Rhizosphere: Its structure, bacterial diversity and significance

Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 63-77

  Prashar, Pratibha ^a,b   Kapoor, Neera ^a   Sachdeva, Sarita ^b  

^a INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b MANAV RACHNA INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH AND STUDIES   (India)

Author keywords

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria; Plant microbe interactions; Rhizosphere; Sustainable agriculture

Indexed keywords

EID: 84893944190     PISSN: 15691705     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11157-013-9317-z     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Ahemad M, Khan MS (2010a) Phosphate-solubilizing and plant-growth-promoting Pseudomonas aeruginosa PS1 improves green gram performance in quizalafop-p-ethyl and clodinafop amended soil. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 58: 361-372.
2. Ahemad M, Khan MS (2010b) Influence of selective herbicides on plant growth promoting traits of phosphate solubilizing Enterobacter asburiae strain PS2. Res J Microbiol 5: 849-857.
3. Ahemad M, Khan MS (2010c) Insecticide-tolerant and plant-growth-promoting Rhizobium improves the growth of lentil (Lens esculentus) in insecticide-stressed soils. Pest Manag Sci 67: 423-429.
4. Ahemad M, Khan MS (2011) Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PS1 enhances growth parameters of green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] in insecticide-stressed soils. J Pest Sci 84: 123-131.
5. Ahmad F, Ahmad I, Khan MS (2008) Screening of free-living rhizospheric bacteria for their multiple plant growth promoting activities. Microbiol Res 168: 173-181.
6. Akhtar MS, Siddiqui ZA (2009) Use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for the biocontrol of root-rot disease complex of chickpea. Australas Plant Pathol 38: 44-50.
7. Aneja KR (2003) Experiments in microbiology, plant pathology and biotechnology. Age International (P) Limited Publishers, New Delhi.
8. Antoun H, Prevost D (2005) Ecology of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. In: Siddiqui ZA (ed) PGPR: biocontrol and biofertilization. Springer, Netherlands, pp 1-38.
9. Atlas RM, Bartha R (1993) Microbial ecology: fundamentals and applications. Benjamin/Cummings, Redwood City.
10. Avis TJ, Gravel V, Antoun H, Tweddell RJ (2008) Multifaceted beneficial effects of rhizosphere microorganisms on plant health and productivity. Soil Biol Biochem 40: 1733-1740.
11. Bais HP, Park SW, Weir TL, Callaway RM, Vivanco JM (2004) How plants communicate using the underground information superhighway. Trends Plant Sci 9: 26-32.
12. Bais HP, Weir TL, Perry LG, Gilroy S, Vivanco JM (2006) The role of root exudates in rhizosphere interactions with plants and other organisms. Annu Rev Plant Biol 57: 233-266.
13. Barea JM (2000) Rhizosphere and mycorrhiza of field crops. In: Balazs E, Galante E, Lynch JM, Schepers JS, Toutant JP, Werner D, Werry PJ (eds) Biological resource management: connecting science and policy. Springer, New York, pp 110-125.
14. Bargabus-Larson RL, Jacobsen BJ (2007) Biocontrol elicited systemic resistance in sugar beet is salicylic acid independent and NPR1 dependent. J Sugar Beet Res 44: 17-33.
15. Barriuso J, Solano BR, Lucas JA, Lobo AP, Villaraco AG, Manero FJG (2008) Ecology, genetic diversity and screening strategies of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). In: Ahmad I, Pichtel J, Hayat S (eds) Plant-bacteria interactions: strategies and techniques to promote plant growth. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim, pp 1-17.
16. Belimov AA, Kojemiakov AP, Chuvarliyeva CV (1995) Interaction between barley and mixed cultures of nitrogen fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. Plant Soil 173: 29-37.
17. Belimov AA, Safronova VI, Sergeyeva TA, Egorova TN, Matveyeva VA, Tsyganov VE, Borisov AY, Tikhonovich IA, Kluge C, Preisfeld A, Dietz K, Stepanok VV (2001) Characterization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria isolated from polluted soils and containing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase. Can J Microbiol 47: 642-652.
18. Berg G (2000) Diversity of antifungal and plant-associated Serratia plymuthica strains. J Appl Microbiol 88: 952-960.
19. Berg G (2009) Plant-microbe interactions promoting plant growth and health: perspectives for controlled use of microorganisms in agriculture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 84: 11-18.
20. Berg G, Roskot N, Steidle A, Eberl L, Zock A, Smalla K (2002) Plant-dependent genotypic and phenotypic diversity of antagonistic rhizobacteria isolated from different Verticillium host plants. Appl Environ Microbiol 68: 3328-3338.
21. Berg G, Zachow C, Lottmann J, Gotz M, Costa R, Smalla K (2005) Impact of plant species and site on rhizosphere-associated fungi antagonistic to Verticillium dahliae Kleb. Appl Environ Microbiol 71: 4203-4213.
22. Berg G, Opelt K, Zachow C, Lottmann J, Gotz M, Costa R, Smalla K (2006) The rhizosphere effect on bacteria antagonistic towards the pathogenic fungus Verticillium differs depending on plant species and site. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 56: 250-261.
23. Biswas JC, Ladha JK, Dazzo FB (2000) Rhizobia inoculation improves nutrient uptake and growth of lowland rice. Soil Sci Soc Am J 64: 1644-1650.
24. Bolton HJ, Fredrickson JK, Elliott LF (1993) Microbial ecology of the rhizosphere. In: Metting FBJ (ed) Soil microbial ecology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 27-63.
25. Bottini R, Cassan F, Piccoli P (2004) Gibberellin production by bacteria and its involvement in plant growth promotion and yield increase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 65: 497-503.
26. Bowen G, Rovira A (1999) The rhizosphere and its management to improve plant growth. Adv Agron 66: 1-102.
27. Brimecombe MJ, de Leij FA, Lynch JM (2001) The effect of root exudates on rhizosphere microbial populations. In: Pinto R, Varanini Z, Nannipierei P (eds) The rhizosphere. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 95-141.
28. Brophy LS, Heichel GH (1989) Nitrogen release from roots of alfalfa and soybean grown in sand culture. Plant Soil 116: 77-84.
29. Butler JL, Williams MA, Bottomley PJ, Myrold DD (2003) Microbial community dynamics associated with rhizosphere carbon flow. Appl Environ Microbiol 69: 6793-6800.
30. Buyer JS, Roberts DP, Russek-Cohen E (2002) Soil and plant effects on microbial community structure. Can J Microbiol 48: 955-964.
31. Cadena MB, Burelle NK, Lawrence KS, van Santen E, Kloepper JW (2008) Suppressiveness of root-knot nematodes mediated by rhizobacteria. Biol Control 47: 55-59.
32. Cameron RK, Dixon R, Lamb C (1994) Biologically induced systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 5: 715-725.
33. Cawoy H, Bettiol W, Fickers P, Ongena M (2011) Bacillus based biological control of plant diseases. In: Stoytcheva M (ed) Pesticides in the modern world-pesticides use and management. InTech, Rijeka, pp 273-302.
34. Chaiharn M, Chunhaleuchanon S, Lumyong S (2009) Screening siderophore producing bacteria as potential biological control agent for fungal rice pathogens in Thailand. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 25: 1919-1928.
35. Chanway CP, Holl FB (1992) Influence of soil biota on Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedling growth: the role of rhizosphere bacteria. Can J Bot 70: 1025-1031.
36. Chen YP, Rekha PD, Arun AB, Shen FT, Lai WA, Young CC (2006) Phosphate solubilizing bacteria from subtropical soil and their tricalcium phosphate solubilizing abilities. Appl Soil Ecol 34: 33-41.
37. Cheng W, Gershenson A (2007) Carbon fluxes in the rhizosphere. In: Cardon ZG, Whitbeck JL (eds) The rhizosphere-an ecological perspective. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp 31-56.
38. Clark FE (1949) Soil microorganisms and plant roots. Adv Agron 1: 241-288.
39. Costacurta A, Vanderleyden J (1995) Synthesis of phytohormones by plant-associated bacteria. Critical Rev Microbiol 21: 1-18.
40. Couillerot O, Prigent-Combaret C, Caballero-Mellado J, Moenne-Loccoz Y (2009) Pseudomonas fluorescens and closely-related fluorescent pseudomonads as biocontrol agents of soil-borne phytopathogens. Lett Appl Microbiol 48: 505-512.
41. Cullimore DR, Woodbine M (1963) Rhizosphere effect of the pea root on soil algae. Nature 198: 304-305.
42. Curl EA, Truelove B (1986) The rhizosphere. Springer, Berlin.
43. de Meyer G, Hofte M (1997) Salicylic acid produced by the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2 induces resistance to leaf infection by Botrytis cinerea on bean. Phytopathology 87: 588-593.
44. de Weger LA, van der Vlugt CIM, Wijfjes AHM, Bakker PAHM, Schippers B, Lugtenberg BJJ (1987) Flagella of a plant-growth-stimulating Pseudomonas fluorescens strain are required for colonization of potato roots. J Bacteriol 169: 2769-2773.
45. de Weger LA, Bakker PAHM, Schippers B, van Loosdrecht MCM, Lugtenberg BJJ (1989) Pseudomonas spp. with mutational changes in the O-antigenic side chain of their lipopolysaccharide are affected in their ability to colonize potato roots. In: Lugtenberg BJJ (ed) Signal molecules in plants and plant-microbe interactions. Springer, Berlin, pp 197-202.
46. Elad Y, Chet I (1987) Possible role of competition for nutrients in biocontrol of Pythium damping off by bacteria. Phytopathology 77: 90-195.
47. Fang M, Kremer RJ, Motavalli PP, Davis G (2005) Bacterial diversity of rhizospheres of non-transgenic and transgenic corn. Appl Environ Microbiol 71: 4132-4136.
48. Farrar J, Hawes M, Jones D et al (2003) How roots control the flux of carbon to the rhizosphere. Ecology 84: 827-837.
49. Fernandez LA, Zalba P, Gomez MA, Sagardoy MA (2007) Phosphate-solubilization activity of bacterial strains in soil and their effect on soybean growth under green house conditions. Biol Fertil Soils 43: 803-805.
50. Fischer SE, Fischer SI, Magris S, Mori GB (2006) Isolation and characterization of bacteria from the rhizosphere of wheat. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 23: 895-903.
51. Foster RC (1988) Microenvironments of soil microorganisms. Biol Fertil Soils 6: 189-203.
52. Frankenberger WTJ, Arshad M (1995) Phytohormones in soil: microbial production and function. Dekker, New York.
53. Fridlender M, Inbar J, Chet I (1993) Biological control of soilborne plant pathogens by a β-1, 3 glucanase-producing Pseudomonas cepacia. Soil Biol Biochem 25: 1211-1221.
54. Garbeva P, van Veen JA, van Elsas JD (2004) Microbial diversity in soil: selection of microbial populations by plant and soil type and implications for disease suppressiveness. Annu Rev Phytopathol 42: 243-270.
55. Garland JL (1996) Patterns of potential C source utilization by rhizosphere communities. Soil Biol Biochem 36: 489-498.
56. Gholami A, Shahsavani S, Nezarat S (2009) The effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on germination, seedling growth and yield of maize. Int J Biol Life Sci 1: 35-40.
57. Gillis M, Kersters K, Hoste B, Janssens D, Kroppenstedt RM, Stephan MP, Teixeira KRS, Dobereiner J, de Ley J (1989) Acetobacter diazotrophicus sp. nov., a nitrogen fixing acetic acid bacterium associated with sugarcane. Int J Syst Bacteriol 39: 361-364.
58. Glick BR (1995) The enhancement of plant growth promotion by free living bacterial. Can J Microbiol 41: 109-117.
59. Gobat JM, Aragno M, Matthey W (2004) The living soil: fundamentals of soil science and soil biology. Science Publishers, USA.
60. Gomes NCM, Fagbola O, Costa R, Rumjanek NG, Buchner A, Mendona-Hagler L, Smalla K (2003) Dynamics of fungal communities in bulk and maize rhizosphere soil in the tropics. Appl Environ Microbiol 69: 3758-3766.
61. Gow NAR, Campbell TA, Morris BM, Osborne MC, Reid B, Shepherd SJ, van West P (1999) Signals and interaction between phytopathogenic zoospores and plant roots. In: England R, Hobbs G, Bainton N, Roberts DMCL (eds) Microbial signaling and communication. University Press, Cambridge, pp 285-305.
62. Granero FM, Capdevila S, Contreras MS, Martyn M, Rivilla R (2005) Two site-specific recombinases are implicated in phenotypic variation and competitive rhizosphere colonization in Pseudomonas fluorescens. Microbiol 151: 975-983.
63. Gray EJ, Smith DL (2005) Intracellular and extracellular PGPR: commonalities and distinctions in the plant-bacterium signaling processes. Soil Biol Biochem 37: 395-412.
64. Grayston SJ, Vaughan D, Jones D (1996) Rhizosphere carbon flow in trees, in comparison with annual plants: the importance of root exudation and its impact on microbial activity and nutrient availability. Appl Soil Ecol 5: 29-56.
65. Grayston SJ, Wang SQ, Campbell CD, Edwards AC (1998) Selective influence of plant species on microbial diversity in the rhizosphere. Soil Biol Biochem 30: 369-378.
66. Greenberg BM, Huang XD, Gerwing P, Yu XM, Chang P, Wu SS, Gerhardt K, Nykamp J, Lu X, Glick B (2008) Phytoremediation of salt impacted soils: greenhouse and the field trials of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to improve plant growth and salt phytoaccumulation. In: Proceeding of the 33rd AMOP technical seminar on environmental contamination and response. Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON, pp 627-637.
67. Hadfield W (1960) Rhizosphere effect on soil algae. Nature 185: 179-180.
68. Haas D, Defago G (2005) Biological control of soil-borne pathogens by fluorescent pseudomonads. Nat Rev Microbiol 3: 307-319.
69. Hiltner L (1904) About new experiences and problems in the field of Bodenbakteriologie. Works Ger Agric Soc 98: 59-78.
70. Hinsinger P, Gobran GR, Gregory PJ, Wenzel WW (2005) Rhizosphere geometry and heterogeneity arising from root-mediated physical and chemical processes. New Phytol 168: 293-303.
71. Hu X, Li W, Chen Q, Yang Y (2009) Early signal transduction linking the synthesis of jasmonic acid in plant. Plant Signal Behav 4: 696-697.
72. Huang CJ, Wang TK, Chung SC, Chen CY (2005) Identification of an antifungal chitinase from a potential biocontrol agent, Bacillus cereus 28-9. J Biochem Mol Biol 38: 82-88.
73. Hwang BK, Ahn SJ, Moon SS (1994) Production, purification and antifungal activity of the antibiotic nucleoside, tubercidin, produced by Streptomyces violaceoniger. Can J Bot 72: 480-485.
74. Ibekwe AM, Poss JA, Grattan SR, Grieve CM, Suarez D (2010) Bacterial diversity in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) rhizosphere in response to salinity, soil pH, and boron. Soil Biol Biochem 42: 567-575.
75. Igual JM, Valverde A, Cervantes E, Velazquez E (2001) Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria as inoculants for agriculture: use of updated molecular techniques in their study. Agronomie 21: 561-568.
76. Jaeger JH, Lindow SE, Miller S, Clark E, Firestone MK (1999) Mapping of sugar and amino acid availability in soil around roots with bacterial sensors of sucrose and tryptophan. Appl Environ Microbiol 65: 2685-2690.
77. Jangu OP, Sindhu SS (2011) Differential response of inoculation with indole acetic acid producing Pseudomonas sp. in green gram (Vigna radiata L.) and black gram (Vigna mungo L.). Microbiol J 1: 159-173.
78. Jayaprakashvel M, Muthezhilan R, Srinivasan R, Hussain JA, Gobalakrishnan S, Bhagat J, Kaarthikeyan C, Muthulakshmi R (2010) Hydrogen cyanide mediated biocontrol potential of Pseudomonas sp. AMET1055 isolated from the rhizosphere of coastal sand dune vegetation. Adv Biotech 9: 39-42.
79. Jeffery S, Gardi C, Jones A, Montanarella L, Marmo L, Miko L, Ritz K, Peres G, Roombke J, van der Putten WH (eds) (2010) The soil environment. In: European atlas of soil biodiversity, European Commission, Publications office of the European Union, Luxembourg, pp 17-48.
80. Jeon JS, Lee SS, Kim HY, Ahn TS, Song HG (2003) Plant growth promotion in soil by some inoculated microorganisms. J Microbiol 41: 271-276.
81. Jones DL, Hodge A, Kuzyakov Y (2004) Plant and mycorrhizal regulation of rhizodeposition. New Phytol 163: 459-480.
82. Joshi P, Bhatt AB (2010) Diversity and function of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria associated with wheat rhizosphere in north Himalayan region. Int J Environ Sci 1: 1135-1144.
83. Joshi P, Tyagi V, Bhatt AB (2011) Characterization of rhizobacteria diversity isolated from Oryza sativa cultivated at different altitude in north Himalaya. Adv Appl Sci Res 2: 208-216.
84. Kamensky M, Ovadis M, Chet I, Chernin L (2003) Soil-borne strain IC14 of Serratia plymuthica with multiple mechanisms of antifungal activity provides biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum diseases. Soil Biol Biochem 35: 323-331.
85. Katznelson H, Lochhead AG, Timonin MI (1948) Soil microorganisms and the rhizosphere. Botan Rev 14: 543-587.
86. Kim PI, Bai H, Bai D, Chae H, Chung S, Kim Y, Park R, Chi YT (2004) Purification and characterization of a lipopeptide produced by Bacillus thuringiensis CMB26. J Appl Microbiol 97: 942-949.
87. Kloepper JW (1994) Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (other systems). In: Okon Y (ed) Azospirillum/plant associations. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp 111-118.
88. Kloepper JW, Schroth MN (1978) Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on radishes. In: Gilbert C (ed) Proceedings 4th international conference on plant pathogenic bacteria, Tours, France, pp 879-882.
89. Kloepper JW, Zablotowick RM, Tipping EM, Lifshitz R (1991) Plant growth promotion mediated by bacterial rhizosphere colonizers. In: Keister DL, Cregan PB (eds) The rhizosphere and plant growth. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 315-326.
90. Kloepper JW, Ubana RR, Zehnder GW, Murphy JF, Sikora E, Fernandez C (1999) Plant root-bacterial interactions in biological control of soilborne diseases and potential extension to systemic and foliar diseases. Aust Plant Pathol 28: 21-26.
91. Kochian L, Pineros M, Hoekenga O (2005) The physiology, genetics and molecular biology of plant aluminum resistance and toxicity. Plant Soil 274: 175-195.
92. Koo SY, Cho KS (2009) Isolation and characterization of a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium, Serratia sp. SY5. J Microbiol Biotechnol 19: 1431-1438.
93. Kreuzer K, Adamczyk J, Iijima M, Wagner M, Scheu S, Bonkowski M (2006) Grazing of a common species of soil protozoa (Acanthamoeba castellanii) affects rhizosphere bacterial community composition and root architecture of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Soil Biol Biochem 38: 1665-1672.
94. Linderman RG (1988) Mycorrhizal interactions with the rhizosphere microflora: the mycorrhizosphere effect. Phytopathology 78: 366-371.
95. Lynch JM (1987) The rhizosphere. Wiley Interscience, Chichester.
96. Lynch JM (1990) Some consequences of microbial rhizosphere competence for plant and soil. In: Lynch JM (ed) The rhizosphere. Wiley Interscience, New York, pp 1-10.
97. Lynch JM, Whipps JM (1990) Substrate flow in the rhizosphere. Plant Soil 129: 1-10.
98. MacDonald LM, Paterson E, Dawson LA, McDonald AJS (2004) Short-term effects of defoliation on the soil microbial community associated with two contrasting Lolium perenne cultivars. Soil Biol Biochem 36: 489-498.
99. Maurhofer M, Keel C, Haas D, Defago G (1994) Pyoluteorin production by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 is involved in the suppression of Pythium damping-off of cress but not of cucumber. Eur J Plant Pathol 100: 221-232.
100. Maurhofer M, Reimann C, Sacherer SP, Heebs S, Haas D, Defago G (1998) Salicylic acid biosynthetic genes expressed in Pseudomonas fluorescens strain P3 improve the induction of systemic resistance in tobacco against necrosis virus. Phytopathology 88: 678-684.
101. Mazzola M, Cook RJ, Thomashow LS, Weller DM, Pierson LS (1992) Contribution of phenazine antibiotic biosynthesis to the ecological competence of fluorescent Pseudomonads in soil habitats. Appl Environ Microbiol 58: 2616-2624.
102. Morgan JAW, Whipps JM (2001) Methodological approaches to the study of rhizosphere carbon flow and microbial population dynamics. In: Pinton A, Varanini Z, Nannipieri P (eds) The rhizosphere: biochemistry and organic substances at the soil-plant interface. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 373-409.
103. Morgan JAW, Bending GD, White PJ (2005) Biological costs and benefits to plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere. J Exp Bot 56: 1729-1739.
104. Murphy JF, Zehnder GW (2000) Plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial mediated protection in tomato against tomato mottle virus. Plant Dis 84: 779-784.
105. Naik PR, Raman G, Narayanan KB, Sakthivel N (2008) Assessment of genetic and functional diversity of phosphate solubilizing fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from rhizospheric soil. BMC Microbiol 8: 230-243.
106. Nandakumar R, Babu S, Raguchander T, Samiyappan R (2007) Chitinolytic activity of native Pseudomonas fluorescens strains. J Agri Sci Technol 9: 61-68.
107. Nannipieri P, Ascher J, Ceccherini MT, Landi L, Pietramellara G, Renella G, Valori F (2007) Microbial diversity and microbial activity in the rhizosphere. Ciencia del Suelo (Argentina) 25: 89-97.
108. Nguyen C (2003) Rhizodeposition of organic C by plants: mechanisms and controls. Agronomie 23: 375-396.
109. Nie M, Zhang XD, Wang JQ et al (2009) Rhizosphere effects on soil bacterial abundance and diversity in the Yellow river deltaic ecosystem as influenced by petroleum contamination and soil salinization. Soil Biol Biochem 41: 2535-2542.
110. Noel TC, Sheng C, Yost CK, Pharis RP, Hynes MF (1996) Rhizobium leguminosarum as a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium: direct growth promotion of canola and lettuce. Can J Microbiol 42: 279-293.
111. Nowak J (1998) Benefits of in vitro "biotization" of plant tissue cultures with microbial inoculants. In vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 34: 122-130.
112. Parmar N, Dufresne J (2011) Beneficial interactions of plant growth promoting rhizosphere microorganisms. In: Singh A et al (eds) Bioaugmentation, biostimulation and biocontrol, soil biology, vol 28. Springer, Berlin, pp 27-42.
113. Paterson E, Gebbing T, Abel C, Sim A, Telfer G (2007) Rhizodeposition shapes rhizosphere microbial community structure in organic soil. New Phytol 173: 600-610.
114. Phillips DA, Fox TC, King MD, Bhuvaneswar TV, Teuber LR (2004) Microbial products trigger amino acids exudation from plant roots. Plant Physiol 136: 2887-2894.
115. 2. Global Change Biol 12: 561-567.
116. Pinton R, Varanini Z, Nannipieri P (2001) The rhizosphere as a site of biochemical interactions among soil components, plants and microorganisms. In: Pinton R, Varanini Z, Nannipieri P (eds) The rhizosphere: biochemistry and organic substances at the soil-plant interface. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 1-17.
117. Rajkumar M, Freitas H (2008) Influence of metal resistant-plant growth-promoting bacteria on the growth of Ricinus communis in soil contaminated with heavy metals. Chemosphere 71: 834-842.
118. Rawat S, Izhari A, Khan A (2011) Bacterial diversity in wheat rhizosphere and their characterization. Adv Appl Sci Res 2: 351-356.
119. Rodriguez H, Fraga R (1999) Phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion. Biotechnol Adv 17: 319-339.
120. Rokhbakhsh-Zamin F, Sachdev D, Kazemi-Pour N, Engineer A, Pardesi KR, Zinjarde S, Dhakephalkar PK, Chopade BA (2011) Characterization of plant-growth-promoting traits of Acinetobacter species isolated from rhizosphere of Pennisetum glaucum. J Microbiol Biotechnol 21: 556-566.
121. Rouatt JW, Katznelson H, Payne TMB (1960) Statistical evaluation of the rhizosphere effect. Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 24: 271-273.
122. Rougier M, Chaboud A (1989) Biological functions of mucilages secreted by roots. Symp Soc Exp Biol 43: 449-454.
123. Rovira AD (1956) Plant root excretions in relation to the rhizosphere effect I. Plant Soil 7: 178-194.
124. Sahu GK, Sindhu SS (2011) Disease control and plant growth promotion of green gram by siderophore producing Pseudomonas sp. Res J Microbiol 6: 735-749.
125. Sessitsch A, Coenye T, Sturz AV, Vandamme P, Barka EA, Salles JF, van Elsas D, Faure JD, Reiter B, Glick BR, Pruski GW, Nowak J (2005) Burkholderia phytofirmans sp. nov., a novel plant-associated bacterium with plant-beneficial properties. Int J Sys Evol Microbiol 55: 1187-1192.
126. Shetty KG, Hetrick BAD, Figge DAH, Schwab AP (1994) Effects of mycorrhizae and other soil microbes on revegetation of heavy metal contaminated mine spoil. Environ Poll 86: 181-188.
127. Slusarenko AJ, Epperlein M, Wood RKS (1983) Agglutination of plant pathogenic and certain other bacteria by pectic polysaccharides from various plant species. Phytopathology 106: 337-343.
128. Smalla K, Wieland G, Buchner A, Zock A, Parzy J, Kaiser S, Roskot N, Heuer H, Berg G (2001) Bulk and rhizosphere soil bacterial communities studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis: plant-dependent enrichment and seasonal shifts revealed. Appl Environ Microbiol 67: 4742-4751.
129. Smit G, Kijne JW, Lugtenberg BJJ (1986) Correlation between extracellular fibrils and attachment of Rhizobium leguminosarum to pea root hair tips. J Bacteriol 168: 821-827.
130. Sobral JK, Araujo WL, Mendes R, Geraldi IO, Kleiner AAP, Azevedo JL (2004) Isolation and characterization of soybean-associated bacteria and their potential for plant growth promotion. Environ Microbiol 6: 1244-1251.
131. Soltani AA, Khavazi K, Rahmani HA, Omidvari M, Dahaji PA, Mirhoseyni H (2010) Plant growth promoting characteristics in some Flavobacterium spp. isolated from soils of Iran. J Agri Sci 2: 106-115.
132. Steer J, Harris JA (2000) Shifts in the microbial community in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils during the growth of Agrostis stolonifera. Soil Biol Biochem 32: 869-878.
133. Teixeira LCRS, Peixoto RS, Cury JC, Sul WJ, Pellizari VH, Tiedje J, Rosado AS (2010) Bacterial diversity in rhizosphere soil from Antarctic vascular plants of Admiralty Bay, maritime Antarctica. ISME J 4: 989-1001.
134. Thomashow LS, Weller DM (1988) Role of a phenazine antibiotic from Pseudomonas fluorescens in biological control of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. J Bacteriol 170: 3499-3508.
135. Tilak KVBR, Ranganayaki N, Pal KK, De R, Saxena AK, Nautiyal CS, Mittal S, Tripathi AK, Johri BN (2005) Diversity of plant growth and soil health supporting bacteria. Curr Sci 89: 136-150.
136. Trevors JT, van Elas JD (1997) Microbial interaction in soil. In: van Elas JD, Trevars JT, Wellington EMH (eds) Modern soil microbiology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 215-243.
137. Uren NC (2001) Types, amounts and possible functions of compounds released into the rhizosphere by soil-grown plants. In: Pinton R, Varanini Z, Nannipieri P (eds) The rhizosphere biochemistry and organic substances at the soil-plant interface. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 19-40.
138. van Loon LC (2007) Plant responses to plant growth promoting bacteria. Eur J Plant Pathol 119: 243-254.
139. Velineni S, Brahmaprakash GP (2011) Survival and phosphate solubilizing ability of Bacillus megaterium in liquid inoculants under high temperature and desiccation stress. J Agr Sci Tech 13: 795-802.
140. Vesper SJ (1987) Production of pili (fimbriae) by Pseudomonas fluorescens and correlation with attachment to corn roots. Appl Environ Microbiol 53: 1397-1405.
141. Vesper SJ, Bauer WD (1986) Role of pili (fimbriae) in attachment of Bradyrhizobium japonicum to soybean roots. Appl Environ Microbiol 52: 134-141.
142. Viveros OM, Jorquera MA, Crowley DE, Gajardo G, Mora ML (2010) Mechanisms and practical considerations involved in plant growth promotion by rhizobacteria. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 10: 293-319.
143. Wacquant JP, Ouknider M, Jacquard P (1989) Evidence for a periodic excretion of nitrogen by roots of grass-legume associations. Plant Soil 116: 57-68.
144. Wei G, Kloepper JW, Tuzun S (1996) Induced systemic resistance to cucumber diseases and increased plant growth by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria under field conditions. Phytopathology 86: 221-224.
145. Weishuang Z, Yingheng FEI, Yi H (2009) Soluble protein and acid phosphatase exuded by ectomycorrhizal fungi and seedlings in response to excessive Cu and Cd. J Environ Sci 21: 1667-1672.
146. Weller DM (1988) Biological control of soilborne plant pathogens in the rhizosphere with bacteria. Annu Rev Phytopathol 26: 379-407.
147. Whipps JM (1990) Carbon economy. In: Lynch JM (ed) The rhizosphere. Wiley and Son, Chichester, UK, pp 59-87.
148. Whipps JM, Lynch JM (1985) Energy losses by the plant in rhizodeposition. Ann Proceedings Phytochem J Eur 26: 59-71.
149. Zehnder G, Kloepper JW, Yao C, Wei G (1997) Induction of systemic resistance in cucumber against cucumber beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. J Econ Entomol 90: 391-396.
150. Zhu F, Qu L, Hong X, Sun X (2011) Isolation and characterization of a phosphate-solubilizing halophilic bacterium Kushneria sp. YCWA18 from Daqiao Saltern on the coast of yellow sea of China. J Evid Based Complement Altern 2011: 1-6.
151. Zwart KB, Kuikman PJ, van Veen JA (1994) Rhizosphere protozoa: their significance in nutrient dynamics. In: Darbyshire JF (ed) Soil protozoa. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 93-122.