Cerebrospinal fluid analysis

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

Volumn 122, Issue , 2014, Pages 681-702

  Giovannoni, Gavin ^a  

^a QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Antibody specificity; Antigens; B cells; Blood brain barrier; Cells; Differential diagnosis; Humeral response; IgG index; Immunoglobulins; Inflammation; Intrathecal; Oligoclonal bands; Predictive value; Protein

Indexed keywords

ANTIGEN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; OLIGOCLONAL BAND; PROTEIN;

ANTIBODY SPECIFICITY; ARTICLE; B LYMPHOCYTE; B-CELLS; BLOOD; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; CELLS; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; CYTOLOGY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; HUMAN; HUMERAL RESPONSE; IGG INDEX; IMMUNOLOGY; INFLAMMATION; INTRATHECAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; METABOLISM; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; PREDICTIVE VALUE;

ANTIBODY SPECIFICITY; ANTIGENS; B-CELLS; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; CELLS; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; HUMERAL RESPONSE; IGG INDEX; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; INFLAMMATION; INTRATHECAL; OLIGOCLONAL BANDS; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PROTEIN;

B-LYMPHOCYTES; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS;

EID: 84893467043     PISSN: 00729752     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52001-2.00029-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (169)

1. Andersson M., Alvarez-Cermeno J., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a consensus report. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994, 57:897-902.
2. Annunziata P., Giorgio A., et al. Absence of cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands is associated with delayed disability progression in relapsing-remitting MS patients treated with interferon-beta. J Neurol Sci 2006, 244:97-102.
3. Axelsson M., Malmeström C., Nisson S., et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein: a potential biomarker for progression in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2011, 258:882-888.
4. Barkhof F., Filippi M., et al. Comparison of MRI criteria at first presentation to predict conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis. Brain 1997, 120:2059-2069.
5. Bartosik-Psujek H., Psujek M., et al. Total tau and S100b proteins in different types of multiple sclerosis and during immunosuppressive treatment with mitoxantrone. Acta Neurol Scand 2011, 123:252-256.
6. Beer S., Rosler K.M., et al. Diagnostic value of paraclinical tests in multiple sclerosis: relative sensitivities and specificities for reclassification according to the Poser committee criteria. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995, 59:152-159.
7. Bielekova B., Martin R. Development of biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2004, 127:1463-1478.
8. Biomarkers Definitions Working Group Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001, 69:89-95.
9. Blennow K., Fredman P., et al. Formulas for the quantitation of intrathecal IgG production. Their validity in the presence of blood-brain barrier damage and their utility in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 1994, 121:90-96.
10. Bloomgren G., Richman S., Hotermans C., et al. Risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med 2012, 366:1870-1880.
11. Boston P.F., Jackson P., et al. Human 14-3-3 protein: radioimmunoassay, tissue distribution, and cerebrospinal fluid levels in patients with neurological disorders. J Neurochem 1982, 38:1475-1482.
12. Bowen J.D., Kraft G.H., Wundes A., et al. Autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation following high-dose immunosuppressive therapy for advanced multiple sclerosis: long-term results. Bone Marrow Transplant 2012, 47:946-951.
13. Brecht I., Weissbrich B., et al. Intrathecal, polyspecific antiviral immune response in oligoclonal band negative multiple sclerosis. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e40431.
14. Bridges D., Moorhead G.B. 14-3-3 proteins: a number of functions for a numbered protein. Sci STKE 2004, 2004:re10.
15. Candler P.M., Dale R.C., et al. Post-streptococcal opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome associated with anti-neuroleukin antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006, 77:507-512.
16. Cawley L.P., Minard B.J., et al. Immunofixation electrophoretic techniques applied to identification of proteins in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chem 1976, 22:1262-1268.
17. Chamoun V., Zeman A., et al. Haptoglobins as markers of blood-CSF barrier dysfunction: the findings in normal CSF. J Neurol Sci 2001, 182:117-121.
18. Cohen S.R., Brooks B.R., et al. A diagnostic index of active demyelination: myelin basic protein in cerebrospinal fluid. Ann Neurol 1980, 8:25-31.
19. Coles A.J., Cox A., et al. The window of therapeutic opportunity in multiple sclerosis: evidence from monoclonal antibody therapy. J Neurol 2006, 253:98-108.
20. Colucci M., Roccatagliata L., et al. The 14-3-3 protein in multiple sclerosis: a marker of disease severity. Mult Scler 2004, 10:477-481.
21. Cosgrove J.B., Agius P. Studies in multiple sclerosis. II. Comparison of the beta-gamma globulin ratio, gamma globulin elevation, and first-zone colloidal gold curve in the cerebrospinal fluid. Neurology 1966, 16:197-204.
22. Davies G., Keir G., et al. The clinical significance of an intrathecal monoclonal immunoglobulin band: a follow-up study. Neurology 2003, 60:1163-1166.
23. de Seze J., Peoc'h K., et al. 14-3-3 Protein in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute transverse myelitis and multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2002, 249:626-627.
24. Eeg-Olofsson O., Link H., et al. Concentrations of CSF proteins as a measure of blood brain barrier function and synthesis of IgG within the CNS in 'normal' subjects from the age of 6 months to 30 years. Acta Paediatr Scand 1981, 70:167-170.
25. Ehling R., Lutterotti A., et al. Increased frequencies of serum antibodies to neurofilament light in patients with primary chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2004, 10:601-606.
26. Eikelenboom M.J., Petzold A., et al. Multiple sclerosis: neurofilament light chain antibodies are correlated to cerebral atrophy. Neurology 2003, 60:219-223.
27. Eng L.F. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP): the major protein of glial intermediate filaments in differentiated astrocytes. J Neuroimmunol 1985, 8:203-214.
28. Engell T. A clinico-pathoanatomical study of multiple sclerosis diagnosis. Acta Neurol Scand 1988, 78:39-44.
29. Felgenhauer K. Quantitation and specific detection methods after disc electrophoresis of serum proteins. Clin Chim Acta 1970, 27:305-312.
30. Felgenhauer K., Reiber H. The diagnostic significance of antibody specificity indices in multiple sclerosis and herpes virus induced diseases of the nervous system. Clin Investig 1992, 70:28-37.
31. Felgenhauer K., Schadlich H.J., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid virus antibodies. A diagnostic indicator for multiple sclerosis?. J Neurol Sci 1985, 71:291-299.
32. Flier F.J., de Vries Robbe P.F. Nosology and causal necessity; the relation between defining a disease and discovering its necessary cause. Theor Med Bioeth 1999, 20:577-588.
33. Floyd E., McShane T.M. Development and use of biomarkers in oncology drug development. Toxicol Pathol 2004, 32(Suppl. 1):106-115.
34. Foley J.M., Donovan A.M., et al. Correlation of the zinc sulfate precipitation test with the colloidal gold test in neurosyphilis, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral vascular disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1951, 10:89-91.
35. Frederiksen J., Kristensen K., et al. Tau protein: a possible prognostic factor in optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2012, 18:592-599.
36. Freedman M.S., Thompson E.J., et al. Recommended standard of cerebrospinal fluid analysis in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: a consensus statement. Arch Neurol 2005, 62:865-870.
37. Gilden D.H. Infectious causes of multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2005, 4:195-202.
38. Giovannoni G. Multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Dis Markers 2006, 22:187-196.
39. Giovannoni G., Nath A. After the storm: neurofilament levels as a surrogate endpoint for neuroaxonal damage. Neurology 2011, 76:1200-1201.
40. Giovannoni G., Kieseier B., et al. Correlating immunological and magnetic resonance imaging markers of disease activity in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998, 64(Suppl. 1):S31-S36.
41. Gnanapavan S., Grant D., Illes-Toth E., et al. Neural cell adhesion molecule-description of a CSF ELIAS method and evidence of reduced levels in selected neurological disorders. J Neuroimmunol 2010, 225:118-122.
42. Goedert M., Spillantini M.G., et al. Tau proteins and neurofibrillary degeneration. Brain Pathol 1991, 1:279-286.
43. Goffette S., Schluep M., et al. Detection of oligoclonal free kappa chains in the absence of oligoclonal IgG in the CSF of patients with suspected multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004, 75:308-310.
44. Gunnarsson M., Malmestrom C., et al. Axonal damage in relapsing multiple sclerosis is markedly reduced by natalizumab. Ann Neurol 2011, 69:83-89.
45. Hill-Cawthorne G.A., Button T., Tuohy O., et al. Long term lymphocyte reconstitution after alemtuzumab treatment of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012, 83:298-304.
46. Houstin-Merritt H. The cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis. Brain 1934, 57:56-68.
47. Huttner H.B., Schellinger P.D., et al. MRI criteria in MS patients with negative and positive oligoclonal bands: equal fulfillment of Barkhof's criteria but different lesion patterns. J Neurol 2009, 256:1121-1125.
48. Jacobi C., Reiber H., et al. The clinical relevance of locally produced carcinoembryonic antigen in cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurol 1986, 233:358-361.
49. Jarius S., Franciotta D., et al. Polyspecific, antiviral immune response distinguishes multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008, 79:1134-1136.
50. Jaworski J., Psujek M., Janczarek M., et al. Total-tau in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis decreases in secondary progressive stage of disease and reflects degree of brain atrophy. Ups J Med Sci 2012, 117:284-292.
51. Jimenez-Jimenez F.J., Zurdo J.M., et al. Tau protein concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2002, 106:351-354.
52. Jin Y.P., de Pedro-Cuesta J., et al. Predicting multiple sclerosis at optic neuritis onset. Mult Scler 2003, 9:135-141.
53. Joseph F.G., Hirst C.L., et al. CSF oligoclonal band status informs prognosis in multiple sclerosis: a case control study of 100 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009, 80:292-296.
54. Kabat E.A., Glusman M., et al. Quantitative estimation of the albumin and gamma globulin in normal and pathologic cerebrospinal fluid by immunochemical methods. Am J Med 1948, 4:653-662.
55. Keir G., Luxton R.W., et al. Isoelectric focusing of cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin G: an annotated update. Ann Clin Biochem 1990, 27:436-443.
56. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters B.K., Tyler K.L. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy complicating treatment with natalizumab and interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2005, 353:369-374.
57. Kostulas V.K., Link H., et al. Oligoclonal IgG bands in cerebrospinal fluid. Principles for demonstration and interpretation based on findings in 1114 neurological patients. Arch Neurol 1987, 44:1041-1044.
58. Kowarik M.C., Pellkofer H.L., Cepok S., et al. Differential effects of fingolimod (FTY720) on immune cells in the CSF and blood of patients with MS. Neurology 2011, 76:1214-1221.
59. Krakauer M., Schaldemose Nielsen H., et al. Intrathecal synthesis of free immunoglobulin light chains in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 1998, 98:161-165.
60. Kuhle J., Leppert D., et al. Neurofilament heavy chain in CSF correlates with relapses and disability in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2010, In Press.
61. Lamers K.J., van Engelen B.G., et al. Cerebrospinal neuron-specific enolase, S-100 and myelin basic protein in neurological disorders. Acta Neurol Scand 1995, 92(3):247-251.
62. Langer-Gould A., Atlas S.W., et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient treated with natalizumab. N Engl J Med 2005, 353(4):375-381.
63. Lassmann H., Raine C.S., et al. Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis: report on an international meeting held at the Institute of Neurology of the University of Vienna. J Neuroimmunol 1998, 86(2):213-217.
64. Laterre E.C., Callewaert A., et al. Electrophoretic morphology of gamma globulins in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis and other diseases of the nervous system. Neurology 1970, 20(10):982-990.
65. Lebrun C., Bensa C., et al. Association between clinical conversion to multiple sclerosis in radiologically isolated syndrome and magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid, and visual evoked potential: follow-up of 70 patients. Arch Neurol 2009, 66(7):841-846.
66. Lechner-Scott J., Spencer B., et al. The frequency of CSF oligoclonal banding in multiple sclerosis increases with latitude. Mult Scler 2012, 18(7):974-982.
67. Lefvert A.K., Link H. IgG production within the central nervous system: a critical review of proposed formulae. Ann Neurol 1985, 17(1):13-20.
68. Lennon V.A., Wingerchuk D.M., et al. A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2004, 364(9451):2106-2112.
69. Lim E.T., Grant D., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of brain specific proteins in optic neuritis. Mult Scler 2004, 10(3):261-265.
70. Lim E.T., Sellebjerg F., et al. Acute axonal damage predicts clinical outcome in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2005, 11(5):532-536.
71. Link H. Qualitative changes in immunoglobulin G in multiple sclerosis-cerebrospinal fluid. Acta Neurol Scand 1967, 43(Suppl 31):180.
72. Lowenthal A., Vansande M., et al. The differential diagnosis of neurological diseases by fractionating electrophoretically the CSF gamma-globulins. J New Drugs 1960, 6:51-56.
73. Lucchinetti C.F., Mandler R.N., et al. A role for humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Devic's neuromyelitis optica. Brain 2002, 125(Pt 7):1450-1461.
74. Lundkvist M., Greiner E., et al. Multiple sclerosis patients lacking oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid are less likely to develop neutralizing antibodies against interferon beta. Mult Scler 2010, 16(7):796-800.
75. Lycke J.N., Karlsson J.E., et al. Neurofilament protein in cerebrospinal fluid: a potential marker of activity in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998, 64(3):402-404.
76. Malmestrom C., Haghighi S., et al. Neurofilament light protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein as biological markers in MS. Neurology 2003, 61(12):1720-1725.
77. Martinez-Yelamos A., Saiz A., et al. 14-3-3 protein in the CSF as prognostic marker in early multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2001, 57(4):722-724.
78. Martinez-Yelamos A., Rovira A., et al. CSF 14-3-3 protein assay and MRI as prognostic markers in patients with a clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of MS. J Neurol 2004, 251(10):1278-1279.
79. Massaro A.R., Albrechtsen M., Bock E. N-CAM in cerebrospinal fluid: a marker of synaptic remodeling after acute phases of multiple sclerosis?. Ital J Neurol Sci 1987, 6:85-88.
80. Mattson D.H., Roos R.P., et al. Isoelectric focusing of IgG eluted from multiple sclerosis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis brains. Nature 1980, 287(5780):335-337.
81. McDonald W.I., Compston A., et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2001, 50(1):121-127.
82. McLean B.N., Rudge P., et al. Cyclosporin A curtails the progression of free light chain synthesis in the CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989, 52(4):529-531.
83. McLean B.N., Luxton R.W., et al. A study of immunoglobulin G in the cerebrospinal fluid of 1007 patients with suspected neurological disease using isoelectric focusing and the Log IgG-Index. A comparison and diagnostic applications. Brain 1990, 113(Pt 5):1269-1289.
84. Meinl E., Krumbholz M., et al. B lineage cells in the inflammatory central nervous system environment: migration, maintenance, local antibody production, and therapeutic modulation. Ann Neurol 2006, 59(6):880-892.
85. Michetti F., Massaro A., et al. The nervous system-specific S-100 antigen in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients. Neurosci Lett 1979, 11(2):171-175.
86. Michetti F., Massaro A., et al. The S-100 antigen in cerebrospinal fluid as a possible index of cell injury in the nervous system. J Neurol Sci 1980, 44(2-3):259-263.
87. Miravalle A., Jensen R., Kinkel R.P. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients with multiple sclerosis following cessation of natalizumab therapy. Arch Neurol 2011, 68:186-191.
88. Monson N.L., Cravens P.D., et al. Effect of rituximab on the peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid B cells in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 2005, 62(2):258-264.
89. Morris P., Davies N.W., et al. A screening assay to detect antigen-specific antibodies within cerebrospinal fluid. J Immunol Methods 2006, 322:81-86.
90. Nilsson C., Stahlberg F., et al. Circadian variation in human cerebrospinal fluid production measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Physiol 1992, 262:R20-R24.
91. Noppe M., Crols R., et al. Determination in human cerebrospinal fluid of glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100 and myelin basic protein as indices of non-specific or specific central nervous tissue pathology. Clin Chim Acta 1986, 155:143-150.
92. Norgren N., Rosengren L., et al. Elevated neurofilament levels in neurological diseases. Brain Res 2003, 987:25-31.
93. Ohman S., Ernerudh J., et al. Comparison of seven formulae and isoelectrofocusing for determination of intrathecally produced IgG in neurological diseases. Ann Clin Biochem 1992, 29:405-410.
94. Okuda D.T., Mowry E.M., et al. Incidental MRI anomalies suggestive of multiple sclerosis: the radiologically isolated syndrome. Neurology 2009, 72:800-805.
95. Paolino E., Fainardi E., et al. A prospective study on the predictive value of CSF oligoclonal bands and MRI in acute isolated neurological syndromes for subsequent progression to multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996, 60:572-575.
96. Petereit H.F., Moeller-Hartmann W., Reske D., et al. Rituximab in a patient with multiple sclerosis-effect on B cells, plasma cells, and intrathecal IgG synthesis. Acta Neurol Scand 2008, 117:399-403.
97. Petzold A., Eikelenboom M.J., et al. Markers for different glial cell responses in multiple sclerosis: clinical and pathological correlations. Brain 2002, 125:1462-1473.
98. Petzold A., Baker D., et al. Quantification of neurodegeneration by measurement of brain-specific proteins. J Neuroimmunol 2003, 138:45-48.
99. Petzold A. Neurofilament phosphoforms: surrogate markers for axonal injury, degeneration and loss. J Neurol Sci 2005, 233:183-198.
100. Petzold A., Eikelenboom M.J., et al. Axonal damage accumulates in the progressive phase of multiple sclerosis: three year follow up study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005, 76:206-211.
101. Petzold A., Eikelenboom M.I., et al. The new global multiple sclerosis severity score (MSSS) correlates with axonal but not glial biomarkers. Mult Scler 2006, 12:325-328.
102. Piccio L., Naismith R.T., Trinkaus K., et al. Changes in B- and T-lymphocyte and chemokine levels with rituximab treatment in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 2010, 67:707-714.
103. Polman C.H., Reingold S.C., et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the "McDonald Criteria". Ann Neurol 2005, 58:840-846.
104. Polman C.H., Reingold S.C., et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol 2011, 69:292-302.
105. Poser C.M. Pseudo-tumoral multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2005, 107:535.
106. Poser C.M., Paty D.W., et al. New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for research protocols. Ann Neurol 1983, 13:227-231.
107. Reiber H. Flow rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - a concept common to normal blood-CSF barrier function and to dysfunction in neurological diseases. J Neurol Sci 1994, 122:189-203.
108. Reiber H., Felgenhauer K. Protein transfer at the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier and the quantitation of the humoral immune response within the central nervous system. Clin Chim Acta 1987, 163:319-328.
109. Reiber H., Ungefehr S., et al. The intrathecal, polyspecific and oligoclonal immune response in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 1998, 4:111-117.
110. Rojas J.I., Patrucco L., et al. Brain atrophy in clinically isolated syndrome. Neurologia 2010, 25:430-434.
111. Rolak L.A., Beck R.W., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid in acute optic neuritis: experience of the optic neuritis treatment trial. Neurology 1996, 46:368-372.
112. Rosengren L.E., Lycke J., et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein in CSF of multiple sclerosis patients: relation to neurological deficit. J Neurol Sci 1995, 133:61-65.
113. Roxburgh R.H., Seaman S.R., et al. Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score: using disability and disease duration to rate disease severity. Neurology 2005, 64:1144-1151.
114. Rudick R.A., Peter D.R., et al. Multiple sclerosis: free light chains in cerebrospinal fluid. Neurology 1985, 35:1443-1449.
115. Rudick R.A., Pallant A., et al. Free kappa light chains in multiple sclerosis spinal fluid. Ann Neurol 1986, 20:63-69.
116. Ryschkewitsch C.F., Jensen P.N., Monaco M.C., et al. JC virus persistence following progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab. Ann Neurol 2010, 68:384-391.
117. Sa M.J., Sequeira L., et al. Oligoclonal IgG bands in the cerebrospinal fluid of Portuguese patients with multiple sclerosis: negative results indicate benign disease. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2005, 63:375-379.
118. Salzer J., Svenningsson A., et al. Neurofilament light as a prognostic marker in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2010, 16:287-292.
119. Samijn J.P., te Boekhorst P.A., et al. Intense T cell depletion followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation for severe multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006, 77:46-50.
120. Sandberg-Wollheim M. Immunoglobulin synthesis in vitro by cerebrospinal fluid cells in patients with multiple sclerosis. Scand J Immunol 1974, 3:717-730.
121. Schumacher G.A., Beebe G., et al. Problems of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis: Report by the panel on the evaluation of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1965, 122:552-568.
122. Sellebjerg F., Christiansen M., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid measures of disease activity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 1998, 4:475-479.
123. Semra Y.K., Seidi O.A., et al. Heightened intrathecal release of axonal cytoskeletal proteins in multiple sclerosis is associated with progressive disease and clinical disability. J Neuroimmunol 2002, 122:132-139.
124. Seyfert S., Kunzmann V., et al. Determinants of lumbar CSF protein concentration. J Neurol 2002, 249:1021-1026.
125. Sharief M.K., Thompson E.J. The predictive value of intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis and magnetic resonance imaging in acute isolated syndromes for subsequent development of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1991, 29:147-151.
126. Sharief M.K., Hentges R., et al. The relationship of interleukin-2 and soluble interleukin-2 receptors to intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 1991, 32:43-51.
127. Silber E., Sharief M.K. Axonal degeneration in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 1999, 170:11-18.
128. Sindic C.J., Laterre E.C. Oligoclonal free kappa and lambda bands in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases. An immunoaffinity-mediated capillary blot study. J Neuroimmunol 1991, 33:63-72.
129. Sindic C.J., Monteyne P., et al. The intrathecal synthesis of virus-specific oligoclonal IgG in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 1994, 54:75-80.
130. Sindic C.J., Van Antwerpen M.P., et al. The intrathecal humoral immune response: laboratory analysis and clinical relevance. Clin Chem Lab Med 2001, 39:333-340.
131. Skov A.G., Skov T., et al. Oligoclonal bands predict multiple sclerosis after optic neuritis: a literature survey. Mult Scler 2011, 17:404-410.
132. Soderstrom M. The clinical and paraclinical profile of optic neuritis: a prospective study. Ital J Neurol Sci 1995, 16:167-176.
133. Soderstrom M., Ya-Ping J., et al. Optic neuritis: prognosis for multiple sclerosis from MRI, CSF, and HLA findings. Neurology 1998, 50:708-714.
134. Sola P., Mandrioli J., et al. Primary progressive versus relapsing-onset multiple sclerosis: presence and prognostic value of cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal IgM. Mult Scler 2011, 17:303-311.
135. Sormani M.P., Tintore M., et al. Will Rogers phenomenon in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2008, 64:428-433.
136. Sormani M.P., Bonzano L., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging as a potential surrogate for relapses in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analytic approach. Ann Neurol 2009, 65:268-275.
137. Statz A., Felgenhauer K. Development of the blood-CSF barrier. Dev Med Child Neurol 1983, 25:152-161.
138. Stuve O., Cepok S., et al. Clinical stabilization and effective B-lymphocyte depletion in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood of a patient with fulminant relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 2005, 62:1620-1623.
139. Stuve O., Marra C.M., et al. Immune surveillance in multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab. Ann Neurol 2006, 59:743-747.
140. Takano R., Misu T., et al. Astrocytic damage is far severer than demyelination in NMO: a clinical CSF biomarker study. Neurology 2010, (in press).
141. Teunissen C.E., Dijkstra C., et al. Biological markers in CSF and blood for axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2005, 4:32-41.
142. Teunissen C.E., Dijkstra C.D., Jasperase B., et al. Growth-associated protein 43 in lesions and cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2006, 32:318-331.
143. Teunissen C.E., Killestein J., et al. Biomarker research in multiple sclerosis: addressing axonal damage and heterogeneity. Biomarkers Med 2007, 1:111-119.
144. Teunissen C.E., Petzold A., et al. A consensus protocol for the standardization of cerebrospinal fluid collection and biobanking. Neurology 2009, 73:1914-1922.
145. Thompson E.J. CSF proteins: a biochemical approach 1988, Elsevier, Edinburgh.
146. Thompson E.J., Kaufmann P., et al. Sequential changes in oligoclonal patterns during the course of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983, 46:115-118.
147. Thompson A.J., Montalban X., et al. Diagnostic criteria for primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a position paper. Ann Neurol 2000, 47:831-835.
148. Tintore M., Rovira A., et al. Isolated demyelinating syndromes: comparison of CSF oligoclonal bands and different MR imaging criteria to predict conversion to CDMS. Mult Scler 2001, 7:359-363.
149. Tourtellotte W.W. Cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis 1970, North Holland, Amsterdam.
150. Tourtellotte W.W., Parker J.A. Multiple sclerosis: correlation between immunoglobulin-G in cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Science 1966, 154:1044-1045.
151. Tourtellotte W.W., Parker J.A. Multiple sclerosis: brain immunoglobulin-G and albumin. Nature 1967, 214:683-686.
152. Tourtellotte W.W., Tavolato B., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid electroimmunodiffusion. An easy, rapid, sensitive, reliable, and valid method for the simultaneous determination of immunoglobulin-G and albumin. Arch Neurol 1971, 25:345-350.
153. Trapp B.D., Peterson J., et al. Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 1998, 338:278-285.
154. Trip S.A., Wroe S.J., et al. Primary CNS mantle cell lymphoma associated with an isolated CSF monoclonal IgG band. Eur Neurol 2003, 49:187-188.
155. Tumani H., Tourtellotte W.W., et al. Acute optic neuritis: combined immunological markers and magnetic resonance imaging predict subsequent development of multiple sclerosis. The Optic Neuritis Study Group. J Neurol Sci 1998, 155:44-49.
156. Valis M., Talab R., et al. Tau protein, phosphorylated tau protein and beta-amyloid42 in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2008, 29:971-976.
157. Van Assche G., Van Ranst M., et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after natalizumab therapy for Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2005, 353:362-368.
158. Vilisaar J., Wilson M., et al. A comparative audit of anticardiolipin antibodies in oligoclonal band negative and positive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2005, 11:378-380.
159. Villar L.M., Masjuan J., et al. Intrathecal IgM synthesis is a prognostic factor in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2003, 53:222-226.
160. von Glehn F., Farias A.S., de Oliveria A.C., et al. Disappearance of cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands after natalizumab treatment of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2012, 18:1038-1041.
161. Von Storch T.J., Lawyer T., et al. Colloidal gold reaction in multiple sclerosis. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1950, 64:668-675.
162. Whitaker J.N. Myelin basic protein in cerebrospinal fluid and other body fluids. Mult Scler 1998, 4:16-21.
163. Wolinsky J.S. The diagnosis of primary progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2003, 206:145-152.
164. Wolinsky J.S. The PROMiSe trial: baseline data review and progress report. Mult Scler 2004, 10(Suppl. 1):S65-S71. discussion S71-S82.
165. Wolinsky J.S., Narayana P.A., et al. Glatiramer acetate in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: results of a multinational, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Neurol 2007, 61:14-24.
166. Wu J.S., James I., et al. HLA-DRB1 allele heterogeneity influences multiple sclerosis severity as well as risk in Western Australia. J Neuroimmunol 2010, 219:109-113.
167. Wu J.S., James I., et al. Influence of HLA-DRB1 allele heterogeneity on disease risk and clinical course in a West Australian MS cohort: a high-resolution genotyping study. Mult Scler 2010, 16:526-532.
168. Wu J.S., Qui W., Castley A., et al. Presence of CSF oligoclonal bands (OCB) is associated with the HLA-DRB1 genotype in a West Australian multiple sclerosis cohort. J Neurol Sci 2010, 288:63-67.
169. Zeman A.Z., Kidd D., et al. A study of oligoclonal band negative multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996, 60:27-30.