Implicit sexual attitude of heterosexual, gay and bisexual individuals: Disentangling the contribution of specific associations to the overall measure

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 11, 2013, Pages

  Anselmi, Pasquale ^a   Vianello, Michelangelo ^a   Voci, Alberto ^a   Robusto, Egidio ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATTITUDE; BISEXUALITY; FEMALE; HETEROSEXUALITY; HOMOSEXUALITY, FEMALE; HOMOSEXUALITY, MALE; HUMANS; MALE;

EID: 84894111624     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078990     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Herek GM (2000) The psychology of sexual prejudice. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 9: 19-22. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00051
2. Nosek BA, Greenwald AG, Banaji MR (2007) The Implicit Association Test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review. In: Bargh JA, editor. Automatic processes in social thinking and behavior. London: Psychology Press. pp. 265-292.
3. Nosek BA, Smyth FL, Hansen JJ, Devos T, Lindner NM, et al. (2007) Pervasiveness and correlates of implicit attitudes and stereotypes. Eur Rev Soc Psychol 18: 36-88. doi: 10.1080/10463280701489053
4. Inbar Y, Pizarro DA, Knobe J, Bloom P (2009) Disgust sensitivity predicts intuitive disapproval of gays. Emotion 9: 435-439. doi: 10.1037/a0015960
5. Steffens MC (2005) Implicit and explicit attitudes towards lesbians and gay men. J Homosexual 49: 39-65. doi: 10.1300/J082v49n02-03
6. Steffens MC, Buchner A (2003) Implicit Association Test: Separating transsituationally stable and variable components of attitudes toward gay men. Exp Psychol 50: 33-48. doi:10.1026//1618-3169.50.1.33 (Pubitemid 38355439)
7. Banse R, Seise J, Zerbes N (2001) Implicit attitudes toward homosexuality: Reliability, validity, and controllability of the IAT. Z Exp Psychol 48: 145-160. (Pubitemid 33736310)
8. Jellison WA, McConnell AR, Gabriel S (2004) Implicit and explicit measures of sexual orientation attitudes: Ingroup preferences and related behaviors and beliefs among gay and straight men. Pers Soc Psychol B 30: 629-642. doi: 10.1177/0146167203262076 (Pubitemid 38545896)
9. Jost JT, Banaji MR, Nosek BA (2004) A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Polit Psychol 25: 881-919. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00402.x (Pubitemid 40004514)
10. Cullen C, Barnes-Holmes D (2008) Implicit pride and prejudice: A heterosexual phenomenon? In: Morrison MA, Morrison TG, editors. The psychology of modern prejudice. New York: Nova Science. pp. 195-223.
11. Conrey FR, Sherman JW, Gawronski B, Hugenberg K, Groom CJ (2005) Separating multiple processes in implicit social cognition: The quad model of implicit task performance. J Pers Soc Psychol 89 (4): 469-487. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.469 (Pubitemid 41677531)
12. Klauer KC, Voss A, Schmitz F, Teige-Mocigemba S (2007) Process components of the implicit association test: A diffusion-model analysis. J Pers Soc Psychol 93 (3): 353-368. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.353
13. Stefanutti L, Robusto E, Vianello M, Anselmi P (2013) A Discrimination-Association model for decomposing component processes of the Implicit Association Test. Behav Res Methods 45: 393-404. doi: 10.3758/s13428-012-0272-3
14. Nosek BA, Greenwald AG, Banaji MR (2005) Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method variables and construct validity. Pers Soc Psychol B 31: 166-180. doi: 10.1177/0146167204271418 (Pubitemid 40176558)
15. Linacre JM (1989) Many-facet Rasch measurement. Chicago: MESA Press. 364 p.
16. Rasch G (1980) Probabilistic models for some intelligence and attainment tests. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 199 p. Original work published 1960.
17. Bond TG, Fox CM (2007) Applying the Rasch model. Fundamental measurement in human sciences. Second edition. Mahwah: Erlbaum Associate. 340 p.
18. Greenwald AG, McGhee DE, Schwartz JLK (1998) Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. J Pers Soc Psychol 74 (6): 1464-1480. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464 (Pubitemid 128658112)
19. Anselmi P, Vianello M, Robusto E (2011) Positive associations primacy in the IAT. A Many-Facet Rasch Measurement Analysis. Exp Psychol 58: 376-384. doi: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000106
20. Popa-Roch M, Delmas F (2010) Prejudice Implicit Association Test effects. The role of self-related heuristics. Z Psychol 218: 44-50. doi: 10.1027/0044-3409/a000007
21. van Ravenzwaaij D, van der Maas HLJ, Wagenmakers E-J (2011) Does the name-race Implicit Association Test measure racial prejudice? Exp Psychol 58: 271-277. doi: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000093
22. Nosek BA, Banaji MR, Greenwald AG (2002) Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration web site. Group Dyn-Theor Res 6: 101-115. doi:10.1037/1089-2699.6.1.101 (Pubitemid 34232588)
23. Anselmi P, Vianello M, Robusto E (2013) Preferring thin people does not imply derogating fat people. A Rasch analysis of the implicit weight attitude. Obesity: In press. doi: 10.1002/oby.20085
24. Robusto E, Cristante F, Vianello M (2008) Assessing the impact of replication on implicit association test effect by means of the extended logistic model for the assessment of change. Behav Res Methods 40: 954-960. doi: 10.3758/ BRM.40.4.954
25. Linacre JM (2012) Facets computer program for many-facet Rasch measurement, version 3.70.0. Beaverton: Winsteps.com. 273 p.
26. Myford CM, Wolfe EW (2003) Detecting and measuring rater effects using many facet Rasch measurement: Part I. J Appl Meas 4: 386-422. (Pubitemid 37539032)
27. Vianello M, Robusto E (2010) The many-facet Rasch model in the analysis of the Go/No-Go association task. Behav Res Methods 42: 944-956. doi: 10.3758/BRM.42.4.944
28. Greenwald AG, Nosek BA, Banaji MR (2003) Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. J Pers Soc Psychol 85 (2): 197-216. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197 (Pubitemid 37394958)
29. Tajfel H, Turner JC (1986) The social identity theory of inter-group behavior. In: Worchel S, Austin LW, editors. Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Chicago: Nelson-Hall. pp. 7-24.
30. Brewer MB (1999) The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love or outgroup hate? J Soc Issues 55: 429-444. doi: 10.1111/0022-4537.00126
31. Voci A (2006) The link between identification and ingroup favouritism: Effects of social identity threat and trust-related emotions. Brit J Soc Psychol 45: 265-284. doi: 10.1348/014466605X52245
32. Ingraham C (1999) White weddings: Romancing heterosexuality in popular culture. New York: Routledge. 288 p.
33. Montgomery SA, Stewart AJ (2012) Privileged allies in lesbian and gay rights activism: Gender, generation, and resistance to heteronormativity. J Soc Issues 68: 162-177. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2012.01742.x
34. Kitzinger C (2005) Heteronormativity in action: Reproducing the heterosexual nuclear family in 'after hours' medical calls. Soc Probl 52: 477-498. doi: 10.1525/sp.2005.52.4.477
35. Herek GM (2007) Confronting sexual stigma and prejudice: Theory and practice. J Soc Issues 63: 905-925. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00544.x
36. Balsam KF, Mohr JJ (2007) Adaptation to sexual orientation stigma: A comparison of bisexual and lesbian/gay adults. J Couns Psychol 54: 306-319. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.306 (Pubitemid 47444787)
37. Herek GM, Gillis JR, Cogan JC (2009) Internalized stigma among sexual minority adults: Insights from a social psychological perspective. J Couns Psychol 56: 32-43. doi: 10.1037/a0014672
38. Meyer I (2003) Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull 129: 674-697. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674