic treatment during pregnancy on infant motor and neurocognitive functioning. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2012, 18(6):1019-1030.
51. Nampijja M., Apule B., Lule S., et al. Adaptation of Western measures of cognition for assessing 5-year-old semi-urban Ugandan children. Br J Educ Psychol 2010, 80(Pt 1):15-30.
52. Rescorla L., Ratner N.B., Jusczyk P., et al. Concurrent validity of the language development survey: Associations with the MacArthur-Bates communicative development inventories: Words and sentences. Am J Speech Lang Pathol 2005, 14(2):156-163.
53. Skarakis-Doyle E., Campbell W., Dempsey L. Identification of children with language impairment: Investigating the classification accuracy of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories, Level III. Am J Speech Lang Pathol 2009, 18(3):277-288.
54. Thal D., Desjardin J.L., Eisenberg L.S. Validity of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories for measuring language abilities in children with cochlear implants. Am J Speech Lang Pathol 2007, 16(1):54-64.
55. Westerlund M., Berglund E., Eriksson M. Can severely language delayed 3-year-olds be identified at 18 months? Evaluation of a screening version of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2006, 49(2):237-247.
56. Walker S.P., Wachs T.D., Grantham-McGregor S., et al. Inequality in early childhood: Risk and protective factors for early child development. Lancet 2011, 378(9799):1325-1338.
57. Briggs-Gowan M.J., Carter A.S. Applying the Infant-Toddler Social & Emotional Assessment (ITSEA) and Brief-ITSEA in early intervention. Infant Ment Health J 2007, 28(6):564-583.
58. Kruizinga I., Jansen W., Carter A.S., et al. Evaluation of an early detection tool for social-emotional and behavioral problems in toddlers: The Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment-A cluster randomized trial. BMC Public Health 2011, 11:494.
59. Rahman A., Iqbal Z., Roberts C., et al. Cluster randomized trial of a parent-based intervention to support early development of children in a low-income country. Child Care Health Dev 2009, 35(1):56-62.
60. Rahman A., Lovel H., Bunn J., et al. Mothers' mental health and infant growth: A case-control study from Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Child Care Health Dev 2004, 30(1):21-27.
61. Rahman A., Malik A., Sikander S., et al. Cognitive behaviour therapy-based intervention by community health workers for mothers with depression and their infants in rural Pakistan: A cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008, 372(9642):902-909.
62. Rahman A., Patel V., Maselko J., et al. The neglected "m" in MCH programmes-Why mental health of mothers is important for child nutrition. Trop Med Int Health 2008, 13(4):579-583.
63. Cooper P.J., Tomlinson M., Swartz L., et al. Improving quality of mother-infant relationship and infant attachment in socioeconomically deprived community in South Africa: Randomised controlled trial. Br Med J 2009, 338:b974.
64. Stewart R.C., Bunn J., Vokhiwa M., et al. A prospective study of psychological distress among mothers of children admitted to a nutritional rehabilitation unit in Malawi. Child Care Health Dev 2011, 37(1):55-63.
65. Aboud F.E., Alemu T. Nutrition, maternal responsiveness and mental development of Ethiopian children. Soc Sci Med 1995, 41(5):725-732.
66. Cooper P.J., Landman M., Tomlinson M., et al. Impact of a mother-infant intervention in an indigent peri-urban South African context: Pilot study. Br J Psychiatry 2002, 180:76-81.
67. Yousafzai A.K., Pagedar S., Wirz S., et al. Beliefs about feeding practices and nutrition for children with disabilities among families in Dharavi, Mumbai. Int J Rehabil Res 2003, 26(1):33-41.
68. Freeman J.V., Christian P., Khatry S.K., et al. Evaluation of neonatal verbal autopsy using physician review versus algorithm-based cause-of-death assignment in rural Nepal. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2005, 19(4):323-331.
69. Larnert G., Ekberg O. Positioning improves the oral and pharyngeal swallowing function in children with cerebral-palsy. Acta Paediatrica 1995, 84(6):689-692.
70. Adams M.S., Khan N.Z., Begum S.A., et al. Feeding difficulties in children with cerebral palsy: Low-cost caregiver training in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Child Care Health Dev 2012, 38(6):878-888.
71. Palisano R.J., Hanna S.E., Rosenbaum P.L., et al. Validation of a model of gross motor function for children with cerebral palsy. Phys Ther 2000, 80(10):974-985.
72. Rosenbaum P.L., Palisano R.J., Bartlett D.J., et al. Development of the Gross Motor Function Classification System for cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2008, 50(4):249-253.
73. Reeves S.L., Varakamin C., Henry C.J. The relationship between arm-span measurement and height with special reference to gender and ethnicity. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996, 50(6):398-400.
74. Abe K., Tamaki J., Kadowaki E., et al. Use of anthropometric indicators in screening for undiagnosed vertebral fractures: A cross-sectional analysis of the Fukui Osteoporosis Cohort (FOC) study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2008, 9:157.
75. Yousafzai A.K., Filteau S.M., Wirz S.L., et al. Comparison of armspan, arm length and tibia length as predictors of actual height of disabled and nondisabled children in Dharavi, Mumbai, India. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003, 57(10):1230-1234.
76. Myatt M., Khara T., Collins S. A review of methods to detect cases of severely malnourished children in the community for their admission into community-based therapeutic care programs. Food Nutr Bull 2006, 27(suppl 3):S7-S23.
77. Briend A., Maire B., Fontaine O., et al. Mid-upper arm circumference and weight-for-height to identify high-risk malnourished under-five children. Matern Child Nutr 2012, 8(1):130-133.
78. Day S.M., Strauss D.J., Vachon P.J., et al. Growth patterns in a population of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2007, 49(3):167-171.
79. Stevenson R.D., Conaway M., Chumlea W.C., et al. Growth and health in children with moderate-to-severe cerebral palsy. Pediatrics 2006, 118(3):1010.
80. Van Gameren-Oosterom H.B.M., Van Dommelen P., Oudesluys-Murphy A.M., et al. Healthy growth in children with Down syndrome. PloS One 2012, 7(2):1-8.
81. Rosenbloom ST, McGregor TL, Chen Q, et al: Specialized pediatric growth charts for electronic health record systems: The example of Down syndrome. Annual Symposium proceedings/AMIA Symposium. 687-691, 2010.
82. Gona J.K., Mung'ala-Odera V., Newton C.R., et al. Caring for children with disabilities in Kilifi, Kenya: What is the carer's experience?. Child Care Health Dev 2011, 37:175-183.
83. Pinheiro, World Report on Violence Against Children, 2006, United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland. www.violencestudy.org.
84. Morris C., Kurinczuk J.J., Fitzpatrick R. Child or family assessed measures of activity performance and participation for children with cerebral palsy: A structured review. Child Care Health Dev 2005, 31(4):397-407.
85. Bedi K.S. Lasting neuroanatomical changes following undernutrition during early life. Early Nutrition and Later Achievement 1987, Academic Press, New York. J. Dobbing (Ed.).
86. Bedi K.S., Thomas Y.M., Davies A.A., et al. Synapse to neuron ratios of the frontal and cerebellar cortex of 30 day old and adult rats undernourished during early post natal life. J Comp Neurol 1980, 193(1):49-56.
87. Cragg B.G. The development of cortical synapses during starvation in the rat. Brain 1972, 95(1):143-150.
88. Cravioto J., Birch H.G. Nutrition, growth and neurointegrative development: An experimental and ecological study. Pediatrics 1966, 38(2):319-367.
89. Dobbing J. Effects of experimental undernutriton on development of the nervous system. Malnutrition, Learning and Behaviour 1968, 181-202. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. N.S. Scrimshaw, J.E. Gordon (Eds.).
90. Dobbing J., Sands J. Vulnerability of developing brain. IX. The effect of nutrition, growth retardation on the timing of the brain growth spurt. Biol Neonate 1971, 19(4):363-378.
91. Finger S., Stein D.G. Brain Damage and Recovery: Research and Clinical Perspectives 1982, Academic Press, New York.
92. Quirk G.J., Mejia W.R., Hesse H., Su H. Early malnutrition followed by nutritional restoration lowers the conduction velocity and excitability of the corticospinal tract. Brain Res 1995, 670(2):277-282.
93. Wang L., Xu R.J. The effects of perinatal protein malnutrition on spatial learning and memory behaviour and brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentration in the brain tissue in young rats. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007, 16(suppl 1):467-472.
94. Stoch M.B., Smythe P.M. Does undernutrition during infancy inhibit brain growth and subsequent intellectual development?. Arch Dis Child 1963, 38(202):546-552.
95. Winick M., Rosso P. The effect of severe early malnutrition on cellular growth of human brain. Pediatr Res 1969, 3(2):181.
96. Fishman M.A., Prensky A.L., Dodge P.R. Low content of cerbral lipids in infatns suffering from malnutrition. Nature 1969, 221(5180):552-553.
97. Engel R. Abnormal brain wave patterns in Kwashiorkor. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 1956, 8:489.
98. Nelson G.K. The electroencephalogram in kwashiorkor. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 1959, 11:73.
99. Flinn J.M., Barnet A.B., Lydick S., et al. Infant malnutrition affects cortical audiotry evoked potentials. Percep Mot Skills 1993, 76(3 Pt 2):1359-1362.
100. Akinyinka O.O., Adeyinka A.O., Falade A.G. The computed azial tomography of the brain in protein energy malnutrition. Ann Trop Paediatr 1995, 15(4):329-333.
101. Gunston G., Burkimsher D., Malan H., et al. Reversible cerebral shrinkage in kwashiorkor: An MRI study. Arch Dis Child 1992, 62(6):589-592.
102. Househam K.C., De Villiers J.F. Computed tomography in severe protein energy malnutrition. Arch Dis Child 1987, 62(6):589-592.
103. Atlabi O.M., Lagunju I.A., Tongo O.O., et al. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging findings in kwashiorkor. Int J Neurosci 2010, 120(1):23-27.
104. Stein D.G., Finger S., Hart T. Brain damage and recovery: Problems and perspectives. Behav Neural Biol 1983, 37(2):185-222.
105. Metcalfe D.L. Electroencephalography. Brain Function and Malnutrition. Neurophysiological Methods of Assessment 1995, 119. John Wiley and Sons, New York. J.W. Prescott, M.S. Read, D.B. Coursin (Eds.).
106. Gallais P.J., Bert J., Corriol J., et al. Les rhythms des noire d'Afrique (Etude des 100 premiers traces subjects normaux). Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 1951, 3:110.
107. Baraitser M., Evans D.E. The effect of undernutrition on brain-rhythm development. S Afr Med J 1969, 43:56.
108. Sarrouy C, Saint-Jean M, Clausee Algerie Med: 57:584, 1953.
109. Hecox K., Galambos R. Brainstem auditory responses in human infants and adults. Arch Otolaryngol 1974, 99(1):30-33.
110. Shipley C., Buchwald J.S., Norman R., et al. Brain stem auditory evoked response development in the kitten. Brain Res 1980, 182(2):313-326.
111. Buchwald J.S., Huang C. Far-field acoustic response: Origins in the cat. Science 1975, 189:382-384.
112. Durmaz S., Karagol U., Deda G., et al. Brainstem audiotry and visual evoked potentials in children with protein energy malnutrition. Pediatr Int 1999, 41(6):615-619.
113. McDonald C.G., Joffe C.L., Barnet A.B., et al. Abnormal flash visual evoked potentials in malnourished infants: An evaluation using principal component analysis. Clin Neurophysiol 2007, 118(4):896-900.
114. Karak B., Misra S., Garg R.K., et al. A study of transcranial magnetic stimulation in older (>3 years) patients of malnutrition. Neurol India 1999, 47(3):229-233.
115. Hesse H., Rivera M.F., de Diaz I., et al. Central somatosensory conduction time in severely growth-stunted children. Am J Clin Nutr 1998, 67(1):93-96.
116. Pinto A.V., Guedes R.C. Direct evidence of inter-hemispheric modulation by callosal fibers: A cortical spreading depression study in well-nourished and early-malnourished adult rats. Exp Brain Res 2008, 186(1):39-46.
117. Barnet A.B., Weiss I.P., Sotillo M.V., et al. Abnormal auditory evoked potentials in early infancy malnutrition. Science 1978, 201(4354):450-452.
118. Bartel P.R., Robsinson E., Conradie J.M., et al. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in severely malnourished children with kwashiorkor. Neuropediatrics 1986, 17(4):178-182.
119. Bedi K.S., Bhide P.G. Effects of environmental diversity on brain morphology. Early Hum Dev 1988, 17(2-3):107-143.
120. Rocinholi L.F., de Oliveira L.M., Colafemina J.F. Malnutrition and environmental stimulation in rats: Wave latencies of the brainstem auditory evoked potentials. Nutr Neurosci 2001, 4(3):199-212.
121. Lima JG: Estudo morfológico e morfométrico do corpo caloso de ratos submetidos a diferentes tipos de dietas e à estimulação sensorial e ambiental. Universidade de São Paulo, 1992.