The contribution of boundary layer nucleation events to total particle concentrations on regional and global scales

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 6, Issue 12, 2006, Pages 5631-5648

  Spracklen, D V ^a,d   Carslaw, K S ^a   Kulmala, M ^b   Kerminen, V M ^c   Mann, G W ^a   Sihto, S L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^c FINNISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^d HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL COMPOSITION; AEROSOL FORMATION; ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; BOUNDARY LAYER; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); NUCLEATION; REGIONAL PATTERN; SULFURIC ACID; TROPICAL REGION;

AMAZONIA; SOUTH AMERICA;

EID: 33845296333     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-6-5631-2006     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Aalto, P., Hameri, K., Becker, E., Weber, R., Salm, J., Mäkelä, J. M., Hoell, C., O'Dowd, C. D., Karlsson, H., Hansson, H. C., Vakeva, M., Koponen, I. K., Buzorius, G., and Kulmala, M.: Physical characterization of aerosol particles during nucleation events, Tellus Series B-Chem. Phys. Meteorol., 53(4), 344-358, 2001.
2. Adams, P. J. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Predicting global aerosol size distributions in general circulation models, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107(D19), 4370, doi: 10.1029/2001JD001010, 2002.
3. Andres, R. J. and Kasgnoc, A. D.: A time-averaged inventory of subaerial volcanic sulfur emissions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103(D19), 25 251-25 261, 1998.
4. Anttila, T., Kerminen, V. M., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Modelling the formation of organic particles in the atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1071-1083, 2004, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/4/1071/2004/.
5. Atkinson, R., Baulch, D., Cox, A., Hampson Jr., R., Derr, J., and Troe, J.: Evaluated kinetics and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Supplement III, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 88, 881-1097, 1989.
6. Benkovitz, C. M., Scholtz, M. T., Pacyna, J., Tarrason, L., Dignon, J., Voldner, E. C., Spiro, P. A., Logan, J. A., and Graedel, T. E.: Global gridded inventories of anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101(D22), 29239-29253, 1996.
7. Binkowski, F. S. and Shankar, U.: The Regional Particulate Matter Model. 1. Model description and preliminary results, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100(D12), 26 191-26 209, 1995.
8. Birmili, W. and Wiedensohler, A.: New particle formation in the continental boundary layer: Meteorological and gas phase parameter influence, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(20), 3325-3328, 2000.
9. 4 measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27(15), 2205-2208, 2000.
10. Bond, T. C., Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Nelson, S. M., Woo, J. H., and Klimont, Z.: A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109(D14), D14203, doi:10.1029/2003JD003697, 2004.
11. Boy, M., Kulmala, M., Ruuskanen, T. M., Pihlatie, M., Reissell, A., Aalto, P. P., Keronen, P., Dal Maso, M., Hellen, H., Hakola, H., Jansson, R., Hanke, M., and Arnold, F.: Sulfuric acid closure and contribution to nucleation mode particle growth, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 863-878, 2005, http://www.atmos- chem-phys.net/5/863/2005/.
12. Boy, M., Hellmuth, O., Korhonen, H., Nilsson, E. D., ReVelle, D., Turnipseed, A., Arnold, F., and Kulmala, M.: MALTE - model to predict new aerosol formation in the lower troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4499-4517, 2006, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/4499/2006/.
13. Chipperfield, M. P., Cariolle, D., Simon, P., Ramaroson, R., and Lary, D. J.: A three-dimensional modeling study of trace species in the Arctic lower stratosphere during winter 1989-90, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 7199-7218, 1993.
14. Cofala, J., Amann, M., Klimont, Z., and Schöpp, W.: Scenarios of World Anthropogenic Emissions of SO2, NOx , and CO up to 2030, Internal report of the Transboundary Air Pollution Programme, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, pp. 17, 2005.
15. Dal Maso, M., Kulmala, M., Lehtinen, K., Mäkelä, J., and Aalto, P.: Condensation and coagulation sinks and formation of nucleation mode particles in coastal and boreal forest boundary layers, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 8097, doi: 10.1029/2001JD001053, 2002.
16. Dal Maso, M., Kulmala, M., Riipinen, I., Wagner, R., Hussein, T., Aalto, P. P., and Lehtinen, K. E. J.: Formation and growth of fresh atmospheric aerosols: eight years of aerosol size distribution data from SMEAR II, Hyytiala, Finland, Boreal Environ. Res., 10(5), 323-336, 2005.
17. Dentener, F., Kinne, S., Bond, T., Boucher, O., Cofala, J., Generoso, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Hoelzemann, J., Ito, A., Marelli, L., Penner, J., Putaud, J.-R, Textor, C., Schulz, M., van der Werf, G., and Wilson, J.: Emissions of primary aerosol and precursor gases in the years 2000 and 1750 - prescribed data-sets for AeroCom, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4321-4344, 2006, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/4321/2006/.
18. Dusek, U., Frank, G. P., Hildebrandt, L., Curtius, J., Schneider, J., Walter, S., Chand, D., Drewnick, F., Kings, S., Jung, D., Borrmann, S., and Andreae, M. O.: Size matters more than chemistry for cloud-nucleating ability of aerosol particles, Science, 312(5778), 1375-1378, 2006.
19. Easter, R. C., Ghan, S. J., Zhang, Y., Saylor, R. D., Chapman, E. G., Laulainen, N. S., Abdul-Razzak, H., Leung, L. R., Bian, X. D., and Zaveri, R. A.: MIRAGE: Model description and evaluation of aerosols and trace gases, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109(D20), D20210, doi:10.1029/2004JD004571, 2004.
20. Fiedler, V., Dal Maso, M., Boy, M., Aufmhoff, H., Hoffmann, J., Schuck, T., Birmili, W., Hanke, M., Uecker, J., Arnold, F., and Kulmala, M.: The contribution of sulfuric acid to atmospheric particle formation and growth: a comparison between boundary layers in Northern and Central Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys, 5, 1773-1785, 2005.
21. Fuchs, N. A. and Sutugin, A. G.: Highly dispersed aerosols, in: Topics in current aerosol research, edited by: Hidy, G. M. and Brock, J. R., New York, Pergamon, 1971.
22. Gaydos, T. M., Stanier, C. O., and Pandis, S. N.: Modeling of in situ ultrafine atmospheric particle formation in the eastern United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110(D7), D07S12, doi:10.1029/2004JD004683, 2005.
23. Ghan, S. J., Easter, R. C., Chapman, E. G., Abdul-Razzak, H., Zhang, Y., Leung, L. R., Laulainen, N. S., Saylor, R. D., and Zaveri, R. A.: A physically based estimate of radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulfate aerosol, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106(D6), 5279-5293, 2001.
24. Gong, S. L.: A parameterization of sea-salt aerosol source function for sub- and super-micron particles, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 17(4), 1097, doi:10.1029/2003GB002079, 2003.
25. Gong, S., Barrie, L., Blanchet, J.-P., von Salzen, K., Lohmann, U., Lesins, G., Spacek, L., Zhang, L., Girard, E., Lin, H., Leaitch, R., Leighton, H., Chylek, P., and Huang, P.: Canadian Aerosol Module: A size-segregated simulation of atmospheric aerosol processes for climate and air quality models 1. Module development, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4007, doi:10.1029/2001JD002 002, 2003.
26. Griffin, R. J., Cocker, D. R., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Organic aerosol formation from the oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104(D3), 3555-3567, 1999.
27. Guenther, A., Hewitt, C. N., Erickson, D., Fall, R., Geron, C., Graedel, T., Harley, P., Klinger, L., Lerdau, M., McKay, W. A., Pierce, T., Scholes, B., Steinbrecher, R., Tallamraju, R., Taylor, J., and Zimmerman, P.: A Global-Model of Natural Volatile Organic-Compound Emissions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100(D5), 8873-8892, 1995.
28. Hirsikko, A., Laakso, L., Horrak, U., Aalto, P. P., Kerminen, V. M., and Kulmala, M.: Annual and size dependent variation of growth rates and ion concentrations in boreal forest, Boreal Environ. Res., 10(5), 357-369, 2005.
29. Holtslag, A. and Boville, B.: Local versus nonlocal boundary layer diffusion in a globl climate model, J. Climate, 6, 1825-1842, 1993.
30. Jackervoirol, A. and Mirabel, P.: Heteromolecular Nucleation in the Sulfuric Acid-Water System, Atmos. Environ., 23(9), 2053-2057, 1989.
31. Kerminen, V. M. and Kulmala, M.: Analytical formulae connecting the "real" and the "apparent" nucleation rate and the nuclei number concentration for atmospheric nucleation events, J. Aerosol Sei., 33(4), 609-622, 2002.
32. 2 Oxidation and High Relative-Humidity in the Remote Marine Boundary-Layer, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 99(D12), 2560725614,1994.
33. Kerminen, V. M., Lihavainen, H., Komppula, M., Viisanen, Y., and Kulmala, M.: Direct observational evidence linking atmospheric aerosol formation and cloud droplet activation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32(14), L14803, doi:10.1029/20005GL023130, 2005.
34. Kettle, A. J., Andreae, M. O., Amouroux, D., Andreae, T. W., Bates, T. S., Berresheim, H., Bingemer, H., Boniforti, R., Curran, M. A. J., DiTullio, G. R., Helas, G., Jones, G. B., Keller, M. D., Kiene, R. P., Leck, C., Levasseur, M., Malin, G., Maspero, M., Matrai, P., McTaggart, A. R., Mihalopoulos, N., Nguyen, B. C., Novo, A., Putaud, J. P., Rapsomanikis, S., Roberts, G., Schebeske, G., Sharma, S., Simo, R., Staubes, R., Turner, S., and Uber, G.: A global database of sea surface dimethylsulfide (DMS) measurements and a procedure to predict sea surface DMS as a function of latitude, longitude, and month, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 13(2), 399-444, 1999.
35. Koponen, I. K., Virkkula, A., Hillamo, R., Kerminen, V. M., and Kulmala, M.: Number size distributions and concentrations of the continental summer aerosols in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108(D18), 4587, doi:10.1029/2003JD003614, 2003.
36. Korhonen, H., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: Development and application of a new analytical method to estimate the condensable vapor concentration in the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D05201, doi:10.1029/2004JD005458, 2005.
37. Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., and Pirjola, L.: Parameterizations for sulfuric acid/water nucleation rates, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103(D7), 8301-8307, 1998.
38. Kulmala, M., Dal Maso, M., Mäkelä, J., Pirjola, L., Vakeva, M., Aalto, P., Miikkulainen, P., Hameri, K., and O'Dowd, C.: On the formation, growth and composition of nucleation mode particles, Tellus, Ser. B, 53B, 479-490, 2001.
39. Kulmala, M., Vehkamäki, H., Petajda, T., Dal Maso, M., Lauri, A., Kerminen, V. M., Birmili, W., and McMurry, P. H.: Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: a review of observations, J. Aerosol Sci., 35(2), 143-176, 2004a.
40. Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V. M., Anttila, T., Laaksonen, A., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Organic aerosol formation via sulfate cluster activation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109(D4), D04205, doi:10.1029/2003JD003961, 2004b.
41. Kulmala, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Laaksonen, A.: Cluster activation theory as an explanation of the linear dependence between formation rate of 3 nm particles and sulfuric acid concentration, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 787-793, 2006, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/787/2006/.
42. Laakso, L., Petaja, T., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Kulmala, M., Paatero, J., Horrak, U., Tammet, H., and Joutsensaari, J.: Ion production rate in a boreal forest based on ion, particle and radiation measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1933-1943, 2004, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/4/1933/2004/.
43. Laaksonen, A., Hamed, A., Joutsensaari, J., Hiltunen, L., Cavalli, F., Junkermann, W., Asmi, A., Fuzzi, S., and Facchini, M. C.: Cloud condensation nucleus production from nucleation events at a highly polluted region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32(6), L06812, doi:10.1029/2004GL022092, 2005.
44. Lehtinen, K. E. J. and Kulmala, M.: A model for particle formation and growth in the atmosphere with molecular resolution in size, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 251-257, 2003, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/3/251/2003/.
45. Lehtinen, K. E. J. Rannik, U., Petaja, T., Kulmala, M., and Hari, P.: Nucleation rates and vapour concentration estimations using a least squares aerosol dynamics method, J. Geophys. Res.Atmos., 109, doi:10.1029/2004JD004893, 2004.
46. Lihavainen, H., Kerminen, V. M., Komppula, M., Hatakka, J., Aaltonen, V., Kulmala, M., and Viisanen, Y.: Production of "potential" cloud condensation nuclei associated with atmospheric new-particle formation in northern Finland, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108(D24), 4782, doi:10.1029/ 2003JD003887, 2003.
47. Liss, P. and Merlivat, L.: Air-sea gas exchange rates: Introduction and synthesis, in: The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling, edited by: Reidel, D.. 113-127, Norwell, Mass., 1986.
48. Mäkelä, J. M., Aalto, P., Jokinen, V., Pohja, T., Nissinen, A., Palmroth, S., Markkanen, T., Seitsonen, K., Lihavainen, H., and Kulmala, M.: Observations of ultrafine aerosol particle formation and growth in boreal forest, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24(10), 1219-1222, 1997.
49. McMurry, P., Fink, M., Sakurai, H., Stolzenburg, M., Mauldin III, R., Smith, J., Eisele, F., Moore, K., Sjostedt, S., Tanner, D., Huey, L., Nowak, J., Edgerton, E., and Voisin, D.: A criterion for new particle formation in the sulfur-rich Atlanta atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D22S02, doi:10.1029/2005JD005901, 2005.
50. Napari, I., Noppel, M., Vehkamäki, H., and Kulmala, M.: Parametrization of ternary nucleation rates for H2SO4-NH3-H2O vapors, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107(D19), 4381, doi:10.1029/2002JD002132, 2002.
51. Nilsson, E., Rannik, U., Kulmala, M., Buzorius, G., and O Dowd, C.: Effects of continental boundary layer evolution, convection, turbulence and entrainment, on aerosol formation, Tellus, 53B, 441-461, 2001.
52. O'Dowd, C., McFiggans, G., Creasey, D. J., Pirjola, L., Hoell, C., Smith, M. H., Allan, B. J., Plane, J. M. C., Heard, D. E., Lee, J. D., Pilling, M. J., and Kulmala, M.: On the photochemical production of new particles in the coastal boundary layer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(12), 1707-1710, 1999.
53. Petzold, A., Fiebig, M., Flentje, H., Keil, A., Leiterer, U., Schroder, F., Stifter, A., Wendisch, M., and Wendling, P.: Vertical variability of aerosol properties observed at a continental site during the Lindenberg Aerosol Characterization Experiment (LACE 98), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107(D21), 8128, doi:10.1029/2001JD001043, 2002.
54. Pierce, J. R. and Adams, P. J.: Global evaluation of CCN formation by direct emission of sea salt and growth of ultrafine sea salt, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111(D6), D06203, doi:10.1029/2005JD006186, 2006.
55. Prather, M.: Numerical Advection by Conservation of Second-Order Moments, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 91, 6671-6681, 1986.
56. Rodriguez, M. A. and Dabdub, D.: A modeling study of size- and chemically resolved aerosol thermodynamics in a global chemical transport model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109(D2), D02203, doi:10.1029/2003JD003639, 2004.
57. Schroder, F., Karcher, B., Fiebig, M., and Petzold, A.: Aerosol states in the free troposphere at northern mid-latitudes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107(D21), 8126, doi:10.1029/2000JD000194, 2002.
58. Sihto, S.-L., Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V.-M., Dal Maso, M., Petäjä, T., Riipinen, I., Korhonen, H., Arnold, F., Janson, R., Boy, M., Laaksonen, A., and Lehtinen, K. E. J.: Atmospheric sulfuric acid and aerosol formation: implications from atmospheric mea-surements for nucleation and early growth mechanisms, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4079-4091, 2006, http://www.atmos- chem-phys.net/6/4079/2006/.
59. Spirig, C., Guenther, A., Greenberg, J., Calanca, P., and Tarvainen, V.: Tethered balloon measurements of biogenic volatile organic compounds at a Boreal forest site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 215-229, 2004, http://www.atmos-chem-phys. net/4/215/2004/.
60. Spracklen, D. V., Pringle, K. J., Carslaw, K. S., Chipperfield, M. P., and Mann, G. W.: A global off-line model of size-resolved aerosol microphysics: I. Model development and prediction of aerosol properties, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2227-2252, 2005a.
61. Spracklen, D. V., Pringle, K. J., Carslaw, K. S., Chipperfield, M. P., and Mann, G. W.: A global off-line model of size-resolved aerosol microphysics: II. Identification of key uncertainties, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3233-3250, 2005b.
62. Stier, P., Feichter, J., Kinne, S., Kloster, S., Vignati, E., Wilson, J., Ganzeveld, L., Tegen, L., Werner, M., Balkanski, Y., Schulz, M., Boucher, O., Minikin, A., and Petzold, A.: The aerosolclimate model ECHAM5-HAM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1125-1156, 2005, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/5/1125/2005/.
63. Stockwell, D. Z. and Chipperfield, M. P.: A tropospheric chemicaltransport model: Development and validation of the model transport schemes, J. Geophys. Res., 125, 1747-1783, 1999.
64. Tammet, H. and Kulmala, M.: Simulation tool for atmospheric aerosol nucleation bursts, J. Aerosol Sci., 36(2), 173-196, 2005.
65. Tiedtke, M.: A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large scale models, Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1779-1800, 1989.
66. Tunved, P., Strom, J., and Hansson, H. C.: An investigation of processes controlling the evolution of the boundary layer aerosol size distribution properties at the Swedish background station Aspvreten, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2581-2592, 2004, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/4/2581/2004/.
67. Tunved, P., Hansson, H. C., Kerminen, V. M., Strom, J., Dal Maso, M., Lihavainen, H., Viisanen, Y., Aalto, P. P., Komppula, M., and Kulmala, M.: High natural aerosol loading over boreal forests, Science, 312(5771), 261-263, 2006.
68. van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Collatz, G. J., and Giglio, L.: Carbon emissions from fires in tropical and subtropical ecosystems, Global Change Biol., 9(4), 547-562, 2003.
69. VanReken, T. M., Ng, N. L., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Cloud condensation nucleus activation properties of biogenic secondary organic aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D07206, doi: 10.1029/2004JD005465, 2005.
70. Vehkamäki, H., Kulmala, M., Napari, I., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Timmreck, C., Noppel, M. and Laaksonen, A.: An improved parameterization for sulfuric acid-water nucleation rates for tropospheric and stratospheric conditions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107(D22), 4622, doi:10.1029/2002JD002184, 2002.
71. Vehkamäki, H., Dal Maso, M., Hussein, T., Flanagan, R., Hyvarinen, A., Lauros, J., Merikanto, J., Monkkonen, P., Pihlatie, M., Salminen, K., Sogacheva, L., Thum, T., Ruuskanen, T. M., Keronen, P., Aalto, P. P., Hari, P., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Rannik, U., and Kulmala, M.: Atmospheric particle formation events at Varrio measurement station in Finnish Lapland 1998-2002, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2015-2023, 2004, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/4/2015/2004/.
72. Vignati, E., Wilson, J., and Stier, P.: M7: An efficient sizeresolved aerosol microphysics module for large-scale aerosol transport models, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109(D22), D22202, doi:10.1029/2003JD004485, 2004.
73. 2 concentrations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105(D8), 9741-9765, 2000.
74. Wang, K. Y., Pyle, J. A., Sanderson, M. G., and Bridgeman, C.: Implementation of a convective atmospheric boundary layer scheme in a tropospheric chemistry transport model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, 104(D19), 23729-23745, 1999.
75. Weber, R. J., Marti, J. J., McMurry, P. H., Eisele, F. L., Tanner, D. J., and Jefferson, A.: Measured atmospheric new particle formation rates: Implications for nucleation mechanisms, Chem. Eng. Commun., 151, 53-64, 1996.
76. Yu, S. C., Kasibhatla, P. S., Wright, D. L., Schwartz, S. E., McGraw, R., and Deng, A. J.: Moment-based simulation of microphysical properties of sulfate aerosols in the eastern United States: Model description, evaluation, and regional analysis, J. Geophys. Res.Atmos., 108(D12), 4353, doi:10.1029/ 2002JD002890, 2003.
77. Zhou, J. C., Swietlicki, E., Hansson, H. C., and Artaxo, P.: Submicrometer aerosol particle size distribution and hygroscopic growth measured in the Amazon rain forest during the wet season, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107(D20), 8055, doi:10.1029/2000JD000203, 2002.