Is diabetes in Cushing's syndrome only a consequence of hypercortisolism

European Journal of Endocrinology

Volumn 170, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 311-319

  Giordano, Carla ^a   Guarnotta, Valentina ^a   Pivonello, Rosario ^b   Amato, Marco Calogero ^a   Simeoli, Chiara ^b   Ciresi, Alessandro ^a   Cozzolino, Alessia ^b   Colao, Annamaria ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PALERMO   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84893709824     PISSN: 08044643     EISSN: 1479683X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1530/EJE-13-0754     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Pivonello R, De Martino MC, De Leo M, Lombardi G & Colao A. Cushing's syndrome. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 2008 37 135-149. (doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2007.10.010)
2. Colao A, Pivonello R, Spiezia S, Faggiano A, Ferone D, Filippella M, Marzullo P, Cerbone G, Siciliani M & Lombardi G. Persistence of increase cardiovascular risk in patients with Cushing's disease after five years of successful cure. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999 84 2664-2672. (doi:10.1210/jc.84.8.2664)
3. Dekkers OM, Horváth-Puhó E, Jørgensen JO, Cannegieter SC, Ehrenstein V, Vandenbroucke JP, Pereira AM & Sørensen HT. Multisystem morbidity and mortality in Cushing's syndrome: a cohort study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2013 98 2277-2284. (doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3582)
4. Pivonello R, De Leo M, Vitale P, Cozzolino A, Simeoli C, De Martino MC, Lombardi G & Colao A. Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus in Cushing's syndrome. Neuroendocrinology 2010 92 (Suppl 1)77-81. (doi:10.1159/000314319)
5. Resmini E, Minuto F, Colao A & Ferone D. Secondary diabetes associated with principal endocrinopathies: the impact of new treatment modalities. Acta Diabetologica 2009 45 85-95. (doi:10.1007/s00592-009-0112-9)
6. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2013 36 (Suppl 1) S67-S74.
7. McMahon M, Gerich J & Rizza R. Effects of glucocorticoids on carbohydrate metabolism. Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews 1988 4 17-30. (doi:10.1002/dmr.5610040105)
8. Van Raalte DH, Ouwens DM & Diamant M. Novel insights into glucocorticoid-mediated diabetogenic effects: towards expansion of therapeutic options European Journal of Clinical Investigation 2009 39 81-93. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2008.02067.x)
9. Fasshauer M & Paschke R. Regulation of adipocytokines and insulin resistance. Diabetologia 2003 46 1594-1603. (doi:10.1007/s00125-003-1228-z)
10. Lundgren M, Buren J, Ruge T, Myrnas T & Eriksson JW. Glucocorticoids down-regulate glucose uptake capacity and insulin-signaling proteins in omental but not subcutaneous human adipocytes. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004 89 2989-2997. (doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031157)
11. Valassi E, Biller BM, Klibanski A & Misra M. Adipokines and cardiovascular risk in Cushing's syndrome. Neuroendocrinology 2012 95 187-206. (doi:10.1159/000330416)
12. Martin SS, Qasim A & Reilly MP. Leptin resistance: a possible interface of inflammation and metabolism in obesity-related cardiovascular disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2008 52 1201-1210. (doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.05.060)
13. Mazziotti G, Gazzaruso C & Giustina A. Diabetes in Cushing's syndrome. Basic and clinical aspects. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011 22 499-506. (doi:10.1016/j.tem.2011.09.001)
14. Van Raalte DH,Mari A, BunckMC, Nofrate V, DokterW& Nassander U. Acute and subacute exposure to glucocorticoids differentially impair various aspects of b-cell function in healthy males (1468-P). 2008 68th Sessions American Diabetes Association. San Francisco.
15. Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, Newell-Price J, Savage MO, Stewart PM & Montori VM. The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008 93 1526-1540. (doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0125)
16. Withworth JA. World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension. Journal of Hypertension 2003 21 1983-1992. (doi:10.1097/00004872-200311000-00002)
17. Matthews D, Hosker J, Rudenski A, Naylor BA, Treacher DF & Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and b-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentration in man. Diabetologia 1985 28 412-419. (doi:10.1007/BF00280883)
18. Matsuda M & DeFronzo R. Insulin sensitivity indices obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing: comparison with the euglycemic insulin clamp. Diabetes Care 1999 22 1462-1470. (doi:10.2337/diacare.22.9.1462)
19. Utzschneider KM, Prigeon RL, Faulenbach MV, Tong J, Carr DB, Boyko EJ, Leonetti DL, McNeely MJ, Fujimoto WY & Kahn SE. Oral disposition index predicts the development of future diabetes above and beyond fasting and 2-h glucose levels. Diabetes Care 2009 32 335-341. (doi:10.2337/dc08-1478)
20. Amato MC, Giordano C, Galia M, Criscimanna A, Vitabile S, MidiriM& Galluzzo A & AlkaMesy Study Group. Visceral adiposity index: a reliable indicator of visceral fat function associated with cardiometabolic risk. Diabetes Care 2010 33 920-922. (doi:10.2337/dc09-1825)
21. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Journal of the American Medical Association 2001 285 2486-2497. (doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486)
22. Invitti C, Pecori Giraldi F, De Martin M & Cavagnini F. Diagnosis and management of Cushing's syndrome: results of an Italian multicentre study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999 84 440-448. (doi:10.1210/jc.84.2.440)
23. Valassi E, Santos A, Yaneva M, Tóth M, Strasburger CJ, Chanson P, Wass JA, Chabre O, Pfeifer M, Feelders RA et al. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics. European Journal of Endocrinology 2011 165 383-392. (doi:10.1530/EJE-11-0272)
24. Rockall AG, Sohaib SA, Evans D, Kaltsas G, Isidori AM, Monson JP, Besser GM, Grossman A & Reznek RH. Computed tomography assessment of fat distribution in male and female patients with Cushing's syndrome. European Journal of Endocrinology 2003 149 561-567. (doi:10.1530/eje.0.1490561)
25. Shibli-Rahhal A, Van Beek M & Schlechte JA. Cushing's syndrome. Clinics in Dermatology 2006 24 260-265. (doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol. 2006.04.012)
26. Anagnostis P, Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Karagiannis A & Mikhailidis DP. The pathogenic role of cortisol in the metabolic syndrome: a hypothesis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009 94 2692-2701. (doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0370)
27. Vegiopoulos A & Herzig S. Glucorticoids, metabolism and metabolic diseases. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2007 275 43-61. (doi:10.1016/j.mce.2007.05.015)
28. Amato MC, Guarnotta V & Giordano C. Body composition assessment for the definition of cardiometabolic risk. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 2013 36 537-543. (doi:10.3275/8943)
29. Amato MC, Giordano C, Pitrone M & Galluzzo A. Cut-off points of the visceral adiposity index (VAI) identifying a visceral adipose dysfunction associated with cardiometabolic risk in a Caucasian Sicilian population. Lipids in Health and Disease 2011 10 183. (doi:10.1186/1476-511X-10-183)
30. Ciresi A, Amato MC, Pivonello R, Nazzari E, Grasso LF, Minuto F, Ferone D, Colao A & Giordano C. The metabolic profile in active acromegaly is gender-specific. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2013 98 E51-E59. (doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2896)
31. Ciresi A, Amato MC, Guarnotta V, Lo Castro F & Giordano C. Higher doses of cabergoline further improve metabolic parameters in patients with prolactinoma regardless of the degree of reduction in prolactin levels. Clinical Endocrinology 2013 79 845-952. (doi:10.1111/cen.12204)
32. Al-Daghri NM, Al-Attas OS, Alokail MS, Alkharfy KM, Charalampidis P, Livadas S, Kollias A, Sabico SL & Chrousos GP. Visceral adiposity index is highly is associated with adiponectin values and glycaemic disturbances. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 2013 43 183-189. (doi:10.1111/eci. 12030)
33. Amato MC & Giordano C. Clinical indications and proper use of visceral adiposity index. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases 2013 23 e31-e32. (doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2013.04.006)
34. Ashcroft FM & Rorsman P. Diabetes mellitus and the b cell: the last ten years. Cell 2012 148 1160-1171. (doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.010)
35. Hansen KB, Vilsboll T, Bagger JI, Holst JJ & Knop FK. Reduced glucose tolerance and insulin resistance induced by steroid treatment, relative physical inactivity and high-calorie diet impairs the incretin effect in healthy subjects. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2010 95 3309-3317. (doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0119)
36. Khan A, Ostenson CG, Berggren PO & Efendic S. Glucocorticoid increases glucose cycling and inhibits insulin release in pancreatic islets of ob/ob mice. American Journal of Physiology 1992 263 E663-E666.
37. Catargi B, Rigalleau V, Poussin A, Ronci-Chaix N, Bex V, Vergnot V, Gin H, Roger P & Tabarin A. Occult Cushing's syndrome in type-2 diabetes. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2003 88 5808-5813. (doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030254)
38. Reimondo G, Pia A, Allasino B, Tassone F, Bovio S, Borretta G, Angeli A & Terzolo M. Screening of Cushing's syndrome in adult patients with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. Clinical Endocrinology 2007 67 225-229. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02865.x)
39. Trementino L, Apolloni G, Concettoni C, Cardinaletti M, Boscaro M & Arnaldi G. Association of glucocorticoid receptor polymorphism A3669G with decreased risk of developing diabetes in patients with Cushing's syndrome. European Journal of Endocrinology 2012 166 35-42. (doi:10.1530/EJE-11-0722)
40. Munir A & Newell-Price J. Management of diabetes mellitus in Cushing's syndrome. Neuroendocrinology 2010 92 (Suppl 1) 82-85. (doi:10.1159/000314316)
41. Henry RR, Ciaraldi TP, Armstrong D, Burke P, Ligueros-Saylan M & Mudaliar S. Hyperglycaemia associated with pasireotide: results from a mechanistic study in healthy volunteers. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2013 98 3446-3453. (doi:10.1210/jc.2013-1771)
42. Hiustis N, Rosen ED & Lander ES. Reactive oxygen species have a casual role in multiple forms of insulin resistance. Nature 2006 440 944-948. (doi:10.1038/nature04634)