Horizontal and vertical transport of air over southern Africa

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 101, Issue 19, 1996, Pages 23721-23736

  Garstang, M ^a   Tyson, P D ^a,b   Swap, R ^a   Edwards, M ^c   Kallberg P ^d,e   Lindesay, J A ^b,f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^c SOUTH AFRICAN WEATHER SERVICE   (South Africa)

^d SWEDISH METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^e EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MEDIUM RANGE WEATHER FORECASTS   (United Kingdom)

^f AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; HORIZONTAL TRANSPORT; SAFARI; TRAJECTORY; VERTICAL TRANSPORT;

AFRICA, (SOUTHERN);

EID: 0030367889     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/95jd00844     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Alexander, W.J.R., and J. van Heerden, An assessment of the severity of the current drought, October 1991 to March 1992, 16 pp., water resources study, 1992, Univ. of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
2. Andreae, M.O., J. Fishman, M. Garstang, J.G. Goldammer, C.O. Justice, J.S. Levine, R.J. Scholes, B.J. Stocks, A.M. Thompson, B. van Wilgen and the STARE/TRACE-A/SAFARI-92 Science Team, Biomass burning in the global environment: First results from the IGAC/BIBEX field campaign STARE/TRACE-A/SAFARI-92, in Global Atmospheric-Biospheric Chemistry: The First IGAC Scientific Conference, edited by R. Prinn, Plenum, New York, 83-101 pp., 1994.
3. Anikin, P.P., Y.N. Lcont 'yeva, I.N. Plakhina, and A.Kh. Shukurov, Variation in atmospheric transparency as a result of transport of Sahara aerosol into tropical Atlantic Ocean, Izv. Atmos. Oceanic Phys., Engl. Transl., 25, 363-367, 1989.
4. Annegarn, H.J., M.A. Kneen, S.J. Piketh, A.J. Home, H.S.P. Hlapolosa, and G.A. Kirkman, Evidence for large-scale circulation of anthropogenic sulphur over South Africa, paper presented at the National Association for Clean Air Conf., Brits, South Africa, Nov. 11-13, 1993.
5. Bengtsson, L., Medium-range forecasting at ECMWF, Adv. Geophys., 238, 3-56, 1985.
6. Bryson, R.A., and B.M. Goodman, Volcanic activity and climate change, Science, 207, 1040-1044, 1980.
7. Carbon, T.N., Atmospheric turbidity in Saharan dust outbreaks as determined by analyses of satellite brightness data, Mon. Weather Rev., 107, 322-335, 1979.
8. Crutzen, P.J., and M.O. Andreae, Biomass burning in the tropics: Impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles, Science, 250, 1669-1678, 1990.
9. D'Abreton, P.C., and J.A. Lindesay, Water vapour transports over South Africa during wet and dry early summer months, Inter. J. Clim., 13, 151-170, 1993.
10. D'Abreton, P.C., and P.D. Tyson, Divergent and non-divergent water vapour transport over southern Africa during wet and dry conditions, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 55, 47-59, 1995.
11. Fishman, J., Probing planetary pollution from space, Environ. Sci. Technol., 25, 612-621, 1991.
12. Fishman, J., K. Fakhruzzaman, B. Cros, and D. Mganga, Identification of widespread pollution in the southern hemisphere deduced from satellite analyses, Science, 252, 1693-1696, 1991.
13. Harrison, M.S.J., A synoptic climatology of South African rainfall variations, Ph.D. thesis, 341 pp., Univ. of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 1988.
14. Harrison, M.S.J., Elevated inversions over southern Africa: Climatological properties, formation processes and relationships with rainfall, So. Afr. J. Sci., 75, 1-8, 1993.
15. Held, G., H. Scheifinger, and G.M. Snyman, Recirculation of pollutants in the atmosphere of the South African highveld, So. Afr. J. Sci., 90, 91-97, 1994.
16. Hurrell, J.W., and H. van Loon, A modulation of the atmospheric annual cycle in the southern hemisphere, Tellus, 46A, 325-338, 1994.
17. Janowiak, J.E., Seasonal climate summary: The global climate for September-November 1991: Warm (ENSO) episode conditions strengthen, J. Clim., 6, 1616-1638, 1993.
18. Kållberg, P., Air parcel trajectories from analysed or forecast windfields, Swed. Meteorol. and Hydrol. Inst., Norrköping, Sweden, Res. Dev. Note No. 37, 1984.
19. Kousky, V.E., Seasonal climate summary: The global climate of December 1991-February 1992: Mature-phase warm (ENSO) episode conditions develop, J. Clim., 6, 1639-1655, 1993.
20. Krishnamurti, T.N., H.E. Fuelberg, M.C. Sinha, D. Oosterhof, E.L. Bensman, and V.B. Kumai, The meteorological environment of the tropospheric ozone maximum over the tropical South Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10621-10641, 1993.
21. Lamb, H.H., Climate, Present, Past and Future, vol. 1, 613 pp., Methuen, New York, 1972.
22. Lindesay, J.A., South African rainfall, the southern oscillation and a southern hemisphere semiannual cycle, Int. J. Clim., 8, 17-30, 1988a.
23. Lindesay, J.A., The southern oscillation and atmospheric circulation changes over southern Africa, Ph.D thesis, 284 pp, Univ. of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 1988b.
24. Levine, J.S. (ed.), Global Biomass Burning: Atmospheric, Climate and Biospheric Implications, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 551 pp., 1991.
25. Mason, S.J., Sea surface temperatures and south African rainfall variability, Ph.D thesis, 235 pp., Univ. of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 1992.
26. Mason, S.J., J.A. Lindesay and P.D. Tyson, Simulating drought in southern Africa using sea surface temperature variations, Water S. Afr., 20, 15-22, 1994.
27. Moody, J.L., A.A.P. Pszenny, A. Grandry, W.C. Keene, J.N. Galloway, and G. Polian, Precipitation composition and its variability in the southern Indian Ocean: Amsterdam Island, 1980-1987, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 20769-20786, 1991.
28. Muhs, D.R., C.A. Bush, and K.C. Stewart, Geochemical evidence of Saharan dust parent material for soils developed in quaternary limestones of Caribbean and western Atlantic Islands, Quart. Res., 33, 157-177, 1990.
29. Newell, R.E., J.W. Kidson, D.G. Vincent and G.J. Boer (eds.), The General Gradation of the Tropical Atmosphere and Interactions with Extratropical Latitudes, vol. 1, 258 pp., MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1972.
30. Pickering, K.E., A.M. Thompson, D.P. McNamara, and M.R. Schoeberl, An intercomparison of isentropic trajectories over the south Atlantic, Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 864-879, 1994a.
31. Pickering, K.E., A.M. Thompson, D.P. McNamara, M.R. Schoeberl, L.R. Lait, P.A. Newman, C.O. Justice, and J.D. Kendall, A trajectory modelling investigation of the biomass burning tropical ozone relationship, Proc. Quadr. Ozone Symp., NASA Conf. Publ., 3266, 101-104, 1994b.
32. Pitty, A.F., Particle size of the Saharan dust which fell in Britain in July 1968, Nature, 220, 364-365, 1968.
33. Preston-Whyte, R.A., and P.D. Tyson, Note on pressure oscillation over South Africa, Mon. Weather Rev., 101, 650-653, 1973.
34. Preston-Whyte, R.A., and P.D. Tyson, The Atmosphere and Weather of Southern Africa, 374 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1989.
35. Preston-Whyte, R.A., R.D. Diab and P.D. Tyson, Towards an inversion climatology of southern Africa, II, Non-surface inversions in the lower atmosphere, S. Afr. Geogr. J., 59, 47-59, 1977.
36. Prospero, J.M., R.A. Glaccum, and R.T. Nees, Atmospheric transport of soil dust from Africa to South America, Nature, 289, 570-572, 1981.
37. Riehl, H., Climate and Weather in the Tropics, 611 pp., Academic San Diego, Calif., 1954.
38. Schwarzbach, M., Climates of the Past, 1950-1960, 328 pp., Van Nostrand, Princeton, N.J., 1963.
39. Swap, R., M. Garstang, S. Greco, R. Talbot, and P. Kållberg, Saharan dust in the Amazon Basin, Tellus, 44, 133-149, 1992.
40. Swap, R., M. Garstang, S.A. Macko, P.D. Tyson, W. Maenhaut, P. Artaxo, P. Kållberg, and R. Talbot, The long-range transport of southern African aerosols to the tropical South Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
41. Takayama, Y., and T. Takashima, Aerosol optical thickness of yellow sand over the Yellow Sea derived from NOAA satellite data, Atmos. Environ., 20, 631-638, 1986.
42. Taljaard, J.J., Stable stratification in the atmosphere over southern Africa, Notos, 4, 217-230, 1955.
43. Taljaard, J.J., Cut-off lows in the South African region, S. Afr. Weather Bull. Tech. Pap. 14, 153 pp., 1985.
44. Tyson, P.D., Climatic Changes and Variability in southern Africa, 220 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1986.
45. Tyson, P.D., F.J. Kruger, and C.W. Louw, Atmospheric pollution and its implications in the Eastern Transvaal Highveld, Rept. 150, 114 pp., Found, for Res. Dev., S. Afr Nat. Sci. Programmes Pretoria, 1988.
46. von Ficker, H., Die Passatinversion, Veröff. Meteorol. Inst., Univ. Berlin, vol. 1, 33 pp., Berlin, 1936.